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Radiology Patient Care Class Powerpoints > Unit 1 Intro Patient Care > Flashcards

Unit 1 Intro Patient Care Flashcards

1
Q

First device that produced x-rays

A

Crookes tube

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2
Q

Who discovered x-rays? When?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, November 8th, 1895

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3
Q

William Coolidge

A

Designed the “hot cathode” x-ray tube

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4
Q

Michael Idvorsky Pupin

A

demonstrated the radiographic use of fluorescent screens

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5
Q

H.C. Snook

A

developed interrupterless transformers that provided the necessary electricity for x-ray production

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6
Q

Thomas Edison

A

-Developed the first fluoroscope
-Discovered many of the fluorescent materials used today in imaging

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7
Q

Charles Daly

A

-Thomas Edison’s assistant
-First fatality from x-ray exposure in the United States (1904)
-Edison ceased his research of x-rays after Daly’s death.

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8
Q

George Eastman

A

Invented the first x-ray film base in 1914

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9
Q

Roentgen produced the first anatomic radiograph, an image of…

A

his wife’s hand

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10
Q

When was the first documented medical use of x-rays in the United States? What was it?

A

February 1896, boy’s fractured wrist

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11
Q

The first radiographers were…

A

Physicists familiar with the operation of the Crookes tube, also developed the first x-ray procedures to demonstrate anatomic structures.

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12
Q

What does the radiographer do?

A

-Positions the patient’s anatomy to be imaged over the image receptor (IR)
-Aligns the x-ray tube (beam or central ray) to the IR
-Sets exposure factors
-Activates the exposure switch

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13
Q

Four basic requirements for the production of x-rays:

A

-A vacuum (x-ray tube)
-Electron source (filament)
-A target for the electrons (anode)
-A high potential difference (voltage) between the electron source and the target (opposite charges attract)

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14
Q

X-rays have _______ and _______ properties

A

Electrical, Magnetic

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15
Q

Sine waves

A

repeating sinusoidal waveforms created by changes in the electromagnetic field

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16
Q

3 sine waves

A

Amplitude, Wavelength, Frequency

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17
Q

Photon

A

smallest unit of EM energy

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18
Q

Quanta

A

bundles of photons

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19
Q

Characteristics of Radiation

A

-Travels in straight lines at the speed of light
-Affects photographic emulsions
-Affects biological tissues (ionizes atoms)
-Cannot be focused or refracted
-Cannot be detected by human senses

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20
Q

The Primary X-Ray Beam consists of…

A

-Focal spot
-Primary x-ray beam
-Radiation field
-Central ray
-Collimator

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21
Q

Scatter Radiation

A

Created when a portion of an x-ray photon’s energy is absorbed, radiation scattered or created as a result of the attenuation of the primary x-ray beam by matter

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22
Q

What is the primary source of occupational exposure

A

Scatter radiation

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23
Q

Primary Radiation

A

The x-ray beam that leaves the tube and is not attenuated, except by air

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24
Q

Remnant (Exit) Radiation

A

What remains of the primary beam after it has been attenuated by matter

25
Q

X-Ray Tube Support, what are the two types?

A

Provides support and mobility for the tube, Two types:
*Ceiling mount (photo)
*Floor stand

26
Q

What does the electronic locks do on the x-ray tube?

A

keep tube in place

27
Q

Radiographic Table

A

Specialized unit that supports the patient,
moveable IR tray with a grid located under top

28
Q

Grids and Buckys

A

Devices used to reduce the effect of scatter radiation on image quality, prevents scatter from reaching the IR

29
Q

Upright Image Receptor Unit

A

A device that holds the IR and/or a bucky (grid) in a vertical position

30
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

-Allows radiologist to view and record images at the same time
-Image intensifier allows image to be viewed in ambient light rather than in the dark

31
Q

Radiographer Duties in Fluoro Exams

A

Obtain patient’s history: Including appropriate preprocedural preparation (diet, bowel cleansing)
*Complete necessary preprocedural paperwork (e.g., required consent and education forms).
-Assist the patient during disrobing and gowning.
-Explain the procedure to the patient.
-Produce the required preliminary (scout) images.
-Set the control panel correctly for fluoroscopy and spot-film radiography.
-Position the patient for the start of the procedure

32
Q

Radiographer Duties in Fluoro Exams continued

A

-Prepare the equipment for fluoroscopy.
-Input patient data into the computer for image acquisition.
-Prepare appropriate contrast agent(s).
-Assist the radiologist as needed.
-Take follow-up radiographs, if applicable.
-Provide post-procedural care and instructions to the patient.

33
Q

Transformer

A

Provides the high voltage necessary to produce x-rays

34
Q

Prime Exposure Factors

A

-Exposure time (T)
-Milliamperage (mA)
-Kilovoltage (kVp)
-Source-to-image distance (SID)

35
Q

Exposure Time (T)

A

A measure of how long the exposure will continue

36
Q

Milliamperage (mA)

A

-A measure of the current flow rate in the x-ray tube circuit
-An indication of the number of x-ray photons produced per second

37
Q

mAs

A

-The product of mA and exposure time in seconds: mA × time (s) = mAs
-Indicates of the total quantity of radiation produced in the exposure

38
Q

Kilovoltage (kVp)

A

-A measure of the potential difference across the x-ray tube
-Determines the speed of the electrons in the electron stream

39
Q

Distance

A

-SID = source-image distance
-Distance from the x-ray tube (source) to the IR

40
Q

Technique Charts

A

Provide recommended prime exposure factors for various exams and patient sizes

41
Q

Computed Radiography(CR)

A

-Uses an imaging plate that contains a photostimulable phosphor.
-Exposed plate is inserted into a reader.
-Latent image is read by a laser and is displayed on a monitor.

42
Q

Digital Radiography(DR)

A

-DR has no “cassettes” and does not require a separate processor/reader.
-After exposure, the image appears on the monitor.

43
Q

What does PACS stand for? What is it used for?

A

-Picture archiving and communication system
-The hardware and software technology that catalogs, stores, and retrieves images from all digital imaging systems in a healthcare facility
-Allows remote access and download for transfer (burned onto a CD)

44
Q

Two systems of measurement:

A

-Traditional (British)
-Systeme Internationale (SI)

45
Q

Laws of Bergonié and Tribondeau state that cell sensitivity to radiation exposure depends on four characteristics of the cell:

A

-Age: Younger cells are more sensitive than older ones
-Differentiation: Nonspecialized cells are more sensitive than highly complex ones
-Metabolic rate: Cells that use energy rapidly are more sensitive than those with a slower metabolism
-Mitotic rate: Cells that divide and multiply rapidly are more sensitive than those that replicate slowly

46
Q

Short-term effects

A

Observed within 3 months of exposure
-Associated with high radiation doses (>50 cGy)
-Further categorized according to the body system affected: central nervous system (CNS), gastrointestinal (GI), and hematological (blood-related) effects
-Deterministic

47
Q

Deterministic effects(short term)

A

-Occur only after a certain amount of exposure has been received, greater than 0.5Gy
-Severity is dose dependent
-Short-term effects, occurring within the first months after exposure

48
Q

Long-term effects

A

Sometimes referred to as latent effects
-May not be apparent for as many as 30 years
-Somatic effects are those that affect the body of the irradiated individual directly.
-Genetic effects occur as a result of damage to the reproductive cells of the irradiated person and may be observed as defects in the children or grandchildren of the irradiated individual.
-Stochastic

49
Q

Stochastic effects(long term)

A

-No threshold amount of exposure must be received for occurrence.
-Greater likelihood when dosage is increased.
-No correlation between dosage and severity
-May occur as the result of repeated small doses, such as those used in radiography

50
Q

Radiation Safety

A

Personnel safety, Personal monitoring, Effective dose limits, Patient protection, Gonad shielding

51
Q

Personnel Safety

A

Radiographers are prohibited from activities that would result in direct exposure to the primary x-ray beam

52
Q

Three principal methods of protection(personnel safety)

A

-Time: minimum
-Distance: maximum
-Shielding: always used

53
Q

What are Dosimeter? Where are they worn?

A

devices for monitoring personnel radiation exposure, worn at the collar with the label facing out

54
Q

ALARA

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

55
Q

___ mSv per year is the effective dose (EfD) limit for occupational exposed.

A

50

56
Q

Principles to minimize patient dose

A

Avoid errors and repeats, Collimate, Use the highest kVp allowed by part and image quality, Use at least 40 inches SID, Provide shielding

57
Q

Gonad Shielding required when…

A

-Patient is of reproductive age or younger
-Gonads are within the primary radiation field
-The shield will not interfere with the examination

58
Q

Occupationally exposed pregnant workers have a ___mSv EfD limit of whole-body radiation over the ___ month course of the pregnancy.

A

50; 9

Radiology Patient Care Class Powerpoints (13 decks)

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