Unit 1: Intro To Biology Flashcards
List 5 branches of biology and what is studied in each.
Zoology- study of animals
Microbiology- study of microscope life
Genetics- study of heredity and
passing of traits
Cytology- study of cells
Botany- study of plants
List and describe the steps of scientific method.
Step 1: identify what to study (purpose/question)
Step 2: do background research
Step 3: construct a hypothesis
Step 4: experiment/test
Step 5: analyze data and make observation
Step 6: communicate result
What is abiogenesis?
Abiogenesis is the belief that life can spontaneously arrive from inorganic substances. (Life can Côme from nothing)
How did Francesco Redi contribute to disproving abiogenesis?
Francesco Redi placed rotten meat in a jar with the lid open, and flies appeared on it. He then placed rotten meat in a jar and sealed the lid and no flies appeared. People said it lacked the “active Ingredient” which is air. He then put mesh over the jar and flies again, did not appear.
How did Needham contribute to disproving the theory of abiogenesis?
Needham boiled meat broth in a loosely sealed flask until it turned clear. He then let them sit for a few days and the water turned murky and contained microorganisms. He concluded that the microorganisms came from non-living things in the broth.
How did Spallanzani contribute to disproving abiogenesis?
Spallanzani did the same experiment as Needham, but this time he boiled the flasks for a longer period of time, and made sure they were properly sealed with no air flow. After a few days of sitting, the water in the flasks stayed clear, and no microorganisms appeared. People still protested his theory saying he didn’t allow the active ingredient of air.
How did Louis Pasteur contribute to the disproving of abiogenesis?
Pasteur got a swan-neck shaped flask made. He then place broth in the flask and boiled it. He allowed air flow into the flask and the after a few days the broth remained clear. He then concluded that the microorganisms could not get past the curve snap of the flask.
What are the similarities and differences of a stereoscope/simple microscope and a compound microscope.
SIMILARITIES : Both are used to view things, and both magnify
DIFFERENCES: -a compound uses transmitted light to view objects, simple microscopes uses reflected light
-compound produces 2D picture, simple produces 3D
-compound has higher resolution and magnification
-compound has 2 lens
What does a iris diaphragm, coarse adjustment, and fine adjustment do?
Iris diaphragm regulates the light
Coarse adjustment lowers and raises the stage for focusing
Fine adjustment sightly moves stage to sharpen image
Do a practice question of calculating the Fov or Size of specimen
Right now
What happens to size of FOV, resolution, and illumination as you increase magnification?
The FOV becomes smaller as you increase magnification
The resolution decreases as the magnification increases
The Illumination decreases as you increase the magnification
What is a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?
A prokaryotic cell is very simple, has no membrane and only a dense nuclear area, single celles organisms only (bacteria)
A eukaryotic is complex, contains many structures called organelles, are uni- or multi- cellular (plants and animals)
What are 3 points of cell theory?
-all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
-cells are basic units of life
-all cells come from pre-existing cells
How did Hans and Jensen contribute to the development of cell theory?
They produced the very first compound microscope.
How did Hooke contribute to the cell theory?
Hooke was the the first to call spaces in cork “cells”
How did Leeuwenhoek contribute to the cell theory?
He observed living cells through a simple microscope. He was the first to discover single celled organisms.
How did Schleiden contribute to the cell theory?
He discovered that plants are made of cells.
How did Schwann contribute to the cell theory?
Discovered animals are made of cells.
How did Virchow contribute to cell theory?
He stated that living cells come from other living cells.
Why must cells divide?
Cells must divide for:
-reproduction
-strength of the membrane
-surface area to volume ratio
-nuclear control of the cell
-regeneration
What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?
What happens in each?
PMAT
•prophase- sister chromatids join together at the Centromere. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cells and spindles form between them
•metaphase- chromosomes line to at equator of the cell, and attach to spindles. Chromosomes are the most condensed
•anaphase- the centromeres divide, the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
•telophase- two nuclear membranes form around the two poles, chromosomes de-condense and become thinner. Cytokinesis begins.
What is the difference and similarity between compound microscope and a electron microscope?
Electron microscope uses beams of electrons instead of light to magnify objects. Electron microscopes have a much higher magnification then compound microscopes.
What are the 8 characteristics of living things?
-Made of 1 or more cells
-grows and develops
-reproduces
-responds to stimuli
-required energy
-maintains homeostasis
-adapt and evolve over time
-has a life span
What is the independent variable, dependent variable, control, and contants?
IV- variable you change on purpose
DV- variable that you are testing for. Responds to change from independent variable
Constants- variable kept the same in equation
Control- the standard for comparison
How do you calculate the diameter of a FOV under high pressure?
Mag on low power X diameter of LP
————————-
Mag on high
How do you calculate the size of a specimen on a microscope?
Size of specimen= Diameter of FOV
———————
# specimen that fit across
