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Patient Care > Unit 1 Intro Patient Care > Flashcards

Unit 1 Intro Patient Care Flashcards

1
Q

First device that produced x-rays

A

Crookes tube

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2
Q

Who discovered x-rays? When?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, November 8th, 1895

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3
Q

William Coolidge

A

Designed the “hot cathode” x-ray tube

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4
Q

Michael Idvorsky Pupin

A

demonstrated the radiographic use of fluorescent screens

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5
Q

H.C. Snook

A

developed interrupterless transformers that provided the necessary electricity for x-ray production

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6
Q

Thomas Edison

A

-Developed the first fluoroscope
-Discovered many of the fluorescent materials used today in imaging

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7
Q

Charles Daly

A

-Thomas Edison’s assistant
-First fatality from x-ray exposure in the United States (1904)
-Edison ceased his research of x-rays after Daly’s death.

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8
Q

George Eastman

A

Invented the first x-ray film base in 1914

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9
Q

Roentgen produced the first anatomic radiograph, an image of…

A

his wife’s hand

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10
Q

When was the first documented medical use of x-rays in the United States? What was it?

A

February 1896, boy’s fractured wrist

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11
Q

The first radiographers were…

A

Physicists familiar with the operation of the Crookes tube, also developed the first x-ray procedures to demonstrate anatomic structures.

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12
Q

What does the radiographer do?

A

-Positions the patient’s anatomy to be imaged over the image receptor (IR)
-Aligns the x-ray tube (beam or central ray) to the IR
-Sets exposure factors
-Activates the exposure switch

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13
Q

Four basic requirements for the production of x-rays:

A

-A vacuum (x-ray tube)
-Electron source (filament)
-A target for the electrons (anode)
-A high potential difference (voltage) between the electron source and the target (opposite charges attract)

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14
Q

X-rays have _______ and _______ properties

A

Electrical, Magnetic

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15
Q

Sine waves

A

repeating sinusoidal waveforms created by changes in the electromagnetic field

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16
Q

3 sine waves

A

Amplitude, Wavelength, Frequency

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17
Q

Photon

A

smallest unit of EM energy

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18
Q

Quanta

A

bundles of photons

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19
Q

Characteristics of Radiation

A

-Travels in straight lines at the speed of light
-Affects photographic emulsions
-Affects biological tissues (ionizes atoms)
-Cannot be focused or refracted
-Cannot be detected by human senses

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20
Q

The Primary X-Ray Beam consists of…

A

-Focal spot
-Primary x-ray beam
-Radiation field
-Central ray
-Collimator

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21
Q

Scatter Radiation

A

Created when a portion of an x-ray photon’s energy is absorbed, radiation scattered or created as a result of the attenuation of the primary x-ray beam by matter

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22
Q

What is the primary source of occupational exposure

A

Scatter radiation

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23
Q

Primary Radiation

A

The x-ray beam that leaves the tube and is not attenuated, except by air

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24
Q

Remnant (Exit) Radiation

A

What remains of the primary beam after it has been attenuated by matter

25
X-Ray Tube Support, what are the two types?
Provides support and mobility for the tube, Two types: *Ceiling mount (photo) *Floor stand
26
What does the electronic locks do on the x-ray tube?
keep tube in place
27
Radiographic Table
Specialized unit that supports the patient, moveable IR tray with a grid located under top
28
Grids and Buckys
Devices used to reduce the effect of scatter radiation on image quality, prevents scatter from reaching the IR
29
Upright Image Receptor Unit
A device that holds the IR and/or a bucky (grid) in a vertical position
30
Fluoroscopy
-Allows radiologist to view and record images at the same time -Image intensifier allows image to be viewed in ambient light rather than in the dark
31
Radiographer Duties in Fluoro Exams
Obtain patient’s history: Including appropriate preprocedural preparation (diet, bowel cleansing) *Complete necessary preprocedural paperwork (e.g., required consent and education forms). -Assist the patient during disrobing and gowning. -Explain the procedure to the patient. -Produce the required preliminary (scout) images. -Set the control panel correctly for fluoroscopy and spot-film radiography. -Position the patient for the start of the procedure
32
Radiographer Duties in Fluoro Exams continued
-Prepare the equipment for fluoroscopy. -Input patient data into the computer for image acquisition. -Prepare appropriate contrast agent(s). -Assist the radiologist as needed. -Take follow-up radiographs, if applicable. -Provide post-procedural care and instructions to the patient.
33
Transformer
Provides the high voltage necessary to produce x-rays
34
Prime Exposure Factors
-Exposure time (T) -Milliamperage (mA) -Kilovoltage (kVp) -Source-to-image distance (SID)
35
Exposure Time (T)
A measure of how long the exposure will continue
36
Milliamperage (mA)
-A measure of the current flow rate in the x-ray tube circuit -An indication of the number of x-ray photons produced per second
37
mAs
-The product of mA and exposure time in seconds: mA × time (s) = mAs -Indicates of the total quantity of radiation produced in the exposure
38
Kilovoltage (kVp)
-A measure of the potential difference across the x-ray tube -Determines the speed of the electrons in the electron stream
39
Distance
-SID = source-image distance -Distance from the x-ray tube (source) to the IR
40
Technique Charts
Provide recommended prime exposure factors for various exams and patient sizes
41
Computed Radiography(CR)
-Uses an imaging plate that contains a photostimulable phosphor. -Exposed plate is inserted into a reader. -Latent image is read by a laser and is displayed on a monitor.
42
Digital Radiography(DR)
-DR has no “cassettes” and does not require a separate processor/reader. -After exposure, the image appears on the monitor.
43
What does PACS stand for? What is it used for?
-Picture archiving and communication system -The hardware and software technology that catalogs, stores, and retrieves images from all digital imaging systems in a healthcare facility -Allows remote access and download for transfer (burned onto a CD)
44
Two systems of measurement:
-Traditional (British) -Systeme Internationale (SI)
45
Laws of Bergonié and Tribondeau state that cell sensitivity to radiation exposure depends on four characteristics of the cell:
-Age: Younger cells are more sensitive than older ones -Differentiation: Nonspecialized cells are more sensitive than highly complex ones -Metabolic rate: Cells that use energy rapidly are more sensitive than those with a slower metabolism -Mitotic rate: Cells that divide and multiply rapidly are more sensitive than those that replicate slowly
46
Short-term effects
Observed within 3 months of exposure -Associated with high radiation doses (>50 cGy) -Further categorized according to the body system affected: central nervous system (CNS), gastrointestinal (GI), and hematological (blood-related) effects -Deterministic
47
Deterministic effects(short term)
-Occur only after a certain amount of exposure has been received, greater than 0.5Gy -Severity is dose dependent -Short-term effects, occurring within the first months after exposure
48
Long-term effects
Sometimes referred to as latent effects -May not be apparent for as many as 30 years -Somatic effects are those that affect the body of the irradiated individual directly. -Genetic effects occur as a result of damage to the reproductive cells of the irradiated person and may be observed as defects in the children or grandchildren of the irradiated individual. -Stochastic
49
Stochastic effects(long term)
-No threshold amount of exposure must be received for occurrence. -Greater likelihood when dosage is increased. -No correlation between dosage and severity -May occur as the result of repeated small doses, such as those used in radiography
50
Radiation Safety
Personnel safety, Personal monitoring, Effective dose limits, Patient protection, Gonad shielding
51
Personnel Safety
Radiographers are prohibited from activities that would result in direct exposure to the primary x-ray beam
52
Three principal methods of protection(personnel safety)
-Time: minimum -Distance: maximum -Shielding: always used
53
What are Dosimeter? Where are they worn?
devices for monitoring personnel radiation exposure, worn at the collar with the label facing out
54
ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
55
___ mSv per year is the effective dose (EfD) limit for occupational exposed.
50
56
Principles to minimize patient dose
Avoid errors and repeats, Collimate, Use the highest kVp allowed by part and image quality, Use at least 40 inches SID, Provide shielding
57
Gonad Shielding required when…
-Patient is of reproductive age or younger -Gonads are within the primary radiation field -The shield will not interfere with the examination
58
Occupationally exposed pregnant workers have a ___mSv EfD limit of whole-body radiation over the ___ month course of the pregnancy.
50; 9

Patient Care (13 decks)

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