Unit 1--Lecture 1 (History of Microbiology)

Question 1

Microbiology

Answer 1

Study of small living things

Working Definition: Study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

Enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions

Question 3

Reproduction

Answer 3

Progeny formed sexually or asexually

Question 4

Differentiation

Answer 4

Different cell types can occur

Question 5

Communication

Answer 5

Signaling within and between cells

Question 6

Locomotion

Answer 6

Relative movement of cell or organism

Question 7

Evolution

Answer 7

Genetic change over time

Question 8

Bacteriology

Answer 8

Study of prokaryotes

Question 9

Mycology

Answer 9

Study of fungi

Question 10

Phycology

Answer 10

Study of algae

Question 11

Protozoology

Answer 11

Study of protozoa

Question 12

Virology

Answer 12

Study of viruses

Question 13

Immunology

Answer 13

Study of the immune system

Question 14

Parasitology

Answer 14

Study of parasites and their hosts

Question 15

Robert Hooke

Answer 15

May have been the first to see microorganisms

Coined the word “cell”

Question 16

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 16

First person to accurately describe living microbes

Used a simple microscope

Question 17

Biogenesis

Answer 17

Living things originate from other living things

Question 18

Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)

Answer 18

Life rapidly appears from non-living things

Question 19

Aristotle

Answer 19

Favored spontaneous generation

Question 20

Francesco Redi

Answer 20

Dishes of meat filled with maggots

Disproved spontaneous generation of maggots

Question 21

Louis Joblot

Answer 21

Boiled hay infusions

Concluded that contamination came from outside of the container (dust)

Question 22

John Needham

Answer 22

Boiled chicken broth

Argued that the growth indicated spontaneous generation (caused confusion)

Flasks must have been contaminated

Question 23

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Answer 23

Repeated Needham’s experiment

Argued that Needham must have contaminated his flasks

Question 24

Franz Schulze & Theodor Schwann

Answer 24

Treated incoming gas with heat or chemicals

No growth observed in boiled broth media

Question 25

Louis Pasteur

Answer 25

Used swan-necked flasks No growth in undisturbed flasks Contacting the broth with dust results in microbial growth

Question 26

John Tyndall

Answer 26

Described heat-resistant microbes from hay infusions Used discontinuous heating to sterilize

Question 27

Ferdinand Cohn

Answer 27

Discovered and described endospores in soil bacteria

Question 28

Endospores

Answer 28

Heat-resistant cells (can survive boiling)

Question 29

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Answer 29

Observed apparent spread of puerperal fever (Streptococcus) by health care providers

Question 30

Ignatz Semmelweiss

Answer 30

Severe puerperal fever outbreak in hospital Forced hand washing by all with chlorinated lime solutions Reduced incidence

Question 31

John Snow

Answer 31

Cholera outbreak Tracked source to contaminated drinking water Epidemiology

Question 32

Louis Pasteur

Answer 32

Heated wine to kill microbes Advent of pasteurization Beginning of the germ theory of disease

Question 33

Pasteurization

Answer 33

Heating, not boiling, to reduce number of microbes Not sterile

Question 34

Joseph Lister

Answer 34

Applied germ theory to the treatment and prevention of disease Used carbolic acid (phenol) to clean hands, wounds, and operating rooms Reduced infections Antisepsis and disinfection

Question 35

Robert Koch

Answer 35

Described several postulates fro proving the etiological (causative) agent of disease Further developed germ theory of disease

Question 36

Koch's Postulates

Answer 36

1. The suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals 2. The suspected organism should be grown in pure culture 3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal 4. The organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original

Question 37

Taxonomy

Answer 37

The science of classifying living things

Question 38

Carl von Linne

Answer 38

Began systematically classifying living things

Question 39

Binomial designation

Answer 39

Two name designation given to every organism Genus species

Question 40

Taxonomy hierarchy

Answer 40

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Question 41

Five Kingdom Model (Robert Whittaker)

Answer 41

1. Animals (helminths) 2. Plants (algae) 3. Fungi (microbes) 4. Protists (microbes) 5. Monera (microbes)

Question 42

Three Domains

Answer 42

1. Archaea (all microbes) 2. Bacteria (all microbes) 3. Eukarya (some microbes)