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Oral Sciences > 1/30 Histology of Cementum and Alveolar Bone Reading > Flashcards

1/30 Histology of Cementum and Alveolar Bone Reading Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues that contribute to root development:

A

dental papilla, enamel organ, dental follicle

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2
Q

Where do the cells of the OEE contact the IEE?

A

cervical loop (base of the enamel organ)

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3
Q

Cervical loop becomes:

A

root sheath cells after it grows away from the crown

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4
Q

How do inner root sheath (IRS) cells cause root formation?

A

inducing cells of dental papilla to become odontoblasts –> root dentin

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5
Q

What dictates whether a tooth will be single or multi- rooted?

A

root sheath

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6
Q

remainder of cells of dental papilla become:

A

pulp

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7
Q

tissue that surrounds enamel organ, dental papilla and root:

A

dental follicle

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8
Q

The dental follicle will become:

A

cementum, PDL, and surface layer of alveolar bone

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9
Q

What initially encloses the developing crown?

A

alveolar bone

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10
Q

How do PDL fibers attach to the root?

A

via cementum (alveolar bone –> PDL fibers –> cementum)

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11
Q

What can be found at the base of the cervical loop after crown completion?

A

IEE and OEE

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12
Q

After crown completion the I and O EE form:

A

bilayer of epi cells called the Hertwig’s root sheath

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13
Q

1st formed part of the epi root sheath (ERS) that bends upward at a 45’ angle?

A

epi diaphragm (disc-like structure)

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14
Q

Function of epi diaphragm:

A

reduces size of the apical foramen

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15
Q

How does he epi diaphragm maintain a constant size during root development?

A

bc of the continuity of the rooth sheath grows in length at the angle of the diaphragm and not at its tip

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16
Q

This induces cells of dental papilla to differentiate to odontoblasts which form root dentin:

A

newly formed vertically disposed of part of the ERS

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17
Q

Does the crown move toward or away from the base of the crypt with increased root length?

A

away from the base of th crypt

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18
Q

What provides space for continued root growth?

A

uplifting of the tooth with inc root length

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19
Q

How does the position of the epi diaphragm alter in relation to the base of the crypts during development?

A

it doesn’t, it maintains its position

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20
Q

TF? The root lengthens at the same rate as the tooth moves occlusally.

A

T

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21
Q

Name the layers in root development, in to out:

A

pulp, epi diaphragm, ERS cells, Enamel space, REE, dental follicle

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22
Q

How does the formation of a single rooted tooth occur?

A

growth of root sheath followed by development of root dentin

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23
Q

What differentiate into odontoblasts to form dentin?

A

dental papilla

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24
Q

What happens as the 1st layer of dentinal matrix mineralizes?

A

root sheath cells separate from surface and breaks occur in it

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25
Q

What cause the breaks in continuity of ERS cells?

A

degeneration of epi cells

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26
Q

What happens to ERS cells after they separate from surface of root dentin?

A

migrate to follicular area, mesen- or ectomesenchymal cells of follicle migrate bw epi cell groups to contact root surface

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27
Q

What happens to mesenchymal or ectomesenchymal cells once they reach the root surface?

A

differentiate into cementoblasts, secrete cementum matrix (cementoid)

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28
Q

cementum matrix:

A

cementoid

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29
Q

This will mineralize to form cementum:

A

cementoid

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30
Q

How do the cells of the root sheath persist?

A

In the developing PLD as Malassez’s epi rests

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31
Q

How does root elongation progress?

A

w proliferation of remaining root sheath cells at the base of the angle of the epi diaphragm, along w proliferation of adjacent cells of the dental papilla and dental follicle

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32
Q

This allows for space for further root development as the root lengthens:

A

compensatory movement of eruption

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33
Q

When is the root sheath seen as a complete layer?

A

never

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34
Q

When does the root sheath break down?

A

once root dentin begins to form

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35
Q

Last part of the root sheath to degenerate after root completion:

A

epi diaphragm

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36
Q

TF? root development continues after tooth eruption.

A

T

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37
Q

Functions of root sheath:

A

initiate root development, determine size, length, and shape of root

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38
Q

Interruption of the root sheath can lead to:

A

root deformities

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39
Q

Root trunk:

A

bw cervical enamel and area at which roots divide

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40
Q

How does division of the root take place?

A

differential growth of the root sheath

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41
Q

How are multiple roots formed?

A

tongue-ike extensions develop in the area of the epi diaphragm, grow until contact w 1 or 2 opposing extensions that fuse w each other, epi proliferates at an equal rate at perimeter of each opening and forms epi diaphragms and cuffs to map the ind roots as they elongate

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42
Q

Areas of contact of the tongue-like extensions form:

A

epi bridges at furcation zone

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43
Q

A 3 rooted tooth arises form how many tongue-like projects?

A

3

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44
Q

Odontoblast differentiation occurs here:

A

bifurcation zone

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45
Q

What induce formation of odontoblasts at each bridge?

A

inner ERS cells, produces a span of dentin bw and around each root

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46
Q

Dentin formation follows:

A

root sheath

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47
Q

Odontoblasts differentiate along the coronal pulp ___

A

floor

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48
Q

What does the degeneration of some root sheath cells allow for?

A

space for cementoblasts to deposit cementum on the root surface

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49
Q

If continuity of root sheath were broken before dentin formation what could happen?

A

missing or defective epi cells, odontoblasts won’t differentiate, dentin would not form opposite defect in root sheath, small lateral canal, PDL to main canal (accessory canal)

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50
Q

Most common location of accessory canals:

A

apical 3rd

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51
Q

TF? Accessory canals can form anywhere along the root.

A

T. (check? didn’t we learn in endo that to be called an accessory canal it had to be in the apical 1/2 of the canal?)

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52
Q

Defects in furcation areas are due to:

A

incomplete fusion of the tongue-like projections of epi diaphragm, accessory canals seen here

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53
Q

Result of failure of the ERS to degenerate at the proper time:

A

remains adherent to the surface of the root dentin, mesenchymal cells of the dental follicle will not come into contact with the dentin, no differentiation into cementoblasts, no cementum formation, areas of root devoid of cementum

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54
Q

Portion of the root in which areas of exposed root dentin can be found:

A

anywhere

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55
Q

most common site of areas of exposed root dentin:

A

cervical zone (causes sensitivity after recession?)

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56
Q

Result of ERS remaining adherent to dentin in the cervical area near the furcation zone:

A

inner cells of root sheath –> functional ameloblasts –> enamel pearls

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57
Q

Common site of enamel pearls:

A

bw roots of permanent molars

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58
Q

What would happen if the ERS becomes dislocated after partial root mineralization?

A

twisted or bent roots –> dilaceration or root distortion, more often permanent teeth

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59
Q

Typical cause of dilaceration or root distortion:

A

blow on a deciduous predecessor resulting in displacement of underlying, partly mineralized permanent tooth

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60
Q

Possible effects of a dilacerated root:

A

prevention of eruption, ortho and extraction problems

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61
Q

ERS is aka:

A

Hertwig’s Sheath

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62
Q

When does the ERS break down and migrate away fromt he dentinal surface?

A

after dentin formation

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63
Q

What become the epi rests of Malassez?

A

remnants of the ERS

64
Q

How long do the epi rests of malassez persist?

A

throughout life

65
Q

epi rests of malassez are often found here in youth up to 20yo

A

apical zone

66
Q

After 20yo, where are epi rests of malassez most often found?

A

cervical areas

67
Q

Inherent characteristics of epi cells:

A

moving toward surface and exfoliating

68
Q

Some epi remnants of root sheath may get trapped in bay-like depressions bw dentin and cellular cementum, forming:

A

enameloid or intermediate cementum

69
Q

TF? Accessory canals can spread infections from the PDL space but not vice versa.

A

F. Can spread in both directions

70
Q

appear as network of epi strand along root surface, as isolated islands of cells surrounded by CT OR as isolated cells in close contact with cementum

A

epi rests

71
Q

3 types of epi rests:

A

proliferating, resting, and degenerating (dividing, inactive, undergoing lysis)

72
Q

Epi rest cells are surrounded by:

A

basal lamina and hemidesmosomes

73
Q

Morphology of epi rest cells:

A

few irregularly shaped cells w ovoid, oblong, or indented nuclei, dense cytoplasm, mito, ribosomes and tonofilaments occuring singly or in bundles, anchored to attachment plaques at sites of hemi- or desmosomes

74
Q

Appearance of epi cells when singly present:

A

uniform shape, surrounded by basal lamina, smooth, round nucleus outline

75
Q

What can cause epi rests to proliferate into cysts or tumors?

A

inflammation or other pathology

76
Q

degenerated epi cells can form:

A

a nidus for calcified bodies –> formation of cementicle in PDL

77
Q

physiological role of epi rests:

A

unknown

78
Q

Behavior of epi rests cells is:

A

species dependent - collagen degradation in rat incisors that grow throughout life

79
Q

Function of procine (hog) epi rests:

A

phagocytose collagen

80
Q

ectomesenchymal condensation, initially surrounds enamel organ and enclosed dental papilla:

A

dental follicle (sac)

81
Q

What does the dental follicle later surround?

A

the crown, then root

82
Q

cells that initiate development of supporting tissues of tooth:

A

dental sac cells

83
Q

From where do dental sac cells arise?

A

near OEE, migrate peripherally

84
Q

Cells of the dental sac give rise to:

A

cells that produce the cementum, the PDL, and the alveolar bone (crypt or alveolus)

85
Q

What controls the formation of future periodontal structure and first appears in very early developmental stages?

A

dental follicular cells

86
Q

Teeth are protected and stabilized at all stages by:

A

follicular tissue

87
Q

epi rest cells are connected via:

A

desmosomes

88
Q

sac cells migrate from:

A

the enamel organ to initiate periodontal development

89
Q

Relationship of tooth germs of permanent teeth and their deciduous predecessor

A

they are in the same dental sac

90
Q

When are tooth germs of permanent teeth and their deciduous predecessor no longer in same sac?

A

deciduous tooth eruption, permanent develop separate sacs in separate crypts

91
Q

Crypt:

A

bony cavity enclosing a developing tooth, formed by the dental sac

92
Q

Opening in crypt roof:

A

dental sac fibers extend, communication with oral mucosa

93
Q

Fibrous extension of dental sac, connects permanent tooth germ to oral mucosa:

A

gubernacular cords, not found in deciduous dentition?

94
Q

gubernacular cords are formed of:

A

fibrous tissue, extensions of the tooth sac, may contain epi cells, possibly remnants of the dental lamina

95
Q

What can form epi pearls, epi nest cells, or cysts (keratinized materials)?

A

remnants of dental lamina

96
Q

What initially surrounds the young tooth?

A

dental sac

97
Q

What becomes the supportive tissue as the tooth erupts?

A

follicular tissue

98
Q

List the supportive tissues of the tooth:

A

cementum, PDL, and supporting alveolar bone

99
Q

Functions of dental sac:

A

protect/ stabilize tooth during formation/ eruption, nutrition, nerve supply, give rise to cementum, PDL, and inner wall of bony crypts or alveolus

100
Q

Regulates function of follicular cells?

A

autocrine and paracrine action of local factors: prostaglandins, EGF, TGF, etc.

101
Q

What would happen with the removal of the dental follicle?

A

No eruption

102
Q

Formative cells in supporting tissue are important in:

A

initiation, formation, and maintenance of these tissues

103
Q

What happens just before degeneration of ERS?

A

root dentin deposited adjacent to it (thin, amorphous, structureless, highly mineralized secretion on root dentin surface, no collagen, has tryptophan (also found in enamel matrix)

104
Q

intermediate cementum more common here:

A

apical root, avg thickness: 10-20um

105
Q

What forms the intermediate cementum secretion?

A

ERS cells just before they break up and migrate from root surface

106
Q

Function of intermediate cementum secretion:

A

attach 2’ cementum to its surface

107
Q

TF? intermediate cementum secretion sometimes contains epi cells.

A

T

108
Q

Functions of root sheath cells:

A

stimulate odontoblasts, possible secretory function in producing the intermediate cementum

109
Q

When does cementum formation begin?

A

intermediate cementum is contacted by ectomesenchtmal cells of dental follicle, after root sheath migration

110
Q

The cementum that covers the roots functions to:

A

attach the PDL fiber bundles

111
Q

Relative rate of cementogenesis root dentinogenesis:

A

cementogenesis is slower

112
Q

Cementoblasts have features that are characteristic of:

A

cells capable of protein synthesis and secretion, well developed, rough-surfaced ER, notable Golgi apparatus, many mito, large nucleus w prominent nucleoli, abundant cytoplasm

113
Q

Matrix (cementoid) components:

A

collagen fibers, ground substance w proteoglycans & glycoproteins

114
Q

These cells first make the organic matrix or cementoid:

A

newly differentiated cementoblasts

115
Q

Proteoglycans consist of:

A

GAGs, predominance of sulfated type attached to core of protein

116
Q

Collagen fibers produced by cementoblasts:

A

intrinsic fibers, run parallel to cementum surface in an irregular manner

117
Q

When do cementoblasts enter a quiescent state?

A

Once layered cementum is thick enough

118
Q

Location of cementoblasts when they enter quiescent state:

A

cementum front

119
Q

provides attachment, tooth to bone:

A

Collagen fibers embedded in cementum matrix, produced by fibroblasts

120
Q

Embedded portions of the PDL fibers in the cementum:

A

perforating fibers OR Sharpey’s fibers, extrinsic fibers of the cementum, right angles to root surface (intrinsic made by cementoblasts)

121
Q

Difference bw cellular and acellular cementum:

A

cells in matrix

122
Q

What determines the type of cementum formed:

A

cementoblasts behavior during matrix formation

123
Q

When does cellular cementum develop?

A

When cementoblasts making matrix get embedded in matrix as cementocytes (can’t retreat to PDL)

124
Q

When does acellular cementum develop?

A

when all cementoblasts retreat into PDL, leaving no trapped cells behind

125
Q

Acellular cementum is generally found here:

A

cervical half, cellular apical half

126
Q

TF? Layers of cellular and acelluar cementum may alternate at any site.

A

T

127
Q

In this type of cementum, trapped cementoblasts develop cytoplasmic processes and reside in the cementum matrix to become cementocytes:

A

cellular

128
Q

When does alveolar bone develop?

A

as tooth develops

129
Q

Alveolar bone initially forms:

A

tooth crypt, thin eggshell of support around each tooth germ

130
Q

TF? Alveolar bone growth keeps pace with root lengthening.

A

T

131
Q

Development of the alveolar paocess begins in the __th wk in utero.

A

8th

132
Q

Alveolar bone develops a horse-shoe groove in this week of development

A

8th wk in utero

133
Q

What forms the horse shoe groove/ bony groove/ canal?

A

facial / lingual plates of body of man and max

134
Q

What does the bony groove contain?

A

developing tooth germs, alveolar blood vessels, nerves

135
Q

Developing tooth germs first lie here:

A

free in the grooves, septa then form bw teeth to make separate crypts

136
Q

alveolar process develops during:

A

eruption

137
Q

What forms the dental alveolus in uterine life?

A

embryonic bone type, made of tiny, bony spicules

138
Q

2 types of embryonic bone

A

woven, coarse bundle

139
Q

Which type of embryonic bone contains collagen bundles in their matrix?

A

both

140
Q

Main difference bw the 2 types of embryonic bone:

A

Woven: collagen bundles in various directions, coarse bundle bone: thicker collagen bundles, usually parallel in matrix

141
Q

Does matrix of embryonic bone contain more or less GAGs and glycoproteins than mature?

A

more

142
Q

embryonic bone is gradually replaced by:

A

mature/ lamellar bone, compact or spongy

143
Q

Mature bone:

A

ordered layers (lamellae), fine fiber arrangement, fewer cells, uniform density, matrix stains evenly and lightly

144
Q

Bone bw roots of teeth:

A

interdental septum

145
Q

Bone bw roots of multirooted teeth:

A

interradicular bone/ septum

146
Q

2 parts to mature, alveolar bone:

A

alveolar bone proper and the supporting bone

147
Q

Thin lamella of compact bone. lines root socket w embedded periodontal fibers:

A

alveolar bone proper aka lamina dura

148
Q

alveolar bone proper, aka:

A

lamina dura

149
Q

What is the supporting bone made of?

A

both spongy and dense (compact), lamina dura: only compact

150
Q

Function of supporting bone:

A

support alveolar bone proper

151
Q

What is the cortical plate?

A

covering of mandible or maxilla

152
Q

What furnishes compact portion of supporting alveolar bone?

A

cortical plate

153
Q

Specialized type of dense bone made of bundle bone and Harvesian bone, RGO:

A

alveolar bone proper, aka lamina dura

154
Q

Why is it called bundle bone:

A

penetrated PDL fibers bundles

155
Q

Forms alveolar bone proper:

A

osteogenic cells of outermost layer of dental sac that differentiate to osteoblasts and lay down bone matrix or osteoid in which some osteoblasts become embedded as osteocytes

156
Q

Cell-cell communication in bony tissue systems to place via these 3 means:

A

gap junctions, cytoskeleton (opposing points of adjacent cells), small nerve fibers in periosteum, multiple can work together

Oral Sciences (16 decks)

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