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Biology - AQA - Extras > AO1 - Unit 8 > Flashcards

AO1 - Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Define a gene

A

section of DNA which codes for a protein

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2
Q

Name the 6 types of gene mutation

A

addition, deletion, inversion, substitution, duplication, translocation

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3
Q

How do gene mutations occur?

A

spontaneously

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4
Q

What increases the rate of mutation?

A

Mutagenic agents

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5
Q

Not all mutations affect the amino acid coded for-why?

A

The genetic code is DEGENERATE

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6
Q

When all the base triplets downstream form the mutation are affected it is called what?

A

a FRAME SHIFT

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7
Q

name a cell with the ability to differentiate into various specialised cells

A

Stem cells

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8
Q

What are cells called that could mature into any type of body cell?

A

TOTIPOTENT

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9
Q

name Stem cells that have limited potential and can only differentiate into a few closely related cell types

A

MULTIPOTENT

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10
Q

name a Type of stem cell, found in the embryo for a limited time, that has the ability to develop into any type of cell

A

TOTIPOTENT

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11
Q

name cells that differentiate into just one cell type

A

UNIPOTENT

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12
Q

name Type of stem cell that can differentiate into a wide variety of the 216 different cell types. Has some potential in gene therapy

A

PLURIPOTENT

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13
Q

From what type of cell are induced pluripotent stem cells made?

A

UNIPOTENT

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14
Q

Give one example of unipotent stem cells?

A

cardiomyocytes

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15
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

A molecule that moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to stimulate or inhibit transcription

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16
Q

Name The effect of environmental factors on gene expression resulting in heritable changes in gene function, without changing the base sequence of DNA

A

Epigenetics

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17
Q

Name 2 ways heritable changes can be brought about

A

Increased methylation of the DNA or decreased acetylation of histones

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18
Q

Name a process that inhibits translation of the mRNA produced from target genes in eukaryotes and some prokaryotes

A

RNA interference

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19
Q

Name a non cancerous tumour

A

Benign

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20
Q

Name a cancerous tumour. Tends grow at the edges and invade surrounding tissue

A

Malignant

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21
Q

Name a Gene coding for a protein that prevents tumour formation

A

Tumour supressor gene (Acts as a back up if the proto-oncogenes mutate)

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22
Q

Name a gene which controls cell division

A

Proto-oncogene

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23
Q

What is formed when a proto-oncogene mutates

A

Oncogene

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24
Q

Name a lipid soluble steroid hormone that can enter target cells

A

Oestrogen

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25
All the proteins from the genetic code are called the?
Proteome
26
Sequencing genomes may have many applications including identifying antigens for use in the production of what?
Vaccines
27
Why is it hard to translate knowledge of the genome in complex organisms into the proteome?
Due to the presence of non coding DNA
28
Sequencing methods have been updated and have now become what?
Automated
29
Transferring fragments of DNA from one organism to another is known as ?
Recombinant DNA technology
30
The transferred DNA is translated within the transgenic organism because the genetic code is?
Universal
31
Name of enzyme which makes cDNA from mRNA
Reverse transcriptase
32
Name enzymes used to cut the desired gene from DNA
Restriction Endonuclease
33
What happens in a "gene machine"?
A gene can be synthesised
34
Another name for amplifying DNA fragments
in vitro
35
The name of the enzyme used to join DNA fragments
DNA ligase
36
what am I? 'Carriers- used to carry DNA from one cell to another'
Vectors
37
Name two things used as vectors
Liposomes, viruses
38
What is used to detect GM cells or organisms
marker genes
39
Name the part of gene that initiates transcription
Promoter region
40
Name the part of gene that terminates transcription
Terminator region
41
Name the staggered cuts in DNA, so that one strand is several bases longer than the other
sticky ends
42
Inserting DNA into a cell or plasmid is called??
Transformation
43
What is used to locate specific alleles of genes- a radioactive or fluorescent marker is added to a single stranded DNA molecule
DNA probes
44
Name the enzyme that catalyses the addition of complementary nucleotides during DNA replication
DNA polymerase
45
What occurs when one gene's alleles masks the phenotypic effects of another gene's alleles?
Epistasis
46
What am I? - A Thermostable polymerase enzyme
Taq polymerase
47
What am I? - A location in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organised as a tandem repeat
VNTR- Variable number tandem repeats
48
Name two uses of genetic fingerprinting
to determine genetic relationships, to determine genetic variability
49
Name the technique used to separate molecules in a mixture according to their size or shape
Electrophoresis
50
What am I? - heart muscle cells, generated from unipotent cardiac cells
Cardiomyocytes
51
Name the process of making a genetically identical copy. Can apply to a piece of DNA, a or whole organism
Cloning
52
What am I? - Non coding DNA within a gene
Intron
53
When a gene is active we say it is?
Expressed
54
What is the sum total of the alleles in circulating in an interbreeding population known as?
Gene pool
55
Nam the treatment of genetic disease by replacing defective alleles with functional alleles
Gene therapy
56
What am I? - The entirety Of the DNA base sequence in an organism
Genome
57
What am I? - Class of proteins that organises DNA in the nucleus
Histone
58
What am I? - Tiny circles of DNA found in bacterial cells
Plasmid
59
What am I? - name 4 things required for PCR
DNA fragment, nucleotides, primers, DNA polymerase
60
What am I? - Examining or testing a group of individuals to separate those who are well from those who have an undiagnosed disease or to detect or those who are at higher risk
Screening

Biology - AQA - Extras (15 decks)

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