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Biology - AQA - Extras > AO1 - Unit 8 > Flashcards

AO1 - Unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a gene

A

section of DNA which codes for a protein

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2
Q

Name the 6 types of gene mutation

A

addition, deletion, inversion, substitution, duplication, translocation

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3
Q

How do gene mutations occur?

A

spontaneously

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4
Q

What increases the rate of mutation?

A

Mutagenic agents

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5
Q

Not all mutations affect the amino acid coded for-why?

A

The genetic code is DEGENERATE

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6
Q

When all the base triplets downstream form the mutation are affected it is called what?

A

a FRAME SHIFT

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7
Q

name a cell with the ability to differentiate into various specialised cells

A

Stem cells

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8
Q

What are cells called that could mature into any type of body cell?

A

TOTIPOTENT

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9
Q

name Stem cells that have limited potential and can only differentiate into a few closely related cell types

A

MULTIPOTENT

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10
Q

name a Type of stem cell, found in the embryo for a limited time, that has the ability to develop into any type of cell

A

TOTIPOTENT

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11
Q

name cells that differentiate into just one cell type

A

UNIPOTENT

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12
Q

name Type of stem cell that can differentiate into a wide variety of the 216 different cell types. Has some potential in gene therapy

A

PLURIPOTENT

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13
Q

From what type of cell are induced pluripotent stem cells made?

A

UNIPOTENT

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14
Q

Give one example of unipotent stem cells?

A

cardiomyocytes

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15
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

A molecule that moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to stimulate or inhibit transcription

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16
Q

Name The effect of environmental factors on gene expression resulting in heritable changes in gene function, without changing the base sequence of DNA

A

Epigenetics

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17
Q

Name 2 ways heritable changes can be brought about

A

Increased methylation of the DNA or decreased acetylation of histones

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18
Q

Name a process that inhibits translation of the mRNA produced from target genes in eukaryotes and some prokaryotes

A

RNA interference

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19
Q

Name a non cancerous tumour

A

Benign

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20
Q

Name a cancerous tumour. Tends grow at the edges and invade surrounding tissue

A

Malignant

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21
Q

Name a Gene coding for a protein that prevents tumour formation

A

Tumour supressor gene (Acts as a back up if the proto-oncogenes mutate)

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22
Q

Name a gene which controls cell division

A

Proto-oncogene

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23
Q

What is formed when a proto-oncogene mutates

A

Oncogene

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24
Q

Name a lipid soluble steroid hormone that can enter target cells

A

Oestrogen

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25
Q

All the proteins from the genetic code are called the?

A

Proteome

26
Q

Sequencing genomes may have many applications including identifying antigens for use in the production of what?

A

Vaccines

27
Q

Why is it hard to translate knowledge of the genome in complex organisms into the proteome?

A

Due to the presence of non coding DNA

28
Q

Sequencing methods have been updated and have now become what?

A

Automated

29
Q

Transferring fragments of DNA from one organism to another is known as ?

A

Recombinant DNA technology

30
Q

The transferred DNA is translated within the transgenic organism because the genetic code is?

A

Universal

31
Q

Name of enzyme which makes cDNA from mRNA

A

Reverse transcriptase

32
Q

Name enzymes used to cut the desired gene from DNA

A

Restriction Endonuclease

33
Q

What happens in a “gene machine”?

A

A gene can be synthesised

34
Q

Another name for amplifying DNA fragments

A

in vitro

35
Q

The name of the enzyme used to join DNA fragments

A

DNA ligase

36
Q

what am I? ‘Carriers- used to carry DNA from one cell to another’

A

Vectors

37
Q

Name two things used as vectors

A

Liposomes, viruses

38
Q

What is used to detect GM cells or organisms

A

marker genes

39
Q

Name the part of gene that initiates transcription

A

Promoter region

40
Q

Name the part of gene that terminates transcription

A

Terminator region

41
Q

Name the staggered cuts in DNA, so that one strand is several bases longer than the other

A

sticky ends

42
Q

Inserting DNA into a cell or plasmid is called??

A

Transformation

43
Q

What is used to locate specific alleles of genes- a radioactive or fluorescent marker is added to a single stranded DNA molecule

A

DNA probes

44
Q

Name the enzyme that catalyses the addition of complementary nucleotides during DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase

45
Q

What occurs when one gene’s alleles masks the phenotypic effects of another gene’s alleles?

A

Epistasis

46
Q

What am I? - A Thermostable polymerase enzyme

A

Taq polymerase

47
Q

What am I? - A location in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organised as a tandem repeat

A

VNTR- Variable number tandem repeats

48
Q

Name two uses of genetic fingerprinting

A

to determine genetic relationships, to determine genetic variability

49
Q

Name the technique used to separate molecules in a mixture according to their size or shape

A

Electrophoresis

50
Q

What am I? - heart muscle cells, generated from unipotent cardiac cells

A

Cardiomyocytes

51
Q

Name the process of making a genetically identical copy. Can apply to a piece of DNA, a or whole organism

A

Cloning

52
Q

What am I? - Non coding DNA within a gene

A

Intron

53
Q

When a gene is active we say it is?

A

Expressed

54
Q

What is the sum total of the alleles in circulating in an interbreeding population known as?

A

Gene pool

55
Q

Nam the treatment of genetic disease by replacing defective alleles with functional alleles

A

Gene therapy

56
Q

What am I? - The entirety Of the DNA base sequence in an organism

A

Genome

57
Q

What am I? - Class of proteins that organises DNA in the nucleus

A

Histone

58
Q

What am I? - Tiny circles of DNA found in bacterial cells

A

Plasmid

59
Q

What am I? - name 4 things required for PCR

A

DNA fragment, nucleotides, primers, DNA polymerase

60
Q

What am I? - Examining or testing a group of individuals to separate those who are well from those who have an undiagnosed disease or to detect or those who are at higher risk

A

Screening

Biology - AQA - Extras (15 decks)

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