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Biology - AQA - Extras > AO1 - Unit 7 > Flashcards

AO1 - Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define genotype

A

the genetic constitution of an organism

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2
Q

What is phenotype?

A

the expression of genotype and its interaction with the environment

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3
Q

Define allele

A

an alternative form/version of a gene

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4
Q

What is a length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide?

A

a gene

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5
Q

What is meant by dominant?

A

An allele which if present will show itself in the phenotype

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6
Q

What is meant by recessive?

A

An allele that will only show itself in the phenotype if there i9s no dominant allele present. For recessive chgaracteristic to be seen organism must haved 2 copies of the recessive allele

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7
Q

What is codominance?

A

A situation where neither allele is recessive; so if both present in genotype, both are expressed in phenotype

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8
Q

What is meant when an organism is described as heterozygous?

A

It possesses two different alleles e.g. Tt

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9
Q

What is meant when an organism is described as homozygous?

A

Possesses two alleles that are the same e.g. AA or aa. Often described as true/pure breeding

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10
Q

What is meant by locus?

A

Position of a gene/allele on a chromosome

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11
Q

What is used to predict the possible outcomes of a genetic cross?

A

Punnett Square

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12
Q

What occurs when 1 gene’s allele masks the phenotypic effects of another gene’s allele?

A

Epistasis

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13
Q

What statistical test would be used to compare observed phenotypic values with expected ratios?

A

Chi squared

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14
Q

The property of genes being inherited together with other genes located on the same chromosome is?

A

linkage

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15
Q

How is a gene described when it is active and making a particular protein/polypeptide?

A

expressed

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16
Q

Any chromosome that is not a sex-determining chromosome is called an ____________

A

Autosome

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17
Q

A dihybrid cross involves how many genes?

A

2

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18
Q

How many copies of each gene in a diploid cell?

A

2- one from each parent

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19
Q

What sex chromosomes are found in a female mammal?

A

X

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20
Q

What sex chromosomes are found in a male mammal?

A

X and Y

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21
Q

Define the term population

A

A group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time that can potentially interbreed

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22
Q

What does the Hardy Weinberg principle predict?

A

That allele frequencies in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next

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23
Q

What conditions must be satisfied for HW to operate?

A

Random mating/no mutations/ no selection/large population/ no immigration;emigration

24
Q

What are the 4 key features of Darwin?s theory of natural selection?

A

Always variation/ always competition for resources/those individuals with favourable alleles will have selective advantage- these will survive and reproduce- passing on favourable allele-/allele frequency changes

25
Q

Give 3 types of adaptation to the environment.

A

Anatomical/physiological/behavioural

26
Q

Give the 2 Hardy Weinberg equations used to calculate allele frequency

A

p+ q = 1 p2+2pq+q2= 1

27
Q

Name 3 types of selection

A

Stabilising/ directional/ disruptive

28
Q

What is the primary source of variation?

A

mutation

29
Q

During sexual reproduction what are the processes that add to genetic variation?

A

Meiosis/ random fusion of gametes

30
Q

The sum total of the alleles circulating in the interbreeding population is the ___________

A

gene pool

31
Q

The process of forming new species from existing species is ___________

A

Speciation

32
Q

What is the type of speciation in which a new species develops when physically separated from the original population?

A

Allopatric speciation

33
Q

A type of speciation where isolation takes place even though the 2 populations live together.

A

Sympatric speciation

34
Q

What can members of the same species do?

A

reproduce successfully- to produce fertile offspring

35
Q

The effects of genetic drift are greater in small or large populations?

A

Small-as genetic diversity is less/smaller variety of alleles- they do not have an equal chance of being passed on.enables speciation to occur more rapidly

36
Q

What is a community?

A

All of the organisms of all species in the ecosystem

37
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A natural unit consisting of producers, consumers and decomposers together with the non-living components

38
Q

Define niche.

A

A concept that explains an organisms place and role within the ecosytem

39
Q

What does the “competitive exclusion principle” state?

A

It sates that no 2 organisms can occupy the same niche- this means they do not compete for the same resources

40
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Physical/environmental factors

41
Q

Suggest 2 biotic factors.

A

Competition/predation

42
Q

Competition between individuals of different species is called?

A

interspecific

43
Q

Competition between members of the same species is called?

A

Intraspecific

44
Q

How would you estimate the population of non-motile organisms?

A

Random quadrats

45
Q

How would you estimate the population of motile organisms?

A

mark release recapture

46
Q

How would you investigate the distribution of organisms?

A

belt/line transect

47
Q

What assumptions are made when using the MRR technique?

A

large population/no immigration;emigration/ stable population- no births;deaths/ marking has no effect/marked individual have time to reintegrate themselves

48
Q

How can population be estimated using MRR?

A

population = MxC/R where M= number captured and marked on 1st visit, C is total number captured on second visit, R is number marked in second sample

49
Q

What is succession?

A

The development sequence of an ecosystem.

50
Q

What are pioneer species?

A

species that initially colonise an ecosystem

51
Q

During succession what changes at each stage?

A

The conditions are made less hostile e.g. deeper richer soil

52
Q

What is the final stage of succession?

A

The climax community

53
Q

What is biodiversity a measure of?

A

the number of species living living in a certain area

54
Q

Conservation of habitats frequently involves what?

A

managing succession

55
Q

Human needs have to be managed to maintain the sustainability of?

A

Natural resources

Biology - AQA - Extras (15 decks)

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