AO1 - Unit 1

Question 1

What is a polymer?

Answer 1

substances made of repeating monomers

Question 2

What monomer are polysaccharides made from?

Answer 2

monosaccharides

Question 3

What monomer are polynucleotides made from?

Answer 3

nucleotides

Question 4

What monomer are polypeptides made from?

Answer 4

amino acids

Question 5

What type of reaction breaks down polymers into monomers?

Answer 5

hydrolysis

Question 6

Name 3 common monosaccharides

Answer 6

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 7

What type of reaction joins two monosaccharides together?

Answer 7

condensation

Question 8

A hydrolysis reaction involves the use of what type of molecule?

Answer 8

water

Question 9

What type of bond links two monosaccharides together?

Answer 9

glycosydic

Question 10

What is formed when two monosaccharides join together?

Answer 10

disaccharide

Question 11

What disaccharide is formed from the condensation of 2 molecules of glucose?

Answer 11

maltose

Question 12

What disaccharide is formed from the condensation of glucose and fructose?

Answer 12

sucrose

Question 13

What disaccharide is formed from the condensation of glucose and galactose?

Answer 13

lactose

Question 14

What word describes the relationship between alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 14

isomers

Question 15

From what monomer is glycogen made?

Answer 15

alpha glucose

Question 16

From what monomer is starch made?

Answer 16

alpha glucose

Question 17

From what monomer is cellulose made?

Answer 17

beta glucose

Question 18

Describe the test used to show reducing sugars are present.

Answer 18

heat with benedicts, red precipitate if positive

Question 19

Describe the test used to show non reducing sugars are present.

Answer 19

negative test from reducing sugar test, boil with HCL, neutralise with sodium hydrogencarbonate then heat with benedicts and brick red if positive

Question 20

Describe the test used to show starch is present.

Answer 20

iodine in potassium iodide, blue-black colour if positive

Question 21

Describe the test used to show lipids are present.

Answer 21

dissolve in ethanol, then add water and shake, white emulsion if positive

Question 22

What are triglycerides made from?

Answer 22

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 23

What type of bond is formed between glycerol and a fatty acid?

Answer 23

ester

Question 24

What do we call a fatty acid that has C-C single bonds?

Answer 24

saturated

Question 25

How is a phospholipid different from a triglyceride?

Answer 25

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group, hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions, forms bilayer

Question 26

What is an amine group?

Answer 26

NH2

Question 27

What type of bond holds amino acids together?

Answer 27

peptide

Question 28

What is primary structure of a protein?

Answer 28

number and order of amino acids (sequence)

Question 29

What is quaternary structure?

Answer 29

two or more polypeptides joined together

Question 30

Name 3 types of bond involved in maintaining tertiary structure of proteins.

Answer 30

ionic, hydrogen and disulphide

Question 31

How can you test for proteins?

Answer 31

biuret test - positive is purple

Question 32

What type of biological molecule are enzymes?

Answer 32

proteins

Question 33

Describe the active site in the induced fit model of enzyme action.

Answer 33

active site not complementary to substrate, aafter substrate binds it causes a change in the tertiary structure of the active site to become complementary

Question 34

Describe the active site in the lock and key model of enzyme action.

Answer 34

active site is exactly complementary in shape to the substrate

Question 35

Name 5 factors that can affect enzyme-controlled reactions

Answer 35

temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, prescence of competitors, pH

Question 36

What is an extracellular enzyme?

Answer 36

enzymes that exist outside of cells

Question 37

What do enzymes form when they react with a substrate?

Answer 37

Enzyme-Substrate complexes

Question 38

How do enzymes work?

Answer 38

lower the activation energy by putting strain on substrate bonds

Question 39

Why are enzymes specific?

Answer 39

specific tertiary structure/shape of active site for one type of substrate

Question 40

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 40

holds/stores genetic information

Question 41

What are the 2 components of ribosomes?

Answer 41

rRNA and proteins

Question 42

Name the 3 components of a nucleotide.

Answer 42

nirogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

Question 43

Name the 4 bases in DNA.

Answer 43

adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine

Question 44

What are the complementary base pair rules?

Answer 44

A-T via 2 hydrogen bonds, G-C via 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 45

What bond is formed when a condensation reaction occurs between 2 nucleotides?

Answer 45

phosphodiester bond

Question 46

Name the 4 bases in RNA.

Answer 46

adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine

Question 47

What term describes DNA replication?

Answer 47

semi-conservative

Question 48

What is the role of DNA helicase?

Answer 48

breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs of the two strands in the double helix

Question 49

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

Answer 49

catalyses the condensation reactions between adjacent nucleotides forming phosphodiester bonds

Question 50

What is the name of the enzyme that hydrolyses ATP?

Answer 50

ATP hydrolase

Question 51

What is formed from the breakdown of ATP

Answer 51

ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy

Question 52

What often happens to compounds when they are phosphorylated?

Answer 52

become more reactive

Question 53

What is ATP made from?

Answer 53

adenine, 3 phosphates and a ribose sugar

Question 54

Which enzyme catalyses the synthesis of ATP?

Answer 54

ATP synthase

Question 55

Name 2 processes that could produce ATP.

Answer 55

respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) plus some in photosynthesis

Question 56

Name 5 important properties of water.

Answer 56

good solvent, metabolite in condensation/hydrolysis reactions, high SHC and LHV, surface tension and cohesion between molecules due to H bonds, ice less dense than liquid water

Question 57

Which ion is found in haemoglobin?

Answer 57

Iron

Question 58

Give one role of sodium ions?

Answer 58

co-transport, action potentials in nervous coordination

Question 59

Give two roles of phosphate ions.

Answer 59

phosphorylate other compounds, part of ATP and phospholipids and nucleotides