Evolution Quiz Flashcards
What is Lamarcks theory of evolution
Lamarck believed in acquired genetics, which is the idea that changes in the environment caused organisms to need a trait, therefore they developed it. If the evolved trait is beneficial then the parents passed it on.
What is Darwin’s Theory of evolution?
Darwin believed in natural selection which is caused by factors:
1.variation: No 2 organisms are exactly alike even among the same family, these variations are passed of through heredity.
2.Over production: All organisms produce more offspring then can survive to reproduce.
- Competition: Over population causes organisms of the same species and different species to compete for limited resources
- Natural selection: organisms with variations that allow them to out compète will survive and reproduce while others die off without passing down traits.
What is direct evidence for evolution
Direct evidence: is fossil evidence. It is the remains, impressions and traces of organisms which have been preserved from past geological age. Many represent extinct organisms that strongly resemble creatures found today. Often found in sedimentary rocks, the age of fossil can be based on amount of carbon present (carbon dating)
What are the sections of indirect evolution evidence?
Indirect evidence has 5 types:
i) Anatomical evidence: Homologous structures, Analogous structures, vestigial organs
ii) embryological evidence: animals appear similar as embryos
iii) biochemical evidence: chemical analysis of organisms indicates that organisms are similar at molecular levels.
iv) artificial breeding: Breeding selected organisms to get desired traits =man made evolution
v) Biogeography: The distribution of life forms over geographical areas, in last and present times.
What is Anatomical Evidence?
Anatomical evidence:
a)homologous structures similar in structure but differ in function therefore a similar ancestor. Dolphin flipper and bat wing
Analogous structures are structures that are similar in function but differ in structure (butterfly wing and bird wing)
b) vestigial organs which is a body part with no apparent usage today but had some use in the past.
What are the 3 types of evolution and describe each briefly.
- Stabilization selection: Favours heterozygous
- Directional selection: favours phenotype at one of the extremes (BB bb)
- Disruptive selection: selection against heterozygous and favours both Hom rec and dom
What is evolution? What are the characteristics of evolution?
Evolution is gradual changes in populations of organisms from their ancestors over time the characteristics are:
- Evolutionary change Involves a change in population and not individuals lifetime
- A single evolutionary event involves few characteristics
- Must be a valid reason for evolution change to occur
What are the causes of variation within a species?
a) genetic drift: Is a change in a gene pool due to change occurrence.
Founder effect) colonisation of new area
Bottleneck effect) flood kills a variation in species
b) gene flow: immigration, individuals migrate and breed with new populations
C) mutation: all genetic variation in a populations originated as a heritable mutation and is passed on by generation. If the mutation is good or bad affects the reproductive and survival success of a species
What are the similarities and differences of Darwin and lamarcks theories?
Similarities:
-evolution occurs
-traits are passed on by reproduction
-environments change
Differences:
- Lamarck believed All organisms within a population are the same
-Darwin believed organisms of a population differ
-Lamarck organisms grow changes,
-Darwin organisms with the best variations survive
-Lamarck speciation (change in animal) occurs over one generation
-Darwin speciation occurs over many generations
Differentiate between geographic isolation and reproductive isolation.
Geographic isolation is when population is divided into groups by physical barriers.
Reproductive isolation is when a group of a population becomes separate due ti factors affecting reproduction (ex) different mating seasons)
What is a population?
A population is a group of organisms of the same species in the same area.
What is a species?
A species is a group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
What is a gene pool?
A gene pool is a combination of all genes present in a population.
What is genotype Frequency?
What is gene frequency?
Gene frequency is pq
Genotype frequency is pq+p
What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with classification of animals. The modern taxonomy uses molecular evidence to determine similarities.
What are the 3 schools of evolution and briefly outline there beliefs.
The three schools of evolution are:
Creation science which is the belief that god created all of life and earth
(Most religious)
Theistic evolution which is the belief that evolution is a tool used by god.
Mix of god and science
Naturalistic evolution which is the belief in the Big Bang and in purely science.
What is binomial nomenclature? Who developed it ?
Binomial nomenclature is the use of two words to name each organism. It is a genus name followed by the species name. Ex) Homo sapien
Carolus Linaeus developed it.
What is the importance of the use of scientific names?
Scientific names are in Latin, and Latin a dead language. It is also a universal language. It had many descriptive words and it impossible to duplicate a name.
What are the classification groups from most broad to least?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus- used in scientific naming
Species- used in scientific naming
Dumb king Phillip Can Only Fight Great Soldiers
What characteristics do scientists use to sort domains and kingdoms?
Domains are separated into molecular evidence
To sort kingdoms they use cell type, structure and nutrition
What is a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree? How are they useful in the study of taxonomy?
A cladogram is a representation of the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
A phylogenetic tree is to show the relationship between the six kingdoms. The ancestor is the trunk and the organisms arisen from it as branches.
What is a dichotomous key?
A dichotomous key is designed to assist people in identifying living things using physical characteristics.
How is evolution supported by fossil record?
In fossil records you look at older fossils to view the bone structures of creatures. Those are then compared to present organisms to compare bone structure and to see how closely related they are.
What are the pros and cons of selective breeding?
When humans preform selective breeding, they choose the traits that humans believe as perfect, but these traits aren’t always good for the preservation of the species. The traits chosen can be bad for the nat aural selection and it disrupts nature. This can be helpful during agriculture because it allows humans to choose desired trusts for growing foods.
What is divergent evolutions?
Divergent evolution is the change of organisms from a common ancestor into a new species each having different traits.
What is parallel evolution?
b) Parallel Evolution
- 2 related species evolve in much the same way over a long period of time in response to environmental conditions
- Ie. whale & tuna (look similar but not closely related)
What is co-evolution?
c) Coevolution
- evolution of 1 species in response to the evolution of a second unrelated
species
- Ie. humming birds beaks evolve in response the flowers they feed from
What is convergent evolution?
) Convergent Evolution
- evolution where 2 vastly different species have similar physical traits
because they live in the same environment type
- Ie. marsupials in Australia &South America (kangaroo and opossum have
different ancestors but developed the same adaptations to fill a niche)
Who is Lucy? How does she show us our evolution path?
Lucy is a name given to the skeleton of an Australopithecus Afarenus, one of the oldest known human ancestors. She was a meter tall and she is proof that humans and apes evolved from a common ancestor because she has both human and ape characteristics. She walked upright and had knee and hip joints similar to humans but a small skull like apes
