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Biology - AQA - Extras > AO1 - Unit 1 > Flashcards

AO1 - Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a polymer?

A

substances made of repeating monomers

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2
Q

What monomer are polysaccharides made from?

A

monosaccharides

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3
Q

What monomer are polynucleotides made from?

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

What monomer are polypeptides made from?

A

amino acids

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5
Q

What type of reaction breaks down polymers into monomers?

A

hydrolysis

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6
Q

Name 3 common monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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7
Q

What type of reaction joins two monosaccharides together?

A

condensation

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8
Q

A hydrolysis reaction involves the use of what type of molecule?

A

water

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9
Q

What type of bond links two monosaccharides together?

A

glycosydic

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10
Q

What is formed when two monosaccharides join together?

A

disaccharide

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11
Q

What disaccharide is formed from the condensation of 2 molecules of glucose?

A

maltose

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12
Q

What disaccharide is formed from the condensation of glucose and fructose?

A

sucrose

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13
Q

What disaccharide is formed from the condensation of glucose and galactose?

A

lactose

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14
Q

What word describes the relationship between alpha and beta glucose?

A

isomers

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15
Q

From what monomer is glycogen made?

A

alpha glucose

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16
Q

From what monomer is starch made?

A

alpha glucose

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17
Q

From what monomer is cellulose made?

A

beta glucose

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18
Q

Describe the test used to show reducing sugars are present.

A

heat with benedicts, red precipitate if positive

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19
Q

Describe the test used to show non reducing sugars are present.

A

negative test from reducing sugar test, boil with HCL, neutralise with sodium hydrogencarbonate then heat with benedicts and brick red if positive

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20
Q

Describe the test used to show starch is present.

A

iodine in potassium iodide, blue-black colour if positive

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21
Q

Describe the test used to show lipids are present.

A

dissolve in ethanol, then add water and shake, white emulsion if positive

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22
Q

What are triglycerides made from?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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23
Q

What type of bond is formed between glycerol and a fatty acid?

A

ester

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24
Q

What do we call a fatty acid that has C-C single bonds?

A

saturated

25
Q

How is a phospholipid different from a triglyceride?

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group, hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions, forms bilayer

26
Q

What is an amine group?

A

NH2

27
Q

What type of bond holds amino acids together?

A

peptide

28
Q

What is primary structure of a protein?

A

number and order of amino acids (sequence)

29
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

two or more polypeptides joined together

30
Q

Name 3 types of bond involved in maintaining tertiary structure of proteins.

A

ionic, hydrogen and disulphide

31
Q

How can you test for proteins?

A

biuret test - positive is purple

32
Q

What type of biological molecule are enzymes?

A

proteins

33
Q

Describe the active site in the induced fit model of enzyme action.

A

active site not complementary to substrate, aafter substrate binds it causes a change in the tertiary structure of the active site to become complementary

34
Q

Describe the active site in the lock and key model of enzyme action.

A

active site is exactly complementary in shape to the substrate

35
Q

Name 5 factors that can affect enzyme-controlled reactions

A

temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, prescence of competitors, pH

36
Q

What is an extracellular enzyme?

A

enzymes that exist outside of cells

37
Q

What do enzymes form when they react with a substrate?

A

Enzyme-Substrate complexes

38
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

lower the activation energy by putting strain on substrate bonds

39
Q

Why are enzymes specific?

A

specific tertiary structure/shape of active site for one type of substrate

40
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

holds/stores genetic information

41
Q

What are the 2 components of ribosomes?

A

rRNA and proteins

42
Q

Name the 3 components of a nucleotide.

A

nirogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

43
Q

Name the 4 bases in DNA.

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine

44
Q

What are the complementary base pair rules?

A

A-T via 2 hydrogen bonds, G-C via 3 hydrogen bonds

45
Q

What bond is formed when a condensation reaction occurs between 2 nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bond

46
Q

Name the 4 bases in RNA.

A

adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine

47
Q

What term describes DNA replication?

A

semi-conservative

48
Q

What is the role of DNA helicase?

A

breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs of the two strands in the double helix

49
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

A

catalyses the condensation reactions between adjacent nucleotides forming phosphodiester bonds

50
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that hydrolyses ATP?

A

ATP hydrolase

51
Q

What is formed from the breakdown of ATP

A

ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy

52
Q

What often happens to compounds when they are phosphorylated?

A

become more reactive

53
Q

What is ATP made from?

A

adenine, 3 phosphates and a ribose sugar

54
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the synthesis of ATP?

A

ATP synthase

55
Q

Name 2 processes that could produce ATP.

A

respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) plus some in photosynthesis

56
Q

Name 5 important properties of water.

A

good solvent, metabolite in condensation/hydrolysis reactions, high SHC and LHV, surface tension and cohesion between molecules due to H bonds, ice less dense than liquid water

57
Q

Which ion is found in haemoglobin?

A

Iron

58
Q

Give one role of sodium ions?

A

co-transport, action potentials in nervous coordination

59
Q

Give two roles of phosphate ions.

A

phosphorylate other compounds, part of ATP and phospholipids and nucleotides

Biology - AQA - Extras (15 decks)

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