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Oral Sciences > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Develop similarly to tooth:

A

Hair, salivary gland, sebaceous gland, sublingual gland, and mammary gland:

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2
Q

the dental pulp is made of:

A

Fibrous Connective Tissue (fibroblasts and stem cells)

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3
Q

Where in the tooth are stem cells located?

A

dental pulp and PDL

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4
Q

Pulp is formed by these cells:

A

fibroblasts

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5
Q

Dental Epithelial Cells:

A

Ameloblasts

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6
Q

Ectomesenchymal cells are derived from what?

A

Neural crest cells

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7
Q

Tooth cell types that are derived from neural crest cells:

A

odontoblasts, pulp fibroblasts, cementoblasts

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8
Q

What tooth structure do dental epithelial cells form?

A

enamel

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9
Q

Origin of neural crest cells:

A

dorsal neural tube

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10
Q

Neural tube derivatives:

A

ectodermal origin (brain, CNS, etc.)

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11
Q

Neural crest derivatives:

A

ectodermal original (face, teeth, head, maxilla, mandible)

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12
Q

TF? The neural tube and the neural crest both produce s structures of ectodermal origin.

A

T

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13
Q

Migration of NC cells:

A

down side of face to developing head and bronchial arches

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14
Q

The enamel organ is found in:

A

the lower mesenchyme

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15
Q

Issue arising form completely undifferentiated NC cells:

A

craniofacial malformations

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16
Q

Stomodeum:

A

primitive oral cavity

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17
Q

Stomodeum is lined by:

A

oral epithelium

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18
Q

The stomodeum is present at this wk of development:

A

3-wk

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19
Q

How many layers of oral epi are there in the 6-7 wk old embryo?

A

3-4 cell layers

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20
Q

Where is cell proliferation taking place in the oral epithelium of the 6-7 wk embryo?

A

the areas where teeth develop, thickening the tissue

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21
Q

The dental epi is comprised of:

A

enamel organ and enamel formation

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22
Q

This lines the gut of the 3-wk old embryo:

A

Buccopharyngeal membrane

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23
Q

To where do NC cells migrate in the tooth forming areas?

A

close to dental epi

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24
Q

NC’s bc this in the tooth forming areas:

A

ectomesenchymal cells (undif CT cells)

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25
Q

Are the NC cells involved in tooth development?

A

yes

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26
Q

These cells create CT:

A

odontoblasts, and pulp fibroblasts

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27
Q

Origin and function of ectomesenchymal cells:

A

Origin: Ectodermal, Function: mesenchyme

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28
Q

What can happen if there is a failure of NC cell migration?

A

adontia (absence of teeth) or micrognathia (undeveloped jaw bone)

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29
Q

4 stages of tooth development:

A

dental lamina, bud, cap, bell

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30
Q

Formation of what tooth structure occurs first?

A

crown, then root

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31
Q

What dermal layer is associated with the mesenchyme?

A

ectoderm

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32
Q

Stages of tooth development:

A

dental lamina, (ectoderm), bud, cap, bell, late bell, (crown/eruption)

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33
Q

When do neural crest cells become ectomesenchymal cells?

A

after they migrate close to/ into the dental epithelium

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34
Q

What can cause the failure of neural crest cells to migrate?

A

signallling molecules not expressed or turned on at the right time

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35
Q

Initiation of tooth development begins at day:

A

37

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36
Q

Initiation of tooth development begins with the formation of:

A

primary epithelial band, horse-hoe band of epi in upper and lower

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37
Q

2 subdivisions of each primary epi band:

A

dental and vestibular lamina

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38
Q

When, in utero, do both lamina appear?

A

7 wks

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39
Q

Vestibular lamina forms:

A

oral vestibule

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40
Q

Ectomesenchymal cells are located around this in the dental lamina stage:

A

dental lamina

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41
Q

Bud stage:

A

dental Lamina: proliferates and eLongates, eCtomesenCymal cells: proliferate and Condense (future dental papilla)

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42
Q

Function of tooth buds:

A

form enamel organ, control fate of ectomesencymal cells (future dental papilla)

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43
Q

Function of ectomesencymal cell in the bud stage:

A

form dental papilla

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44
Q

Cap stage:

A

Tooth bud cells proliferate, enamel organ forms (outer, inner, stellate reticulum), ectomesencymal cells proliferate and condense to form dental papilla

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45
Q

Morphogenesis stage:

A

cap stage

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46
Q

In what stage does the developing tooth resemble the tooth crown?

A

cap stage

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47
Q

Enamel formation begins in this stage:

A

cap stage

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48
Q

Cells of this layer are involved in enamel formation:

A

enamel organ

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49
Q

What cell type forms the dental papilla?

A

ectomesencymal cells

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50
Q

Bell stage:

A

Crown shape outlined, differentiation

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51
Q

These form odontoblasts:

A

detnal papilla cells in contact with IEE

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52
Q

These form pulp fibroblasts:

A

all dental papilla cells that are not in contact with the IEE

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53
Q

Function of dental papilla:

A

nutrients to tooth

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54
Q

Structures found in dental papilla:

A

bv’s and nn.

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55
Q

Shape of OEE cells:

A

cuboidal

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56
Q

layer of enamel organ with capillaries for oxygen and nutrient delivery:

A

OEE

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57
Q

Parts of the enamel organ:

A

OEE, IEE, Stratum intermedium, Stellate reticulum

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58
Q

Cell type of stratum intermedium:

A

epi cells

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59
Q

The stratum intermedium is adjacent to:

A

IEE cells

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60
Q

Function of stratum intermedium:

A

enamel mineralization

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61
Q

Function of stellate reticulum:

A

protection and hydration

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62
Q

Major component of stellate reticulum:

A

glycosoaminoglycans

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63
Q

Function of glycosoaminoglycans:

A

hydration

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64
Q

DP cells in contact with the IEE form:

A

odonoblasts

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65
Q

dental follicle is aka:

A

dental sac

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66
Q

Cells of the dental sac:

A

cementoblasts, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts

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67
Q

the PDL is made from this cell type:

A

fibroblasts

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68
Q

Enamel knots:

A

aggregated epi cells near the IEE

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69
Q

When do enamel knots appear?

A

cap and bell stage, transiently

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70
Q

Function of enamel knots:

A

synthesize and secrete FGF-4

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71
Q

Function of FGF-4:

A

stimulates epi cell proliferation

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72
Q

This is the regulation center for crown formation:

A

enamel knot

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73
Q

Type of interaction between E-M:

A

inductive interaction

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74
Q

E-M interaction takes places during these stages:

A

Bud and cap

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75
Q

Tooth bud governs:

A

location of ectomesenchymal cells around bud

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76
Q

ectomesenchymal cells will develop into:

A

dental papilla

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77
Q

How do ectomesenchymal cells influence the tooth bud?

A

no influence

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78
Q

The tooth bud secretes:

A

FGF-8 and 9 and bone morphogenetic protein-4

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79
Q

Function of FGF 8 and 9:

A

induce Pax-9

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80
Q

Function of BMP-4:

A

induces msx1/2

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81
Q

Function of Pax-9:

A

proliferation of dental papilla cells

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82
Q

Function of msx 1 and 2:

A

formation of dental papilla and CT

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83
Q

Pax-9, Msx 1 or Msx 2 knockout mice:

A

stops at bud stage

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84
Q

What shape do enamel organs resemble?

A

crown shape they will become

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85
Q

Tx of incisor or molar bud with trysin/ collagenase:

A

separation of enamel organ from dental papilla

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86
Q

What determines the shape of enamel organ and crown?

A

dental papilla

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87
Q

TF? The enamel organ determines the shape of enamel organ and crown.

A

F. dental papilla does

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88
Q

In what stage does the bud determine the fate of the ectomesenchymal cells to form the dental papilla?

A

bud stage

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89
Q

In what stage does the dental papilla determine the shape of the enamel organ and crown?

A

cap stage

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90
Q

Bioengineering teeth in mice:

A

separate epi cells from mesenchymal cells of tooth germ in CAP stage E14.5, reconstitute, culture to proliferate, transplant

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91
Q

Cell origin of oral epi:

A

dental epi (reverse right)

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92
Q

Cell origin of ameloblasts:

A

IEE

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93
Q

Cell origin of ectomesenchymal cells:

A

neural crest cells

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94
Q

TF? The dental papilla is formed from the neural crest.

A

T

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95
Q

These stages are involved in morphogneis:

A

bud and cap

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96
Q

This stage is involved in cell differentiation:

A

bell

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97
Q

Initiation is during:

A

dental lamina stage

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98
Q

Stage when elongating DL cells move down into lower mesenchyme to make space for the tooth:

A

bud stage

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99
Q

Dental lamina cells migrate here to make space for the tooth:

A

lower mesenchyme

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100
Q

What happens to DL cells in the bud stage?

A

proliferate, elongate, and migrate to lower mesenchyme

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101
Q

Parts of enamel organ:

A

IEE, OEE, stellate reticulum

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102
Q

The crown is outlined in this stage:

A

bell stage

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103
Q

This controls which cell type they will become:

A

signalling molecules (regulate gene expression)

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104
Q

These cells house osteoblasts:

A

dental follicle/ sac cells

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105
Q

Responsible for tooth morphogenesis, makes and secretes GF’s:

A

Enamel knots (morphogenesis is bud and cap stage, but enamel knots are only transiently present in cap and bell stages)

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106
Q

How can tooth morphogenesis be completely blocked?

A

Remove GF

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107
Q

TF? 1 tooth, 1 enamel knot.

A

F. some have multiple

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108
Q

Mesenchyme sits below:

A

the oral epi

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109
Q

Mesenchymal cells:

A

stromal cells, fat cells

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110
Q

Organ won’t develop if you block:

A

cross-talk

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111
Q

Signalling molecule in tooth morphogenesis:

A

FGF

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112
Q

Pax-9 is found in:

A

mesenchymal cell

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113
Q

Cross talk is especially important in this part of tooth morphogenesis:

A

the early stages

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114
Q

The pulp is a core of:

A

soft tissue

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115
Q

Morphological differentiation is related to:

A

polarity

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116
Q

Functional differentiation is related to:

A

formation of organic matrix and mineralization

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117
Q

what dermal layer makes up the dental lamina?

A

ectoderm

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118
Q

The dental __ is in the bud stage and the dental __ is in the cap stage:

A

lamina, papilla

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119
Q

Cell type associated with the dental lamina:

A

ectomesenchymal cells

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120
Q

Cell type associated with the dental papilla:

A

odontoblasts

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121
Q

cell types involved in condensation:

A

Nc + em cells

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122
Q

These cells synthesize glycosaminoglycans:

A

stellate reticulum

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123
Q

IEE interacts with the underlying:

A

ectomesenchyme

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124
Q

What leads to odontoblasts formation?

A

Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction

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125
Q

Are pulpal cells specialized or un?

A

unspecialized

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126
Q

Pulp is made of:

A

pulp fibroblasts, nn, and bv’s

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127
Q

dentinogenesis begins during this stage:

A

late bell stage

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128
Q

TF? There is sequential functional differentiation of odontoblasts.

A

T

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129
Q

What separates the OEE from the IEE in the bell stage?

A

stellate reticulum

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130
Q

These cells get polarized in the bell stage:

A

preodontoblasts

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131
Q

Changes in preodontoblasts to become secretory odontoblasts:

A

polarization, development of secretory machinery and dentinal tubules, elongation

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132
Q

Undifferentiated dental papilla cells are found here:

A

cervical loop

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133
Q

Shape of dental papilla cells:

A

polygonal

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134
Q

Are preodontoblasts polarized?

A

yes

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135
Q

What is predentin?

A

non-mineralized organic matrix

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136
Q

Differentiation of odontoblasts and. ameloblasts starts in this stage:

A

bell stage

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137
Q

the IEE contacts this on the inside and this on the outside:

A

DP cells, ameloblasts

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138
Q

In which direction to odontoblasts migrate as they secrete?

A

inward, toward pulp

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139
Q

What happens as dentin moves in?

A

odontoblastic processes extend

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140
Q

This allows talking and promotes e-m interaction

A

Break in bm

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141
Q

What initiates polarization of ameloblasts, then enamel?

A

preodontoblasts secreting enzyme to break membrane

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142
Q

Cell type responsible for breaking of bm:

A

preodontoblasts, secrete enzyme

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143
Q

mineralized core structure:

A

dentinal tubule

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144
Q

Epithelial-mesenchymal inductive interaction:

A

IEE-> Preameloblasts –> Dp cells -> preodontoblasts -> odotoblasts -> predentin -> preameloblasts -> ameloblasts -> enamel

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145
Q

What induce preameloblasts?

A

both IEE and predentin

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146
Q

Secretion of complexes is due to either:

A

ex or intrinsic signals

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147
Q

Cells with polarity:

A

preodontoblasts and preameloblasts (check)

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148
Q

Basal space is aka:

A

abluminal space

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149
Q

Degradation of the bm happens in this stage:

A

bell stage

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150
Q

What cells secrete the enzymes that degrade the bm?

A

preodontoblasts

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151
Q

Location of the preodontolbasts that secrete the enzymes that degrade the bm:

A

DEJ

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152
Q

3 events in bell stage:

A

degradation of bm, odontoblastic processes form in dentinal tubules, mantle dentin forms at DEJ

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153
Q

Odontoblastic process form here:

A

within dentinal tubules

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154
Q

When does mantle dentin formation start?

A

Prior to enamel formation

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155
Q

Post-mitotic cells:

A

odontoblasts

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156
Q

Elongated, tubular, and polarized cells:

A

odontoblasts

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157
Q

Dentin matrix proteins are synthesized by:

A

odontoblasts

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158
Q

Function of polarization:

A

transport and secrete dentin matrix proteins

159
Q

Shape of pre-ondontoblasts and pre-ameloblasts:

A

short columnar

160
Q

The bm is intact for these cells:

A

DP cells

161
Q

The bm is broken in these cells:

A

pre-odontoblasts

162
Q

Type 1 Collagen 1 is found in:

A

bone

163
Q

Dentin regeneration/ formation:

A

DSPP and DMP (need either one of these, or preferentially both)

164
Q

Path of cell:

A

start at cervical loop, migrate up cusp, then in

165
Q

Major dentin matrix protein:

A

Type 1 collagen

166
Q

Minor, non-collagenous proteins:

A

ostepontin, dentin matix proteins (DMP), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP)

167
Q

DSPP:

A

marker protein for dentin, mineralization

168
Q

Defects in DSPP:

A

dentinogenesis imperfecta, hypomineralized dentin

169
Q

Dentin matrix proteins are secreted into:

A

extracellular secretion

170
Q

These extend past the terminal bar apparatus at the apical end of the odontoblast:

A

odontoblastic processes

171
Q

Function of mantle dentin:

A

hold dentin/ enamel together

172
Q

TF? Circumpulpal dentin is formed before mantle dentin.

A

F. after

173
Q

Circumpulpal dentin is formed by:

A

differentiated odontoblasts

174
Q

Mantle dentin is formed by:

A

NEWLY differentiaTING odontoblasts

175
Q

Odontoblastic processes with the largest diameter are found:

A

close to cell body

176
Q

Intratubular dentin is found here:

A

inner wall of dentinal tubule

177
Q

Mineralization level of intratubular dentin:

A

highly

178
Q

Mineralization level of intertubular dentin:

A

less mineralized

179
Q

Which is more mineralized, inter or intra-tubular dentin?

A

intra

180
Q

Which is more mineralized, globular or interglobular dentin?

A

globular ?

181
Q

Hardness of Dentin:

A

Intra(peri)tubular (most mineralized/ hardest) > intertubular > Interglobular > Globular (least mineralized, softest) ?

182
Q

2 steps of dentin mineralization:

A

secretion/deposition proteins & mineralization

183
Q

calcium binds with high affinity to:

A

non-collagenous proteins (osteopomtin, DMP, DSPP)

184
Q

Acts as scaffold for dentin

A

Type 1 collagen

185
Q

How does crystalization occur?

A

non-random manner

186
Q

TF? Mantle dentin is hypermineralized.

A

F. HYPO

187
Q

Mantle dentin lacks:

A

DSPP

188
Q

Collagen type found in dentin:

A

1

189
Q

Regulators of mineralization:

A

DMP, DSPP, osteopomtin (non-collagenous proteins)

190
Q

Calcium binds with high affinity to:

A

non-collagenous proteins (DMP, DSPP)

191
Q

dental stem cells are aka:

A

odontoblast progenitor cells

192
Q

Parts of the pulp-dentin complex:

A

odontoblastic layer, cell-free and rich zones

193
Q

Found in cell free zone:

A

nerve plexus & capillaries

194
Q

Found in cell rich zone:

A

odontoblast progenitor cells, reparative dentin formation

195
Q

Reparative dentin is __’ dentin:

A

3’

196
Q

Pulp is made of:

A

bv’s, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and matrix (collagens, proteoglycans, glycoprotiens)

197
Q

Components of pulp matrix:

A

collagens, proteoglycans, glycoprotiens

198
Q

Dendritic cells are found in these areas of the tooth:

A

pulp and odontoblastic layer

199
Q

Is the NB my or nonmy nn.?

A

both

200
Q

immune effector cells in pulp:

A

dendritic cells

201
Q

name of nerve plexus in cell free zone

A

Raschow nerve plexus

202
Q

Nerve free endings extend as far as:

A

the dentinal tubule

203
Q

Pulp is innervated with about __ nerves:

A

900

204
Q

Most prominent nerve configuration in pulp:

A

bundles

205
Q

Raschow nerve plexus is aka:

A

Subodontoblastic nerve plexus

206
Q

Plexus below the cell rich zone:

A

Parietal neural plexus

207
Q

Are odontoblastic processes associated with nerves?

A

yes

208
Q

How could immunohistochemistry be used to identify nerves of the odontoblastic processes?

A

Membranes of nerve cell body, fibers and terminals have Nerve Growth Factor receptors

209
Q

Antibody against the nerve:

A

parafin (red)

210
Q

Marker for odontoblasts:

A

nestin (green)

211
Q

Do nn. exted to the DEJ.

A

no

212
Q

3 dental pain theories:

A

neural, hydrodynamic, odontoblastic transduction

213
Q

What is the receptor in the Odontoblastic Transduction Theory?

A

the odontoblast (acting as a nerve ending/ pain receptor), synaptic junction w nerve

214
Q

What is the receptor in the Neural Theory?

A

free nerve endings in dentinal tubules, directly stimulated, receptors at the DEJ cause excitation

215
Q

What is the receptor in the Hydrodynamic Theory?

A

Fluid transmits signal to nerve free endings around odontoblast, mechano-sensitive nocioceptors

216
Q

Hydrodynamic theory, fluid moves within these:

A

dentinal microtubules

217
Q

Science pointing toward Odontoblastic Thransuction Theory:

A

they transduce signals, have Na pumps that induce AP from resting potential, synapses bw them and nerve fibers

218
Q

NT’s invovled in odontoblast-nerve synaptic communication:

A

anykyrin (and Beta2)

219
Q

What initiates transduction in the odontoblast transduction theory?

A

Fluid movement disturbs OP

220
Q

Stimuli for hydrodynamic theory:

A

mechanical/ chemical

221
Q

Cause of mechanical stimulation in hydrodynamic theory:

A

drilling exposes dentinal tubule, fluid leaks out

222
Q

How are chemicals involved in stimulation in the hydrodynamic theory

A

penetrate dentinal tubules, change osmotic pressure leading to fluid movement

223
Q

Odontoblastic processes are encased in:

A

dentinal tubule

224
Q

Most accepted theory of dentinal pain transmission:

A

hydrodynamic

225
Q

What causes the dull lasting pain created by hot drink/food?

A

more displacement of the odontoblastic process

226
Q

In which direction does fluid flow in response to hot food/drink?

A

down, from infront of the furthest extent of the odontoblastic process

227
Q

In which direction does fluid flow in response to cold food/drink?

A

up, from behind the odontoblastic process

228
Q

Age changes of pulp:

A

Less cells, blood vessels and nerves, more collagen, dentin, and pulp stones (at IEE, right?), smaller pulp chamber

229
Q

What is deposited in granulation tissue in response to a bacteria?

A

osteodentin (reparative dentin)

230
Q

TF? Bacteria is too large to enter dentinal tubules.

A

F.

231
Q

Proliferation of precursor cells in pulp happens here:

A

cell-rich zone

232
Q

Reparative dentin is aka:

A

osteodentin

233
Q

How does osetodentin resemble bone?

A

no dentinal tubules, trapped cells

234
Q

Which zone responds to inflammation of the dentin?

A

Cell rich zone

235
Q

Steps in reparative dentin formation:

A

cell-rich zone cells proliferate and differentiate into odontoblasts-LIKE cells, lay down matrix, tertiary/ reparative/ osteodentin

236
Q

Why are there no tubules in reparative dentin?

A

bc there are no odontoblastic processses

237
Q

The stratum intermedium lays bw:

A

stellate reticulum and the IEE

238
Q

Enamel mineralization pattern seen in seen in tumors:

A

fish scale

239
Q

Abnormal dentin mineralization pattern:

A

tubular

240
Q

This disorder is common to supernumerary pts:

A

Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma

241
Q

Pulp capping:

A

initiate reparative dentin formation to create a layer of nerve free tissue

242
Q

REVIEW IMAGES!!!!!

A

ok

243
Q

Fxns of ameloblasts:

A

synthesis, secretion, mineralization and resorption of enamel matrix proteins

244
Q

4 stages of differentiaiton of IEE cells into ameloblasts:

A

presecretory, secretory, maturation, protection

245
Q

At what tooth structure is the protection stage taking place?

A

cusp tip

246
Q

At what tooth structure is the secretory stage taking place?

A

midway bw cervical loop and cusp tip

247
Q

At what tooth structure is the presecretory stage taking place?

A

cervical loop

248
Q

In what stage do IEE cells differentiat into preameloblastst?

A

pre-secretory stage

249
Q

Pre-ameloblasts have increased numbers of these organelles:

A

RER, mitochondria, Golgi

250
Q

Alignment of pre-ameloblasts:

A

in parallel

251
Q

How are adjacent pre-ameloblasts connected?

A

desmosomes, tight and adhesion junctions (TAD)

252
Q

TF? Ameloblasts are differentiating during the presecretory stage.

A

T

253
Q

The basement membrane is being boken down during this stage:

A

presecretory stage (bell stage(

254
Q

Ameloblast are tallest during this stage:

A

secretory stage

255
Q

Function of ameloblasts in the secretory stage:

A

transport and secrete enamel matrix proteins

256
Q

In which stage are Tome’s processes seen?

A

secretory stage

257
Q

On which end of the ameloblast is the Tomes process located?

A

apical

258
Q

Where is enamel matrix secreted through?

A

Tomes process

259
Q

What type of extension is Tome’s process:

A

pyramidal, cytoplasmic

260
Q

What determines the architecture of the enamel rods?

A

Tomes’ prcess

261
Q

Where are secretory products synthesized in ameloblast?

A

RER

262
Q

TF? 1 ameloblast, 1 enamel rod.

A

T

263
Q

TF? Tomes’ process is located at the secretory end of the ameloblast.

A

T, apical end

264
Q

How to id Tomes’ processes in slides:

A

Little triangle at apical end of ameloblasts, nuclei along basolateral end

265
Q

This is just apical to the Tomes’ process:

A

enamel matric

266
Q

Secretion from ameloblasts occurs here:

A

Tomes’ processes

267
Q

Configuration of the developing enamel rod:

A

rod/ interrod configuration

268
Q

Basic structural unit of enamel:

A

enamel rods (prisms)

269
Q

This has a key hole-like structure:

A

enamel / enamel rod

270
Q

Shape of Tomes’ processes:

A

pyramidal

271
Q

Diameter of enamel rod:

A

5um

272
Q

The head of the key hole is:

A

rod enamel

273
Q

Physical properties of enamel:

A

strong, brittle

274
Q

The forming face is the rod/interrod enamel:

A

rod/ head

275
Q

Which faces secrete enamel?

A

forming faces

276
Q

Orientation of proximal formative face:

A

perpendicular to membrane, interrod enamel

277
Q

Distal formative face:

A

apical, enamel rod

278
Q

This is adjacent ot the ameloblast body on the basolateral end, where the nucleus is positioned:

A

startum intermedium

279
Q

How many Tome’s processes make up the interrod?

A

4, the one that laid the rod also contributes to the interrod

280
Q

Rod sheath is made from:

A

edge of Tomes’ process

281
Q

How many Tomes’ processes make up each rod?

A

1

282
Q

Is rod made from the distal or proximal part of Tomes’ process?

A

distal

283
Q

Is interrod made from the distal or proximal part of Tomes’ process?

A

proximal

284
Q

The lateral aspect of this looks like an uprooted tree:

A

Secretory stage ameloblast

285
Q

Each successive layer of secreteory stage ameloblasts fit here:

A

Tail region of Tomes process fits into apical end of ameloblast

286
Q

This makes up 90% of enamel matrix protein:

A

amelogenin

287
Q

Amelogenin is rich in these AA’s

A

proline, leucine and glutamic acid

288
Q

Amelogenins bind this with high affinity:

A

Ca2+

289
Q

Structural unit of the enamel rod:

A

hydroxyapetite

290
Q

Genes encoding amelogenin:

A

both X and Y, different manifestations in the sexes

291
Q

Defective ameiogenin gene can lead to:

A

amelogenesis imperfecta (hypoplastic/ hypomineralized/ hypocalcified)

292
Q

Amelogenesis imperfecta results in enamel that is:

A

hypoplastic/ hypomineralized/ hypocalcified

293
Q

This makes up 10% of enamel matrix protein:

A

Non-amelogenins

294
Q

List non-amelogenins:

A

Tufteline, enamelin, ameloblastin, proteases (TAPE)

295
Q

Tufteline is involved in the formation of:

A

enamel tuft

296
Q

enamelin is involved in the formation of:

A

rod, interrod enamel

297
Q

ameloblastin is involved in the formation of:

A

sheath

298
Q

Function of protease during secretory stage:

A

degrade enamel matrix proteins (MMP-20, enamelysin and KLK-4)

299
Q

KLK-4 sf:

A

Kalikrein-4

300
Q

MMP-20 sf:

A

Matrix metalloproteinase-20

301
Q

When is MMP-20 secreted?

A

secretory phase

302
Q

When do we degrade MMP-20’s?

A

once we have established crystal orientation

303
Q

When is KLK-4 secreted?

A

Maturation phase

304
Q

This is secreted during secretory phase and serves to break down its own protein:

A

enamelysin

305
Q

Ameloblasts are shorter in this stage:

A

maturation

306
Q

Maturation stage:

A

not synthesizing, degradation of organelles, Tomes disapprar, R or S-ended ameloblasts appear

307
Q

Ruffle-ended or smooth-ended ameloblasts appear in this stage:

A

maturation

308
Q

Main functions of maturation stage:

A

protein absorption and mineralization

309
Q

What are enamel matrix proteins replaced with?

A

Ca/PO4 (99% replaced)

310
Q

Proteases degrade theses in the enamel matrix:

A

amelogenins

311
Q

TF? The maturation stage is a terminal differentiation stage.

A

F. modulation bw S and R

312
Q

How is mineralized enamel formed in the maturation stage?

A

absorption of degraded enamel matrix proteins

313
Q

Amelogenins are involved in this process:

A

mineralization

314
Q

Calcium hydroxyapetite:

A

Ca10(PO4)6OH2

315
Q

Function of ruffle-ended ameloblasts:

A

to strengthen the matrix

316
Q

These promote pumping Ca into mature enamel:

A

lysosomes, Ca binding proteins and Ca ATPases

317
Q

1% of enamel is made of:

A

protein

318
Q

Function of smooth-ended ameloblasts;

A

remove water and proteins

319
Q

TF? Smooth ended ameloblasts have leaky distal junctions.

A

T

320
Q

Smooth-ended proximal junctions:

A

tight

321
Q

Ruffle-ended proximal junctions:

A

leaky

322
Q

Ruffle-ended distal junctions:

A

tight

323
Q

TF? Active resorption of intact proteins by ameloblasts is the main mechanism for loss of organic matrix during maturation.

A

F

324
Q

TF? Intracellular enzymes digest matrix proteins into fragments small enough to leave leave enamel layer.

A

F. extracellular

325
Q

How do fragments leave enamel?

A

pass bw leaky distal junctions of smooth ended cells

326
Q

Where are fragments leaving enamel taken up?

A

along basolateral surface

327
Q

Importance of distal leaky junctions of smooth ended ameloblasts:

A

Fragments of matrix proteins pass thru and diffuse laterally to be taken up at the basolateral surface of the ameloblast

328
Q

Longitudinal enamel crystal growth occurs in this stage:

A

secretory

329
Q

Widening of the enamel crystal occurs in this stage:

A

maturation

330
Q

Enzyme for amelogeninn degradation in the secretory phase:

A

MMP-20

331
Q

Enzyme for amelogeninn degradation in the maturation phase:

A

KLK-4 (Kalikrein-4)

332
Q

MMP-20 is aka:

A

enamel lysin

333
Q

Which is a stronger protease, MMP-20 or KLKK-4?

A

KLK-4

334
Q

TF? Some MMP-20 is still active during the maturation phase.

A

T

335
Q

Shape of enamel crystals in X-section:

A

hexagonal

336
Q

Shape of dentin bone in X-section:

A

hexagonal

337
Q

Ameloblast differentiation occurs in this stage:

A

protection stage (bell)

338
Q

Ameloblasts at protection stage;

A

shutting things down, crystals completed, cells die off, short cells, not secreting, not modifying, not active, minimal organelles, reduction of enamel epi

339
Q

What covers the enamel surface during the protection stage?

A

ameloblasts (check)

340
Q

Is the reduction of the enamel epithelium at the beginning or end of protection stage?

A

End

341
Q

Components of enamel organ in the protection stage:

A

OEE, stellate and stratum intermedium

342
Q

Function of reduced dental epi:

A

protect enamel

343
Q

The reduced dental epi will become:

A

junctional epi

344
Q

What makes the reduced dental epi?

A

condensation of OEE, stellate and stratum intermedium

345
Q

Is polarization decreasing or increasing as we proceed through maturation and protection?

A

decreasing

346
Q

Function of pre-secretory ameloblast:

A

differentiating

347
Q

Function of secretory ameloblast:

A

synthesis and secretion

348
Q

Functions of ameloblast during maturation:

A

mineralization, resorption, Ca2+ transport

349
Q

Enamel rod is first present in the stage of ameloblast differentiation:

A

Secretory

350
Q

What cause Striae of Retzius?

A

developmental disturbances

351
Q

These lines reflect activity of ameloblasts on a daily period:

A

cross striations/ cross lines

352
Q

From where do the Straie of Retzius run?

A

obliquely rom DEJ to enamel surface

353
Q

Perikymata:

A

furrows (depressed lines) on enamel surface, manifestation of S. Retzius on enamle surface

354
Q

This is a manifestation of S. Retzius on enamel surface:

A

perikymata

355
Q

TF? Perikymata and Straie of Retzius are both part of the enamel

A

T

356
Q

TF? Enamel prism is visible in a cross section of enamel showing the Straie of Retzius.

A

T (I don’t think they are visible on the outer surface where the perikymata are visible)

357
Q

Enamel tufts:

A

incomplete resorption of enamel proteins

358
Q

If an enamel protein persists that was incompletely resorbed, this can form:

A

tuftline

359
Q

Are enamel tufts hypo or hyper mineralized?

A

hypo

360
Q

How far do enamel tufts extend?

A

Up to 1/2 of enamel thickness

361
Q

TF? Tufts reach the tooth surface.

A

F

362
Q

TF? Tufts are associated with decay.

A

F. Can be a trap if the lesion gets to the tuft

363
Q

TF? Tufts are regularly spaced.

A

T

364
Q

Where are enamel spindles found?

A

DEJ

365
Q

What forms enamel spindles?

A

odontoblastic processes trapped during early enamel formation, short, thin, cyclindrical

366
Q

TF? enamel spindles are regularly spaced.

A

F

367
Q

TF? Enamel lamellae play a potential pathoogic role.

A

T. in contact with oral cavity

368
Q

Enamel lamellae:

A

group of hypomineralized rods with incomplete resorption, sheet-like structure, DEJ to enamel surface, susceptible to caries and fracture

369
Q

Hunter-Schreger Bands:

A

seen only with reflected light, light and dark bands, DEJ to 2/3 of enamel, commonly in incisal or occlusal region

370
Q

What does the direction of the Hunter-Schreger Bands reflect?

A

alternating direction taken by groups of enamel rods as they move away from the DEJ

371
Q

TF? Hunter-Schreger Bands can be visualized with transmitted light.

A

F, polarized light

372
Q

TF? Hunter-Schreger Bands are found in the dentin.

A

F. enamel only

373
Q

Which bands are broader in Hunter-Schreger Bands?

A

bright bands

374
Q

Orientation of broad, bright bands of Hunter-Schreger Bands:

A

longitudinally-oriented enamel rods

375
Q

Rodless enamel is aka:

A

prismless enamel

376
Q

Prismless enamel is found here:

A

DEJ and enamel surface

377
Q

prismless enamel is formed by:

A

ameloblasts w/o Tomes’ processes

378
Q

Prismless enamel is common in:

A

deciduous teeth

379
Q

Arrangement of enamel crystals in rodless enamel:

A

parallel to DEJ or enamel surface

380
Q

TF? Tetracycline will stain all dentition, even unerupted, if given in excess to a child.

A

F. Does not stain unerupted teeth, ie 3rd molars

381
Q

What color banding is seen in enamel due to Tetracycline staining?

A

greyish, yellow -> brown/ grey

382
Q

This can occur with F concentrations that are too high:

A

modeling ?

383
Q

What color discoloration is associated with fluoride:

A

white/brown

384
Q

What color discoloration is associated with minocycline:

A

green-gray/ blue-grey (braod specrum tetracycline antibiotic)

385
Q

What color discoloration is associated with ciprofloxacin:

A

greenish (antibiotic)

386
Q

Does tetracycline stain dentin, enamel, or both?

A

both, dentin more heavily

387
Q

Why does staining occur with tetracycline?

A

forms complexes with Ca2+ ions on surface of hydroxyapetite crystals

388
Q

Tetracycline should not be given to pregnant women from this wk of pregnancy on:

A

29th wk, crosses placental barrier (or breast feeding mothers)

389
Q

Don’t give tetracycline to children until they reach this age:

A

12 yo, because permanent teeth are still developing

390
Q

Most critical time to avoid tetracycline use for deciduous dentition:

A

4 mo in utero to 5 mo post-partum (incisors and canines)

391
Q

Most critical time to avoid tetracycline use for permanent dentition:

A

4 mo post-partum to about 7yo (incisors and canines)

392
Q

Reparative dentin is formed in this zone:

A

Cell-rich zone

393
Q

When does the dental lamina form?

A

when cells in the dental epithelium actively proliferate and grow (bud stage)

394
Q

Odontoblast formation occurs during this stage:

A

late bell stage

Oral Sciences (16 decks)

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