Unit 1 - 4 - Hard Flashcards by Mabs Academy

Cyclin D stimulates the phosphorylation of DNA polymerase, which activates the DNA polymerase. Describe how an enzyme can be phosphorylated.

Attachment/association of (inorganic) phosphate (to the enzyme)
(Released from) hydrolysis of ATP

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It can be 6-12 months before HPV antibodies can be detected in the blood of individual with a HPV infection. Use Figure 1 to suggest why this is.

It takes 6-12 months for antibodies to be detected in a HPV infection because:

Few virus proteins are expressed in the lower layers of the epidermis, so infected cells do not become antigen-presenting cells: [1 mark]

Viral proteins/antigen-presenting cells produced at the skin surface are quickly lost/shed from the body, so are not detected by the cells of the immune system; [1 mark]

Without antigen-presenting cells, T cells / B cells are not activated; [1 mark]

[Total: 3 marks]

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Figure 2shows the SGLT1 polypeptide with NH2at one end and COOH at the other end.Describe how amino acids join to form a polypeptide so there is always NH2at one end and COOH at the other end.

One amine/NH2group joins to a carboxyl/COOH group to form a peptidebond;

Accept on diagram, for example (at least) two amino acids joining by a correctly drawn peptide bond (MP1) with NH2at one end and COOH at the other (MP2).Ignore incorrect names of NH2and COOH groups.

(So in chain) there is a free amine/NH2group at one end anda free carboxyl/COOH group at the otherOREach amino acid is orientated in the same direction in the chain;

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Oedema is a condition characterised by an abdomen and limbs that are swollen with fluid. It is prevalent in poorly developed areas in the African continent due to the low protein diet of the people living there. Explain how a low protein diet could result in oedema.

A low protein diet could result in oedema because:

Low protein levels result in fewer plasma proteins in the blood; [1 mark]

This means that the water potential of the plasma is increased / too high / not low enough (at venule end of capillary); [1 mark]

Water is not reabsorbed / less water is reabsorbed by osmosis into capillaries/blood;

[1 mark]

Tissue fluid collects/builds up in the tissues in the abdomen and limbs; [1 mark]

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Explain the difference in the structure of the starch molecule and the cellulose molecule shown in the diagram above.

Starch formed from α-glucose but cellulose formed from β-glucose;

Position of hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on carbon atom 1 inverted;

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State two functions of membranes in living cells.

Any two of the following:

Separate the internal cell environment from the external environment; [1 mark]

Separate the internal cellular compartments/organelles; [1 mark]
Enable cellular conditions to be different between one enclosed space and another;

[1 mark]

Regulate the movement/exchange of substances; [1 mark]

An interface for communication / displaying antigens / displaying receptors; [1 mark]

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Describe the roles of iron ions, sodium ions, and phosphate ions in cells.

Iron ions

Haemoglobin binds/associates with oxygen

Haemoglobin transports/loads oxygen;

Ignore reference to 2+ or 3+ in Fe2+ or Fe3+

Sodium ions

Co-transport of glucose/amino acids (into cells);
(Because) sodium moved out by active transport/Na – K pump;
Creates a sodium concentration/diffusion gradient;
Affects osmosis/water potential;

Phosphate ions

Affects osmosis/water potential;

Accept 5. OR 6. – not both

Joins nucleotides/in phosphodiester bond/in backbone of DNA/RNA/in nucleotides;
Used in/to produce ATP;

Reject ‘energy produced’

Phosphorylates other compounds (usually) making them more reactive;
Hydrophilic/water soluble part of phospholipid bilayer/membrane;

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Draw an antibody

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Particulate matter is solid particles and liquid particles suspended in the air. Polluted air contains more particulate matter than clean air. A high concentration of particulate matter results in the death of some alveolar epithelium cells. If alveolar epithelium cells die inside the human body they are replaced by non-specialised, thickened tissue. Explain why the death of alveolar epithelium cells reduces gas exchange in human lungs.

Reduced surface area;
Increased distance for diffusion; Accept description of efficient gas exchange in the healthy alveolar epithelium as long as a reference is made to the damaged tissue changing this.
Reduced rate of gas exchange;

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Figure 1 below shows a cell surface membrane and some molecules of a small, nonpolar substance known as substance X.

Substance X will…

Move from the outside of the cell to the inside; [1 mark]

Directly through the cell (surface) membrane / in between the phospholipids / by simple diffusion; [1 mark]

Because…

There is a higher concentration of substance X outside the cell than inside / diffusion takes place down a concentration gradient; [1 mark]

The molecules are small and nonpolar so can move between the (tails of the) phospholipids; [1 mark]

[Total: 4 marks]

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Hydrostatic pressure = 4.3 kPa Hydrostatic pressure = 1.6 kPa

Tissue fluid

Hydrostatic pressure = 1.1 kPa

(a) Use the information in the figure above to explain how tissue fluid is formed

(a) 1. (Overall) outward pressure of 3.2 kPa;
2. Forces small molecules out of capillary.

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Scientists have found that transcription of the LAT gene produces a microRNA.
This microRNA binds to some of the nerve cell’s own mRNA molecules. These mRNA molecules are involved in programmed cell death of nerve cells. The scientists concluded that production of this microRNA allows HSV to remain in the body for years

(d) The scientists concluded that production of this microRNA allows HSV to remain in the body for years (lines 10–12).
Explain how this microRNA allows HSV to remain in the body for years.

(d) MicroRNA binds to cell’s mRNA (no mark)
1. (Binds) by specific base pairing;
2. (So) prevents mRNA being read by ribosomes; 3. (So) prevents translation / production of proteins;
4. (Proteins) that cause cell death.

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c) Genetics and nutrition are two factors that influence blood pressure in humans. Explain how very high blood pressure may affect an individual’s circulatory and lymphatic system.

High blood pressure may result in the following effects on an individual’s circulatory system:

Increased blood pressure could damage blood vessels OR valves; [1 mark]

Increased chance of heart attack OR stroke; [1 mark]

Increased outward pressure of blood at the arterial end of capillaries; [1 mark]

Higher volume of tissue fluid forms / not all tissue fluid is reabsorbed/drains; [1 mark]

This leads to swollen limbs (due to accumulation of tissue fluid); [1 mark]

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Mitochondrial disease (MD) often causes muscle weakness (lines 1–3). Use your knowledge of respiration and muscle contraction to suggest explanations for this effect of MD.

a) 1. Reduction in ATP production by aerobic respiration;
2. Less force generated because fewer actin and myosin interactions in muscle;
3. Fatigue caused by lactate from anaerobic respiration.

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Describe the role of spindle fibres, mitosis

C-prophase and

D= metaphase and

E = anaphase,

(In) prophase, chromosomes condense
(In) prophase OR metaphase, centromeres attach to spindle fibres,
(In) metaphase, chromosomes/pairs of chromatids at equator/centre of spindle/cell

5 (In) anaphase, centromeres divide,

6 (In) anaphase, chromatids (from each par) pulled to (opposite) polesiends (of cell 7) prophase/metaphase anaphase, spindie

fibres shorten

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(b) Give two assumptions made when using the mark-release-recapture method.

No emigration / immigration;
No losses to predation;
Marking does not affect survival;
Birth rate and death rate equal;
(In this case) all belong to one population.

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Describe the role of micelles in the absorption of fats into the cells lining the ileum

Micelles include bile salts and fatty acids; Ignore other correct components of micelles.
Make the fatty acids (more) soluble in water; For ‘fatty acids’ accept fats / lipids.
Bring/release/carry fatty acids to cell/lining (of the ileum); For ‘fatty acids’ accept fats/lipids.
Maintain high(er) concentration of fatty acids to cell/lining (of the ileum);
fatty acids (absorbed) by diffusion;

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Give oneadvantage of viewing a biological specimen using a transmission electron microscope compared with using a scanning electron microscope.

Higher resolution OR View internal structures;

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Speciation is far less frequent in the reformed Amazonian forest. Suggest one reason for this.

Similar / same environmental / abiotic / biotic factors / similar / same selection pressures / no isolation / gene flow can occur (within a species);

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What two measurements are needed to calculate an index of diversity?

Number of (individuals of) each species;
Accept: ‘population’ for ‘number’
Total number of individuals / number of species

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The manufacturer concluded that enzyme B would be the best enzyme to use. Use the results from Figure 2 to evaluate this conclusion.

Any three of the following:

• Enzyme B is more effective across a range of temperatures / at lower and higher

temperatures: [1 mark]

• Enzyme B denatures at 80°C and enzyme A denatures at 60°C; [1 mark]

⚫ However, enzyme A has a higher maximum rate of reaction: [1 mark]

• Only 2 enzymes were investigated; [1 mark]

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The blood plasma in Figure 1 has a more negative water potential at the venule end of the capillary compared to the arteriole end of the capillary. Explain why.

Any three of the following:

Water has diffused out via osmosis OR left the capillary; [1 mark]

Proteins in the blood are too large to leave/pass through wall of the capillary; [1 mark]

This means there is a higher/ increased concentration of blood proteins at venule end;

[1 mark]

• Higher concentration of blood proteins results in lower water potential; [1 mark]

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Describe the structure of DNA

Polymer of nucleotides;
Each nucleotide formed from deoxyribose, a phosphate (group) and an organic/nitrogenous base;
Phosphodiester bonds (between nucleotides);
Double helix/2 strands held by hydrogen bonds;
(Hydrogen bonds/paining) between adenine, thymine and cytosine, guanine

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(d) Calculate the number of insects on this island 1 day after release of the marked insects.
Show your working.

(d) 10 130. Tolerance of ±1

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An athlete has discovered that he is anaemic. A person suffering from anaemia has a decreased concentration of haemoglobin in their blood. Suggest and explain how being anaemic may affect the athlete’s performance.

It will negatively affect their performance OR it will decrease their ability to perform OR

they will be slower: [1 mark]

Anaemia will have this effect on performance because: two of the following:

Decreased haemoglobin means less oxygen is delivered to active muscles OR fewer haemoglobin molecules means there are fewer oxygen molecules available; [1 mark]

(Less oxygen leads to) reduced aerobic respiration; [1 mark]

(Reduced aerobic respiration means) less energy/ATP available for muscle contraction

OR reduced muscle contraction; [1 mark]

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Figure 1 shows a molecule (X) that is about to be transported across a cell membrane.

Figure 1

Low concentration

Exterior

High concentration

Cytoplasm

Describe the events that would take place in order for molecule X in Figure 1 to move from the exterior of the cell into the cytoplasm.

Molecule X binds to a specific binding site on the carrier protein; [1 mark]

ATP is hydrolysed / broken down to release energy; [1 mark]

The protein changes shape AND releases/transfers/transports/moves molecule X into the cytoplasm; [1 mark]

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The data in Table 7 show differences between the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

for a mouse and the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve for a horse.

Suggest how these differences allow the mouse to have a higher metabolic rate than the horse.

Mouse

(Smaller sở) larger surface area to volume ratio;
More/faster heat loss (per gram/in relation to body size);
(Faster rate of) respiration/metabolism releases heat;

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In Figure 1. between 90 and 120 mins the rate of transpiration begins to slow in the leaves for both sets. Explain why this happens.

rate of transpiration between 90 and 120 minutes begins to slow because:

Water is being lost by transpiration/evaporation from the stomata; [1 mark]

Water is not being replaced OR there is no water supply; [1 mark]

Water loss causes the stomata to close OR the water potential gradient between the leaf and the air has reduced/decreased; [1 mark ]

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The hydrostatic pressure falls from the arteriole end of the capillary to the venule end of the capillary. Explain why.

Loss of water / loss of fluid / friction (against capillary lining).

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ATP is useful in many biological processes. Explain why.

Releases energy in small / manageable amounts;

Accept less than glucose
(Broken down) in a one step / single bond broken immediate energy compound / makes energy available rapidly;
Accept easily broken down
Phosphorylates / adds phosphate makes (phosphorylated substances) more reactive / lowers activation energy;
Do not accept phosphorus or P on its own
Reformed / made again

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Describe how sugar is transported from the lower leaves of the plant to the growing leaf buds at the top of the plant.

Sugar is transported from the lower leaves of the plant to the growing leaf buds by… Any five of the following:

Active transport/loading of sucrose from leaf into the phloem/sieve element by companion cell; [1 mark

This causes the water potential to decrease in the phloem AND so water enters by osmosis: [1 mark]

(Water entry) results in high (hydrostatic) pressure: [1 mark]

Mass flow upwards to leaf buds down the pressure gradient / from area of high pressure to area of low pressure: [1 mark]

At the leaves/leaf buds/sink sugars are (actively) unloaded SO lowering the water potential of the surrounding cells: [1 mark]

Water moves out of the sieve tube by osmosis; AND (hydrostatic) pressure in phloem decreases: [1 mark]

• Water leaving the phloem at the sink end) maintains the pressure gradient: [1 mark]

[Total: 5 marks]

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Describe the role of DNA polymerase in the semi-conservative replication of DNA.

Joins (adjacent DNA) nucleotides

2. (Catalyses) condensation (reactions);3.(Catalyses formation of) phosphodiester bonds (between adjacent nucleotides

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A gene is a small section of DNA. State what a gene codes for.

A gene could code for:

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide; [1 mark]

A functional RNA product OR ribosomal RNA (rRNA) OR transfer RNA (tRNA);

[1 mark]

[Total: 2 marks]

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State and explain how an increase in temperature would affect the rate of movement of substance Y across a cell membrane.

An increase in temperature would have the following effect on the rate of movement of substance Y…

Increased rate of movement/diffusion; [1 mark] Because…

Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of molecules SO causing them to move at a faster rate; [1 mark]

[Total: 2 marks]

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Give a null hypothesis for this investigation andname a statistical test that would be appropriate to test your null hypothesis

There is no association/correlation/relationship between the concentration of carbon dioxide and the stomatal density
Correlation coefficient;

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From 1910 to 2000, the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere increased from 300 parts per million to 365 parts per million. Use Figure 2to calculate the mean rate of change in stomatal density from 1910 to 2000. Give your answer as a number of stomata per mm2per 10-year period. Show your work`.

Final answer in range 2.6 ̇to 2.7
1 mark for stomatal density decrease of 24 to 25 OR Final answer of between 0.26 ̇to 0.27 ̇OR Correct calculation with incorrectly rounding taking answer out of correct range

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(a) The scientists gave an injection to a mouse to make it produce the monoclonal antibody used in this investigation (line 7).
What should this injection have contained?

(b) LDL enters the liver cells (lines 3−4).
Using your knowledge of the structure of the cell-surface membrane, suggest how LDL enters the cell.

(d) Describe how the control group should have been treated.

a) Regulator protein
b) 1. Lipid soluble / hydrophobic
2. Enters through (phospholipid) bilayer
OR
3. (Protein part of) LDL attaches to receptor
4. Goes through carrier / channel protein.

c) Any two from:
1. (Monoclonal antibody) has a specific tertiary structure / variable region / is complementary to regulator protein
Do not award MP1 if reference to active site.
2. Binds to / forms complex with (regulator protein)
“It” refers to monoclonal antibody in MP1 and MP2
3. (So regulator protein) would not fit / bind to the receptor / is not complementary to receptor

d) . Injection with salt solution
1. Accept inject placebo in salt solution
2. Otherwise treated the same.

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Babies can sometimes be born with a small hole in the wall that separates the right and left ventricles of their heart. Suggest why this is a dangerous health condition.

Any three of the following:

• The wall (septum) separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; [1 mark]

If there is a hole, there will be a mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; [1 mark]

• The blood that gets pumped out of the heart will not contain as much oxygen (because some of the oxygenated blood has been replaced with deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart) OR less (oxygenated) blood will be pumped with each beat OR there will be a drop in blood pressure; [1 mark]

The cells will not get enough oxygen; [1 mark]

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Explain the function of the elastic tissue in the wall of an artery.

Enables the artery wall to stretch SO that it isn’t damaged by high blood pressure;

[1 mark]

After stretching the artery walls can recoil to their original shape SO maintaining blood

pressure; [1 mark]

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) The water potential of the blood plasma is more negative at the venule end of the capillary than at the arteriole end of the capillary. Explain why.

Water has left the capillary;
Proteins (in blood) too large to leave capillary;
Increasing / giving higher concentration of blood proteins (and thus wp).

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Describe what is happening at the stage labelled Y in Figure 2.

Stage Y in Figure 2 shows…

The B cells are differentiating / specialising / developing into different cell types; [1 mark]

Memory cells AND plasma cells form; [1 mark]

[Total: 2 marks]

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(d) If someone has MD, the concentration of lactate in their blood after exercise is usually much higher than normal (lines 15–17). Suggest why.

(d) 1. Mitochondria / aerobic respiration not producing much / any ATP;
2. (With MD) increased use of ATP supplied by increase in anaerobic respiration;
3. More lactate produced and leaves muscle by (facilitated) diffusion

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Describe how a phagocyte destroys a pathogen present in the blood.

Engulfs;
Forming vesicle/phagosome and fuses with lysosome;
Enzymes digest/hydrolyse;

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A scientist used radioactive carbon dioxide to investigate the direction and rate of sucrose transport in a rose plant. His results showed that during periods of plant growth sucrose was transported mostly upwards. Explain why this is happening.

During periods of growth sucrose was transported mostly upwards because:

The direction of sucrose transport depends on the location of sink tissue/cells; [1 mark]

. When a plant is growing the areas undergoing cell division are the main sinks: [1 mark]

These areas are at the top of the plant OR leaf buds are above leaves; [1 mark]

[Total: 3 marks]

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Explain how the endothelium layer of the artery in part (a) in Figure 1 is adapted for the transport of blood.

Smooth surface SO allows blood to flow freely Ireduces friction; [1 mark] • Folded SO allows the artery to stretch (when blood volume increases); [1 mark]

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Suggest how one antibody can be complementary to both a tick protein and alpha-gal

(Part of tick protein and alpha-gal) have a similar shape/structure;
Antibody is complementary to both (tick protein

and alpha-gal)

Antigen-binding site is complementary to both (tick protein and alpha-gal)

Antibody can form antigen-antibody complex with both (tick protein and alpha-gal);`

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The Amazonian forest today contains a very high diversity of bird species.
• Over the last 2 000 000 years, long periods of dry climate caused this forest to separate into a number of smaller forests.
• Different plant communities developed in each of these smaller forests.
• Each time the climate became wetter again, the smaller forests grew in size and merged to reform the Amazonian forest.
(a) Use the information provided to explain how a very high diversity of bird species has developed in the Amazonian forest.

) 1. No interbreeding / gene pools are separate / geographic(al) isolation;
Accept: all marks if answer written in context of producing increased diversity of plants
1 Do not award this mark in context of new species being formed and then not interbreeding
1 Accept reproductive isolation as an alternative to no interbreeding
2. Mutation;
2 Accept: genetic variation
3. Different selection pressures / different foods / niches / habitats;
3 Accept: different environment / biotic / abiotic conditions or named condition
3 Neutral: different climates
4. Adapted organisms survive and breed / differential reproductive success;
5. Change / increase in allele frequency / frequencies;

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The scientists’ hypothesis was that an earlier immune response to tick protein causes the allergic reaction.

Consider whether Figure 7 supports this hypothesis.

Exposure to tick (protein) is followed by increase in antibody (specific to alpha-gal);

3 max

(Later) greater/faster increase in antibody suggests there are memory cells;
Antibody (specific to alpha-gal) increases

during/after allergic reaction;

During/after allergic reaction, total antibody

increases more than alpha-gal antibody

(So) may be other antibodies (that are causing

allergic reaction);

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Describe the role of haemoglobin in supplying oxygen to the cells of the human body.

of the following:

Haemoglobin binds with oxygen to produce oxyhaemoglobin; [1 mark] Haemoglobin is loaded/ takes up / associates/binds with oxygen in an area of higher ppo,/ gas exchange surface / lungs; [1 mark]

Oxygen is unloaded/released in an area of lower pp02/capillaries/cells / tissues;

[1 mark]

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Explain five properties that make water important for organisms.

A metabolite in condensation/hydrolysis/ photosynthesis/respiration;
A solvent so (metabolic) reactions can occur

A solvent so allowing transport of substances;

High heat capacity so buffers changes in temperature;
Large latent heat of vaporisation so provides a cooling effect (through evaporation);
Cohesion (between water molecules) so supports columns of water (in plants);
Cohesion (between water molecules) so produces surface tension supporting (small) organisms;

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A patient recovered from an influenza infection, and their blood was found to contain influenza antibodies 6 months later. Explain why this patient was able to catch influenza again several days after their blood tested positive for flu antibodies.

The patient was able to catch influenza again despite having antibodies in their blood because:

Influenza viruses show antigen variability/antigenic variability; [1 mark]

So the antibodies will no longer be complementary to the influenza antigen; [1 mark]

[Total: 2 marks]

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List three other dissolved substances which are also present in blood plasma.

Oxygen; [1 mark]

⚫ Urea; [1 mark]

⚫ Carbon dioxide; [1 mark]

Mineral ions; [1 mark]

Hormones; [1 mark]

⚫ Amino acids; [1 mark]

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Describe the structure of proteins.

Polymer of amino acids;
Joined by peptide bonds;
Formed by condensation;
Primary structure is order of amino acids;
Secondary structure is folding of polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding;

Accept alpha helix / pleated sheet

Tertiary structure is 3-D folding due to hydrogen bonding and ionic / disulfide bonds;
Quaternary structure is two or more polypeptide chains

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Tetanus is a bacterial infection gained from contact between the blood and soil-dwelling bacteria Clostridium tetani. An individual who had not been vaccinated against tetanus received a cut from a garden fork and it was suggested that they should go to the hospital for an injection of tetanus antibodies. State how this injection would protect them against tetanus.

Any two of the following:

The antibodies would be present immediately / be able to act instantly; [1 mark] The antibodies would bind to the antigens on the tetanus bacteria; [1 mark]

The tetanus bacteria would be destroyed / would be unable to spread / would undergo phagocytosis; [1 mark]

[Total: 2 marks]

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Cholesterol increases the stability of plasma membranes. Cholesterol does this by making membranes less flexible.

(f) Suggest one advantage of the different percentage of cholesterol in red blood cells compared with cells lining the ileum.

Red blood cells free in blood / not supported by other cells so cholesterol helps to maintain shape

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Fill in the blanks below.

Tissue fluid is the liquid which surrounds cells. At the start of the capillary bed, the hydrostatic pressure in the capillary is _________ than the hydrostatic pressure within the tissue fluid. This difference in pressure forces fluid to ________ the capillaries and move into the surrounding tissues _________ molecules such as water, oxygen and nutrients pass through the capillary bed and into the tissue fluid.

The hydrostatic pressure in the capillary is…

Greater/higher; [1 mark]

The difference in pressure forces fluid to…

Exit/leave; [1 mark] Small/smaller; [1 mark]

…molecules such as water, oxygen and nutrients..

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The action of the carrier protein Xin Figure 1is linked to a membrane-bound ATP hydrolase enzyme.Explain the function of this ATP hydrolase.

(ATP to ADP + Pi ) Releases energy;Reject ‘produces/makes/creates energy’.
(energy) allows ions to be moved against a concentration gradient OR (energy) allows active transport of ions;

For ‘ions’ accept Na+or K+.Do not accept if this movement is of glucose not ions.

Describe and explain one property of visking tubing (sometimes called dialysis tubing) that makes it a good choice for experiments that model the action of enzymes in the gut.

(Visking tubing) is partially/selectively permeable; [1 mark]

SO small molecules can diffuse through/large molecules cannot diffuse through; [1 mark]

Total: 2 marks]

Suggest how the amino acids at positions 35 and 52 are held close together to form the active site.

idea that amino acid chain folds/tertiary structure; named bond holding tertiary structure e.g. ionic disulphide hydrogen;

) A mutation can lead to the production of a non-functional enzyme. Explain how.

Change / mutation in base / nucleotide sequence (of DNA / gene); Q.
Ignore: references to changing base-pairing
Accept: affect for change, if in correct context Accept: changes triplets / codons
Change in amino acid sequence / primary structure (of enzyme); Accept: different amino acid(s) coded for
Q Reject: different amino acids produced / formed / made
Change in hydrogen / ionic / disulfide bonds; Accept: references to sulfur bonds
Change in the tertiary structure / shape;
Neutral: alters 3D structure / 3D shape
Change in active site;
Substrate not complementary / cannot bind (to enzyme / active site) / no enzyme-substrate complexes form.

(e) A small amount of DNA can be extracted from mitochondria and DNA sequencing used to try to find a mutation (lines 18–19).
From this sample:
• how would enough DNA be obtained for sequencing?
• how would sequencing allow the identification of a mutation?

Enough DNA using PCR;
Compare DNA sequence with ‘normal’ DNA.

List four ways in which the structure of capillaries are adapted to act as exchange surfaces.

Permeable wall (NOT cell wall/membrane); [1 mark]

Thin walls OR walls one cell thick; [1 mark]

Flat/thin/squamous endothelial cells: [1 mark)

Narrow/small diameter/small lumen: [1 mark] Red blood cells are in contact with the capillary wall OR pass singly: [1 m

The process by which food is pushed along the oesophagus and small intestine is…

Peristalsis:

Some cancer cells have a receptor protein in their cell-surface membrane that binds to a hormone called growth factor. This stimulates the cancer cells to divide.
Scientists have produced a monoclonal antibody that stops this stimulation.
Use your knowledge of monoclonal antibodies to suggest how this antibody stops the growth of a tumour.

(b) 1. Antibody has specific tertiary structure / binding site / variable region; Do not accept explanations involving undefined antigen
2. Complementary (shape / fit) to receptor protein / GF / binds to receptor protein / to GF;
Ignore: same shape as receptor protein / GF
3. Prevents GF binding (to receptor).
3

Explain the steep gradient seen in the curve seen for HbA in Figure 1.

The first oxygen that binds haemoglobin causes a change in shape / conformational change: [1 mark]

The change in the shape of haemoglobin allows more O, to bind / O, to bind more easily

/ an increase in the rate of O, binding: [1 mark]

State the events that need to take place for the mature B lymphocyte in Figure 1 to be activated. Note that the term ‘activated’ here refers to the stimulation needed to initiate cell division by mitosis.

The events that need to take place to activate a B cell are…

The cell surface antibody/molecule X binding/attaching to its complementary/specific antigen; [1 mark]

• The release of cytokines/chemical signals from a T helper cell; [1 mark]

[Total: 2 marks]

The diagram shows apparatus used in breaking down sucrose. The enzyme sucrase is fixed to inert beads. Sucrose solution is then passed through the column.

Describe a biochemical test to find out if the solution collected from the apparatus contains

(i) heat with Benedict’s solution (disqualify if HCl added); orange / brown / brick red / green / yellow colour or precipitate;
(ii) biuret test / NaOH + CuSO4; purple / violet / lilac / mauve;

Larger multicellular organisms have specialised cells and tissues that form mas transport systems. Why do they need a mass transport system?

of the following:

Diffusion would be too slow to transport substance around the organism; [1 ma Diffusion distances are much longer/larger than in smaller organisms: [1 mark] Metabolic demands/needs of tissues would not be met; [1 mark]

Describe the gross structure of the human gas exchange system and how we breathe in and out.

Named structures-trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli;
Above structures named in correct order
Breathing in-diaphragm contracts and external intercostal muscles contract
(Causes) volume increase and pressure decrease in thoracic cavity (to below atmospheric, resulting in air moving in);
Breathing out-Diaphragm relaxes and internal intercostal muscles contract; Accept diaphragm relaxes and (external) intercostal muscles relax and lung tissue is elastic (so recoils).
(Causes) volume decrease and pressure increase in the thoracic cavity (to above atmospheric, resulting in air moving out);

Suggest and explain one other factor the manufacturers should consider when deciding on the best enzyme to include in the biological washing powder.

The optimum pH of the enzymes; [1 mark]

• Because pH can affect the 3D / tertiary structure of the enzymes: [1 mark]

The concentration of the enzyme; [1 mark]

Because the concentration of the enzyme will affect the rate of the reaction/ how

effective the enzyme is at removing the stain: [1 mark]

Describe the role of antibodies in producing a positive result in an ELISA test

(First) antibody binds/attaches /complementary (in shape) to antigen;
(Second) antibody with enzyme attached is added;
(Second) antibody attaches to antigen; Accept (second) antibody attaches to (first) antibody (indirect ELISA test).
(Substrate/solution added) and colour changes;

After the disease is diagnosed, monoclonal antibodies are used in some medical treatments. Give one example of using monoclonal antibodies in a medical treatment

Block antigens/receptors on cells;

The mass flow hypothesis is used to explain the movement of substances through phloem.

Use your understanding of the mass flow hypothesis to explain how pressure is

generated inside this phloem tube.

Sucrose actively transported (into phloem); 2. Lowering/reducing water potential

More negative water potential; 3. Water moves (into phloem) by osmosis (from xylem);

Describe how a non-competitive inhibitor can reduce the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.

Attaches to the enzyme at a site other than the active site;

Accept ‘attaches to allosteric/inhibitor site’

Changes (shape of) the active site

Changes tertiary structure (of enzyme);

(So active site and substrate) no longer complementary so less/no substrate can fit/bind;

(c) The percentage of the population vaccinated does not need to be 100% to be effective in preventing the spread of whooping cough

Q Do not accept disease for pathogen
So susceptible / unvaccinated people less likely to contact infected people.
2

Use your knowledge of lipid digestion to explain the differences in the results for samples A and B shown in the table above. You should assume that no absorption had occurred.

Triglycerides decrease because of the action of lipase OR Fatty acids increase because of the action of lipase

;2. Triglycerides decrease because of hydrolysis (of triglycerides)ORFatty acids increase because of hydrolysis (of triglycerides)

3.Triglycerides decrease because of digestion of ester bonds (between fatty acid and glycerol)ORFatty acids increase because of digestion of ester bonds (between fatty acid and glycerol);

Mucus also contains glycoproteins. One of these glycoproteins is a polypeptide with the sugar, and lactose, attached. Describe how lactose is formed and where in the cell it would be attached to a polypeptide to form a glycoprotein

Glucose and galactose; Ignore α or β for glucose
Joined by condensation (reaction);
Joined by glycosidic bond;
Added to the polypeptide in Golgi (apparatus)

Do the data in the graph above show a linear relationship between the concentration of particulate matter and the percentage of dead cells? Use suitable calculations to justify your answer.

(No)
EITHER 1.9 (percent per 5 μg cm–3);
2.1.42/1.8 (percent per 5 μg cm–3);

After collecting the samples, the scientist immediately heated them to 70 °C for 10 minutes. Explain why.

To denature the enzymes/lipase;

Accept description of denaturation in terms of change in tertiary structure.

2.So no further digestion/hydrolysis/catalysis occurred; Accept ‘break down’ for digestion

Describe and explain twofeatures you would expect to find in a cell specialised for absorption.

1.Folded membrane/microvilli solarge surface area (for absorption);

Reject references to ‘villi’.Accept ‘brush border’ for ‘microvilli’.

2.Large number of co-transport/carrier/channel proteins sofast rate (of absorption)
OR Large number of co-transport/carrier proteins foractive transport
OR Large number of co-transport/carrier/channel proteins forfacilitated diffusion;

Large number of mitochondria so make (more) ATP (by respiration) OR Large number of mitochondria for aerobic respiration OR Large number of mitochondria torelease energy for active transport;
Membrane-bound (digestive) enzymes somaintains concentration gradient (for fast absorption);Accept named examples of digestive enzymes

Explain how cellulose molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells.

Long and straight chains;
Become linked together by many hydrogen bonds to

form fibrils;

Provide strength (to cell wall);

(e) The ecologists expected to obtain the same result from their calculations of the number of insects on this island on each day during the period 1–5 days after release. In fact, their estimated number increased after day 1.
During the same period, the number of insects they caught decreased.
The method used by the ecologists might have caused these changes.
Use the information provided to suggest one way in which the method used by the ecologists might have caused the increase in their estimates of the size of the insect population.

(e) 1. Scientists removed large numbers of insects (which were not returned) from same area / same population;
2. Affecting ratio of marked to unmarked.

Describe the pathway taken by an oxygen molecule from an alveolus to the blood.

(Across) alveolar epithelium;
Endothelium / epithelium of capillary;

Incorrect sequence = maximum of 1 mark

Diffuses

At Qon the diagram above there is a small increase in pressure and rate of blood flow in the aorta. Explain how this happens and its importance.

Elastic recoil (of the aorta wall/tissue); Reject muscle contracting. Ignore reference to muscle relaxing.
Smooths the blood flow OR Maintains rate of blood flow OR Maintains blood pressure;

Starch molecules and cellulose molecules have different functions in plant cells. Each molecule is adapted for its function.

Explain one way in which starch molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells.

Insoluble;
Don’t affect water potential;

Helical;

Accept form spirals

Compact;

Large molecule;
Cannot leave cell

Phicem pressure is reduced during the hottest part of the day. Use information in Figure 6 along with your understanding of transpiration and mass flow to explain why

High (rate of).transpiration/evaporation; 2. Water lost through stomata

(High) tension in xylem.

(Causes) less water movement from xylem to

phloem OR

Insufficient water potential in phloem to draw water from xylem,

Describe the functions of the vascular bundles of plants.

The functions of the vascular bundles of plants include:

The transport of water from the roots to the leaves; [1 mark]

The transport of minerals/named mineral from the roots to the leaves; [1 mark]

The transport of sucrose/carbohydrates/assimilates from the leaves to where they are stored OR from where they are stored to growing parts of the plant OR from source to sink; [1 mark]

[Total: 3 marks]

High blood pressure leads to an accumulation of tissue fluid. Explain how.

High blood pressure = high hydrostatic pressure;
Increases outward pressure from (arterial) end of capillary / reduces inward pressure at (venule) end of capillary;
(So) more tissue fluid formed / less tissue fluid is reabsorb

a) Name the membrane transport processes taking place at A and B in Figure 2.

b) State the purpose of the process taking place at the position labelled C in Figure 2.

a) A - Co-transport
B - Facillitated diffusion

b) The process taking place at C is important because…

It maintains / creates the concentration gradient for sodium (between the small intestine and the inside of the epithelial cell); [1 mark]

Explain how one feature of an alveolus allows efficient gas exchange to occur.

one cell thick;

Reject thin membrane

Creating a short diffusion pathway / reduces the diffusion distance;

Eukaryotic cells produce and release proteins.Outline the role of organellesin the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells.

DNA in nucleus is code (for protein);
Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum produce (protein);Accept rER for ‘rough endoplasmic reticulum’
Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis);
Golgi apparatus package/modify;ORCarbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by Golgi apparatus;Accept body for ‘apparatus’
Vesicles transport OR Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports;
(Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;Accept exocytosis at cell me

Q4.Ecologists investigated the size of an insect population on a small island. They used a mark-release-recapture method. To mark the insects they used a fluorescent powder. This powder glows bright red when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light.
(a) The ecologists captured insects from a number of sites on the island. Suggest how they decided where to take their samples.

Draw grid over (map of) area;
Select squares / coordinates at random.

(ii) Suggest an explanation for the relationship between the concentration of herbicide and the mean crop yield.

(iii) Explain the relationship between the concentration of herbicide and the mean index of diversity of insects.

(ii) 1. (More) weeds killed so more crops / plants survive / higher yield / less competition;
2. High concentrations (of herbicide) harm / damage / kill / are toxic to crops / plants

(iii) 1. Reduced plant diversity / fewer plant species / fewer varieties of plant;
Accept: ‘weed’ for ‘plant’
Neutral: fewer plants
Accept: only one crop species remains
2. Fewer habitats / niches;
Q Neutral: fewer homes / shelters
3. Fewer food sources / varieties of food;
Neutral: less food

Explain the advantage to a person with anaemia of the change shown in the oxygen dissociation curve in Figure 1.

three of the following:

The curve (for the anaemic person) has shifted to the right SO their haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen; [1 mark]

• The anaemic haemoglobin releases more oxygen OR oxygen is released more quickly

OR oxygen dissociates/unloads more readily: [1 mark] This oxygen is then available for use in aerobic respiration: [1 mark]

• The demand for ATP/energy can be met even at a lower haemoglobin concentration; [1 mark]

The scientists expressed their results as Percentage of lipid in plasma membrane by mass. Explain how they would find these values.

Divide mass of each lipid by total mass of all lipids (in that type of cell);
Multiply answer by 100;

Explain the difference between the rate at which bubbles were produced in.

(i) tubes A and B;
(ii) tubes A and D.
b) Explain the purpose of tube C.

Tube Substance added Rate at which bubbles of oxygen were produced

A Piece of liver 4

B Ground liver and sand 5

C Sand 0

D Piece of cooled, boiled liver 0

(i) (Grinding) breaks open cells / increases surface area (of liver);

Releases catalase / enzyme / more catalase / allows more hydrogen peroxide into liver;

(ii) Heating causes bonds (maintaining tertiary structure) to break; Denatures / changes tertiary structure so active site changed; Substrate no longer fits / ES complex not formed;

(b) (Control) to show that sand did not affect reaction (with ground liver);

Use the graph to explain why

(i) hydrogen peroxide breaks down at a lower temperature when catalase is present than when it is not present;

Lower activation energy / less energy required to bring about reaction;

Describe what happens to the muscle tension of the different heart chambers during the

events of the cardiac cycle.

The muscle of the atria (accept atrium) contracts; [1 mark]

⚫ (Then) the muscle of the ventricles contracts; [1 mark]

⚫ (Then) all of the heart muscle / atria and ventricular muscle relaxes; [1 mark]

[Total: 3 marks]

The movement of Na+outof the cell allows the absorption of glucose intothe cell lining the ileum.Explain how.

1.(Maintains/generates) a concentration/diffusion gradient for Na+(from ileum into cell);

Accept ‘(Maintains/generates) a lower concentration of Na+inside the cell compared with outside the cell’

.2.Na+moving (in) by facilitateddiffusion, brings glucose with itORNa+moving (in) by co-transport, brings glucose with it;Accept ‘co-transporter’ for ‘co-transport

List three features of xylem vessels that make them specialised for the transport of water.

Any three of the following:

The cells contain no cytoplasm; [1 mark]

Cell walls are reinforced with lignin/are lignified; [1 mark]

Water can move between vessels via small gaps called pits in the side walls; [1 mark]

The end walls are broken down meaning the cells form continuous pipes; [1 mark]

[Total: 3 marks]

Some tumour cells contain higher than normal concentrations of cyclin D.Use the graph above to suggest why higher than normal concentrations of cyclin D could result in a tumour.

Shortens interphase OR Cells begin DNA replication earlier OR DNA replication (starts) faster;Accept ‘start mitosis earlier’.
Fast(er) cellcycle/division/multiplication/mitosis
(Resulting in) a mass/group of abnormal/excessive cells;

Give two ways in which pathogens can cause disease

Releases) toxins; 2. Kills cells / tissues.

The results for the leaves in set X are different from the leaves in set Y. Suggest an explanation for this.

Petroleum jelly is covering/blocking the stomata; [1 mark]

Reduces water lost by evaporation/transpiration; [1 mark]

E. coli has no cholesterol in its cell-surface membrane. Despite this, the cell maintains a constant shape. Explain why.

Cell unable to change shape;
(Because) cell has a cell wall;
(Wall is) rigid / made of peptidoglycan / murein;

What is absorption

Absorption is…

The transport of small, soluble molecules across cell membranes: [1 mark]

Into the bloodstream; [1 mark]

Constrast prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

A has a nucleus whereas B has free DNA; 3. A has mitochondria whereas B does not;
A has Golgi body/endoplasmic reticulum whereas B

does not; 5. A has no cell wall whereas B has a murein/glycoprotein

cell wall; 6. A has no capsule whereas B has a capsule;

A has DNA is bound to histones/proteins whereas B has DNA not associated with histones/proteins

A has linear DNA whereas B has circular DNA;

A has larger ribosomes;

Use this information and Figure 2 to suggest how eating its own caecal droppings helps a rabbit’s digestion and absorption of dietary protein.

More/remaining/undigested (protein) broken

down; 2. (So more) amino acids absorbed;

3
(Because) protein/food passes again through stomach/ileum;

Give two types of cells, other than pathogens, that can stimulate an immune response.

1.(Cells from) other organisms/transplants;2

.Abnormal/cancer/tumour (cells);3.(Cells) infected by virus;

5 types of transport through cells

(Simple) diffusion of small/non-polar molecules down a concentration gradient;
Facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient via protein carrier/channel;
Osmosis of water down a water potential gradient;
4: Active transport against a concentration gradient via protein carrier using ATP
Co-transport of 2 different substances using a carrier protein,

Antibody has specific tertiary structure / binding site / variable region; Do not accept explanations involving undefined antigen
Complementary (shape / fit) to receptor protein / GF / binds to receptor protein / to GF;
Ignore: same shape as receptor protein / GF
Prevents GF binding (to receptor).

test tubes A and B became warmer when the reaction was taking place.

Energy in products / water and oxygen less than energy in substrate / reactants / hydrogen peroxide; (Difference) given out as heat / exothermic;

d) Most of the sugars produced by plants are used up rapidly in respiration. However, sometimes plants can overproduce sugars during photosynthesis. Excess sucrose in the sink tissues can be converted to starch. Suggest the benefits of this for maintaining the mass flow system.

The benefits to the mass flow system of converting excess sugars to starch are:

Starch is insoluble OR has no osmotic effect; [1 mark]

Starch doesn’t cause water to leave the phloem by osmosis SO pressure gradient is maintained / doesn’t affect pressure gradient; [1 mark]

When setting up the potometer in Figure 1, one of the precautions the students took to ensure reliable measurements of water uptake was to cut the shoots underwater. Suggest a reason for this.

To prevent air (bubble) entering the xylem; [1 mark]

Arteries near the heart have a high proportion of elastic fibres compared to muscle Fibres in their walls, allowing them to absorb the shock waves caused by the pumping of the heart. Arterioles however tend to have a higher proportion of muscle fibres compared to elastic fibres. Suggest why this would be beneficial during exercise.

Any two of the following:

• Smooth muscle layer in arterioles can contract to control blood flow OR partially shut off blood flow: [1 mark]

• Allows the delivery of blood to be targeted/prioritised towards muscles; [1 mark] • During exercise blood flow to the stomach and intestines is reduced; [1 mark]

Increased blood flow (to the muscles) means more glucose and oxygen for aerobic respiration; [1 mark]

Explain why the vaccine causes an increase in antibody concentration.

The vaccine causes an increase in antibody concentration because…

• The vaccine contains the antigen (from the pathogen); [1 mark]

The antigen activates T helper cells/ causes T helper cells to release chemical signals / activates B lymphocytes/ causes B lymphocytes to develop into plasma cells; [1 mark]

Plasma cells produce antibodies; [1 mark]

[Total: 3 marks]

Suggest why a nucleus is not visible in above image.

A section/slice (so nucleus in another part of cell)OR(Nucleus) not stained

The diagram below shows pressure and blood flow during the cardiac cycle in a dog
At Pon the diagram above, the pressure in the left ventricle is increasing. At this time, the blood flow rate has not yet started to increase in the aorta. Use evidence from the diagram above to explain why.

Aortic/semi-lunar valves are closed; Accept ‘aorta valve’ or ‘valve to the aorta’ or ‘valve between the aorta and the ventricle’.Do not accept S-L/A-V valve.
Because the pressure in the aorta is higher than in the ventricle

Explain why structure A in Figure 1 forms in the aqueous (watery) environment of the cell cytoplasm.

Structure A forms in an aqueous environment because…

• The (phospholipid) molecules have a hydrophilic head AND a hydrophobic tail; [1 mark]

The molecules arrange themselves so that contact between the (hydrophobic) tails and the surrounding water is minimised; [1 mark]

[Total: 2 marks]

Fill in the blanks to accurately describe the mechanism of sugar transport in plant stems.

________ is actively transported into the phibem by a group of specialised cells. The increased solute concentration causes the water potential to _________ in phloem and so water enters by______ and This results in a high ___gradient causing a mass flow of water and sugar towards the _________ of the plant where the sugars are __________

• Sucrose/sugars/assimilates/amino acids: [1 mark]… is actively transported into the phloem

The increased sugar concentration causes the water potential to… decrease/go down/reduce; [1 mark]

Water enters by… osmosis; [1 mark]

This results in a high…pressure/hydrostatic pressure: [1 mark]

Causing a mass flow of water and sugars towards the… sink/storage tissue: [1 mark]

Where the sugars are… unloaded OR used for respiration OR stored; [1 mark]

Use the information in Figure 1 to explain the formation of tissue fluid.

Tissue fluid formation takes place because:

There is an overall outward pressure of 3.2 kPa (from the capillary out into the surrounding tissue); [1 mark]

This causes small molecules (such as water, oxygen, glucose) to be forced out of capillary (at arteriole end of capillary); [1 mark]

State the two main roles of bile in digestion.

To neutralise stomach acid (by being alkaline); [1 mark]

To emulsify fats; [1 mark]

Hydrogen bonds form between polar water molecules. Describe the role that hydrogen bonding plays in the cohesion-tension theory of water transport in the xylem of plants.

Any three of the following:

Water is lost from the leaf due to transpiration/evaporation of water / diffusion of water from leaf cells; [1 mark]

Polar water molecules cohere/stick together by hydrogen bonds; [1 mark]

This forms a (continuous) water column; [1 mark]

There is adhesion of water (molecules) to xylem walls; [1 mark]

Meaning (A column of) water can be pulled up the xylem vessels; [1 mark]

[Total: 3 marks]

2 What can you conclude about the absorption of the products of protein digestion as the percentage of protein increased in the rabbits’ food?

No significant difference (in protein absorption);
(because + 2) SDs overlap;
(So mean) percentage absorbed not affected by percentage in diet,

Amount of protein (in diet) is not a limiting factor

01.2

Something else is limiting factor eg amount of protease:

(But) small range of protein in diet OR (Should) Investigate wider range:

Use Figure 3 to suggest how a vaccine could be effective against the development of cancer.

A vaccine could be effective against the development of cancer by:

Any four of the following:

The vaccine would contain the antigens of a cancer/tumour cell OR DNA/mRNA that codes for antigens of a cancer/tumour cell; [1 mark]

T cells/B cells bind to the cancer antigens with specific, complementary receptors;

[1 mark]

B cells are activated/stimulated and produce antibodies specific to the cancer/tumour

cells; [1 mark]

The antibodies bind to the cancer/tumour cells, leading to their destruction/death (by

phagocytosis): [1 mark]

• Memory cells remain in the blood, allowing faster production of antibodies in the blood if the same cancer begins to develop again; [1 mark]

[Total: 4 marks]

A student concluded from Figure 2 that didn’t whether girls were given two doses of vaccine or three. Evaluate this conclusion.

Arguments in support of the student’s conclusion:

Ques

.There is only a small difference in mean antibody concentration SO the difference may not be statistically significant; [1 mark]

AND

Arguments against the student’s conclusion:

Any two of the following:

No statistical analysis has been carried out, so we cannot be sure that there is no

significant difference between the doses; [1 mark]

Two doses appear to give a higher mean antibody concentration, so two doses may be a more effective dose; [1 mark]

Girls may be more likely to get vaccinated if they only need to have two doses; [1 mark]

[Total: 3 marks]

A journalist saw Figure 2and suggested that future increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration could result in less transpiration. Evaluate his suggestion

Increasing carbon dioxide (concentration) shows decreased stomatal density.
Fewer stomata means less transpiration OR Fewer stomata means less evaporation (of water from leaves) OR Fewer stomata means less diffusion of water vapour (from leaves);
Same (volume of) carbon dioxide can be absorbed for photosynthesis with a smaller number of stomata;
Don’t know the size of the stomata
Don’t know whether the leaf size has changed;
Don’t know if this is true for all species (of the plant);
Don’t know how long the stomata are open for
Don’t know if this trend will continue (beyond the concentrations of carbon dioxide shown in Figure 2);

A disulfide bridge is labelled in the diagram above. What is the role of the disulfide bridge in forming the quaternary structure of an antibody?

Joins two (different) polypeptides;

A student correctly plotted the right ventricle pressure on the same grid as the left ventricle pressure in the diagram above. Describe one way in which the student’s curve would be similar and one way it would be different from the curve shown in the diagram above.

Peaks/contractions at the same/similar time OR Same/similar pattern;Mark the answer as a whole.Accept ‘shape (of curve)’ for ‘pattern’.
Lower pressure

Why does the heart require its own blood supply?

Blood supplies/carries oxygen OR glucose; [1 mark]

⚫ The heart tissue is made up of muscle that needs to contract; [1 mark]

⚫ (Muscle contraction) requires energy/ATP from aerobic respiration; [1 mark]

[Total: 3 marks]

Scientists investigated the percentages of different types of lipid in plasma membranes from different types of cell. The table shows some of their results.

The scientists expressed their results as Percentage of lipid in plasma membrane by mass. Explain how they would find these values.

Divide mass of each lipid by total mass of all lipids (in that type of cell);
Multiply answer by 100;

The cell in Figure 1 ends the process shown with the action of exocytosis. Describe one other way that a white blood cell might end the same process, and state why it would do this.

The white blood cell might…

• Display the broken down pieces of the pathogen on its cell surface membrane / become an antigen-presenting cell; [1 mark]

The reason for this is to…

Allow the pathogen to be recognised by lymphocytes / activate lymphocytes / activate the specific immune response; [1 mark]

[Total: 2 marks]

Bile emulsifies fats. Explain what ‘emulsifies’ means.

Breaking fat droplets down into smaller droplets / increasing the overall surface area of the fat droplets (ahead of the action of lipase); [1 mark]

Two couples, couple A and couple B, had one or more children affected by a mitochondrial disease. The type of mitochondrial disease was different for each couple.
None of the parents showed signs or symptoms of MD.
• Couple A had four children who were all affected by an MD.
• Couple B had four children and only one was affected by an MD.
(b) Use the information in lines 5–9 and your knowledge of inheritance to suggest why:
• all of couple A’s children had an MD
• only one of couple B’s children had an MD.

(b) Couple A,
1. Mutation in mitochondrial DNA / DNA of mitochondrion affected;
2. All children got affected mitochondria from mother;
3. (Probably mutation) during formation of mother’s ovary / eggs;
Couple B,
4. Mutation in nuclear gene / DNA in nucleus affected;
5. Parents heterozygous;
6. Expect 1 in 4 homozygous affected.

explain how a non-competitive inhibitor would decrease the rate of the reaction catalysed by this enzyme.

idea that non-competitive inhibitor(C) binds at a site not the active site; binding causes a change in the shape of the active site; substrate is no longer able to bind to the active site;

Explain why specific base pairing is important in DNA replication.

identical/exact copies made; same base sequence as original DNA; both strands act as template/complementary base pairing occurs on both strands;

(ii) The ecologists also determined the index of diversity of lizards in an oil palm plantation next to the woodland area. They found fewer species of plant in the oil palm plantation. Lizards feed on plants and insects.
Explain why fewer species of plant would lead to fewer species of lizard in the oil palm plantation.

(So) few(er) habitats / niches;
Ignore habitat size
Q Neutral: fewer homes
(So) lower diversity of insects / fewer insect species / fewer insect types;
Q Neutral: fewer insects
Accept less variety of insects
(So) fewer food sources / less variety of food.
Q Neutral: less food
Ignore references to pesticides, farmers’ actions, competition between lizards and evolution

Mucus produced by epithelial cells in the human gas exchange system contains triglycerides and phospholipids.

Compare and contrast the structure and properties of triglycerides and phospholipids.

Both contain ester bonds (between glycerol and fatty acid); All statements must be clearly comparative or linked by the candidate, not inferred from separate statements. Accept mark points shown on adjacent annotated diagrams.
Both contain glycerol;
Fatty acids on both may be saturated or unsaturated;
Both are insoluble in water;
Both contain C, H and O but phospholipids also contain P; Must relate to element.
Triglyceride has three fatty acids and phospholipid has two fatty acids plusphosphate group;
Triglycerides are hydrophobic/non-polar and phospholipids have hydrophilic and hydrophobic region;

Accept ‘non-polar’ for hydrophobic and ‘polar’ for hydrophilic.

Phospholipids form monolayer (on surface)/micelle/bilayer (in water) but triglycerides don’t;

What is a monoclonal antibody

Antibodies with the) same tertiary structure

The salivary glands and the pancreas both act as glands in the process of digestion. State what is meant by the term, ‘gland’ in the context of digestion.

A gland, in the context of digestion, is…

e An organ that releases/produces/secretes enzymes/mucus/other chemicals; [1 mark]

THAT ARE added to food / secreted into the flow of food to aid physical/chemical digestion/flow of food; [1 mark]

[Total: 2 marks]

Describe the role of enzymes in the digestion of proteins in a mammal.

(Reference to) hydrolysis of peptide bonds, 2. Endopeptidase act in the middle of protein/polypeptide OR

Endopeptidase produces short(er) polypeptides/ increase number of ends; 3. Exopeptidases act at end of protein/polypeptide OR

Exopeptidase produces dipeptides/amino acids;

Dipeptidase acts on dipeptide/between two

amino acids

01.1

Dipeptidase produces (single) amino acids:

a) The substances that cause the food stains are usually large insoluble proteins. Explain how a biological washing powder removes these stains.

b) A journalist wi’s investigating the claims by washing powder manufacturers that stated their product removes all tough stains. Figure 1 shows their results. Use the information in Figure 1 to evaluate the manufacturers claim.

a) Biological washing powders remove stains made of protein by:

Hydrolysing the peptide bonds between the amino acids; [1 mark]

• The amino acids are then dissolved into the water / can be washed away: [1 mark]

[Total: 2 marks]

b) The biological washing powder manufacturers claim can be evaluated as:

Any four from the following:

It is more effective with all stains: [1 mark] It is most effective with ketchup/lasagna OR the greatest difference between washing powders is seen with ketchup / lasagna stains; [1 mark]

However, there is little improvement (compared to the other washing powder) with lemon sorbet and coffee: [1 mark]

Only tested on 5 different types of stains/ more types of stains should be tested

[1 mark]

No repeats/only compared against one type of washing powder, [1 mark

No standard deviations calculated/statistical test carried out so we don’t know the

significance of the data; [1 mark

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Unit 1 - 4 - Hard Flashcards

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