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Biology - AQA - Extras > AO1 - Unit 3 > Flashcards

AO1 - Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Suggest 4 things that organisms need to exchange with their surroundings

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, ions

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2
Q

What happens to the SA:vol ratio as the organism gets bigger?

A

decreases

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3
Q

What is the formula for the SA of a cube?

A

6a3

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4
Q

What is the formula for the volume of a cube?

A

a3

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5
Q

What is the formula for the SA of a sphere?

A

4?r2

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6
Q

What is the formula for the volume of a sphere?

A

4/3?r3

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7
Q

What is control of body temperature known as ?

A

thermoregulation

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8
Q

Name two groups of organisms that maintain a constant internal body temperature

A

mammals and birds

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9
Q

Define metabolic rate

A

the amount of energy expended by an organism in a given time period

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10
Q

How could metabolic rate be measured?

A

respirometers

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11
Q

Do elephants have a small surface area or a small SA:vol ratio?

A

small SA:V

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12
Q

Name 3 types of adaptations that large animals have to lose heat?

A

large, flat ears / sweating or panting / vasodilation

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13
Q

How do protoctists obtain oxygen?

A

simple diffusion

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14
Q

How does being flat or hollow help multicellular organisms exchange respiratory gases

A

large SA:V so faster rate of diffusion

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15
Q

How do insects reduce water loss?

A

close their spiracles, waterproof exoskeleton

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16
Q

What is the difference between tracheae and tracheoles?

A

tracheae are larger and have rings of cartillage

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17
Q

Why do insects close the spiracles?

A

reduce water loss

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18
Q

How do some insects increase ventilation?

A

abdominal pumping

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19
Q

Is water more or less dense than air?

A

more

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20
Q

Does water contain more or less oxygen than air?

A

less

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21
Q

Does warm water contain more or less oxygen than cold water?

A

warm has less than cold

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22
Q

Is diffusion of gases faster or slower in water?

A

slower

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23
Q

How is water flow across the gills of fish described?

A

counter-current system

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24
Q

Name the 2 key components of the gill

A

filament and lamellae

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25
Q

What is the operculum?

A

gill flap

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26
Q

How are the gills adapted?

A

large surface area as filaments at right angles with lamallae

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27
Q

Fish have a countercurrent flow. Explain

A

water flows in opposite direction to blood. Maintains a concentration gradient along the whole length of the lamellae

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28
Q

Why is a countercurrent flow important?

A

water flows in opposite direction to blood. Maintains a concentration gradient along the whole length of the lamellae

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29
Q

How is the leaf adapted for gas exchange?

A

large surface area / spongy mesophyl with air spaces to maintain concentration gradient /

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30
Q

What gas is needed for leaves to photosynthesise?

A

carbon dioxde

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31
Q

What gas will diffuse into the palisade mesophyll cells at night?

A

oxygen

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32
Q

Where are stomata mainly found?

A

underside of leaf

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33
Q

Why are stomata present?

A

allows gas exchange

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34
Q

Why are stomata sometimes closed?

A

reduce water loss

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35
Q

What is a dicotyledonous plant?

A

flowering plant with two embryonic leaves

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36
Q

What is a xerophyte?

A

a plant adapted for dry environments

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37
Q

Describe 4 adaptations of xerophytic plants.

A

sunken stomata / reduced SA of leaves / hairs at stomata / thick waxy cuticle / rolled leaves

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38
Q

Describe the path of oxygen from the air to the blood in mammals

A

into mouth/nasal passge, down trachea, into bronchi, into bronchioles, incto alveoli, across apithelium and capillary endothelium into blood

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39
Q

What is ventilation?

A

breathing - movement of ribs and mucles/diaphram to increase air flow to lungs

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40
Q

Why are there rings of cartillage at the trachea?

A

prevent collapse

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41
Q

Why are the intercostal muscles described as antagonistic?

A

they work in pairs with opposite motions of contraction and relaxation

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42
Q

What happens to the volume of the thorax when the diaphragm contracts?

A

volume increases

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43
Q

Which intercostal muscle contracts to pull the ribs up and out?

A

external

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44
Q

When the volume of the thorax increases what happens to the pressure inside the thorax?

A

pressure decreases

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45
Q

Define tidal volume

A

volume of air in/out of the lungs at rest with each breath

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46
Q

How would breathing rate be measured?

A

spirometer - number of breaths per minute

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47
Q

How is pulmonary ventilation rate calculated?

A

pvr = tv x br

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48
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

thickening or scarring of tissue

49
Q

Emphysema is a type of fibrosis associated with what 2 things?

A

alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

50
Q

Is emphysema permanent?

A

yes, but symptoms can be controlled

51
Q

Name 3 effects of emphysema

A

chronic coughing, shortness of breath, blueish skin

52
Q

TB is caused by what?

A

bacterium - tuberculosis

53
Q

What are the symptoms of TB?

A

coughing, breathlessness, tiredness and fatigue

54
Q

What are tubercles?

A

small masses of tissue in the lungs

55
Q

Does asthma lead to fibrosis?

A

yes

56
Q

What happens during an asthma attack?

A

bronchiole mucsles constrict to reduce airflow into the alveoli and with the inflammation can come xtra mucus also

57
Q

Name 1 cause of asthma

A

pollution

58
Q

Define digestion

A

breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules

59
Q

What are proteins hydrolysed to?

A

amino acids

60
Q

What are carbohydrates hydrolysed to?

A

monosaccharides

61
Q

What are lipids hydrolysed to?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

62
Q

Where is gastric juice made?

A

stomach

63
Q

Where is bile made?

A

liver

64
Q

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

A

mouth - salivary amylase

65
Q

What enzyme is produced by the salivary glands?

A

amylase

66
Q

What is removed from polysaccharide chains by amylases?

A

disaccharides and monosaccharides

67
Q

What is the first product of starch digestion?

A

maltose

68
Q

What is role of maltase?

A

hydrolyse maltose into glucose by hydrolysing glycosidic bonds

69
Q

What is role of lactase?

A

hydrolyse lactose into glucose and galactose by hydrolysing glycosidic bonds

70
Q

What is role of sucrase?

A

hydrolyse sucrose into glucose and fructose by hydrolysing glycosidic bonds

71
Q

What does bile contain?

A

bile salts, water and ions

72
Q

What is role of bile?

A

emulsify lipids and neutralise chyme from stomach

73
Q

What is a monoglyceride?

A

glycerol and one fatty acid chain

74
Q

What is the role of an endopeptidase?

A

hydrolyse peptide bonds in the middle of a polypeptide chain

75
Q

What is the role of an exopeptidase?

A

hydrolyse peptide bonds at the ends of a polypeptide chain

76
Q

How are amino acids absorbed in the ileum?

A

co-transport with Na+

77
Q

What occurs in the ER of the epithelial cells?

A

triglycerides form into chylomicrons

78
Q

How are fats transported into the blood plasma?

A

small fatty acids and glycerol can be absorbed into capillaries, chylomicrons from larger fatty acids and triglycerides go into lacteals then into the blood

79
Q

How do chylomicrons leave epithelial cells?

A

exocytosis

80
Q

What do they enter after leaving epithelial cells?

A

lacteals

81
Q

Define mass flow system

A

bulk movement of fluids down a pressure gradient

82
Q

What type of molecule is haemoglobin?

A

protein

83
Q

Why is haemoglobin described as having quaternary structure?

A

it have 4 polypeptide chains

84
Q

Where is haemoglobin found?

A

red blood cells

85
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin?

A

carry oxygen from lungs and release it to respiring cells

86
Q

The binding of oxygen to haemoglobin is described as cooperative. Explain

A

when one oxygen molecule binds it causes a change in the tertiary structure making it easier for subsequent oxygen mols to bind

87
Q

What does the oxygen dissociation curve show?

A

haemoglobin is more saturated with oxygen at higher partial pressures, the sigmoid curve relates to the cooperative binding in Hb

88
Q

What is the bohr effect?

A

a shift to the right of the dissociation curve of haemoglobin due to an increase in carbon dioxide concentration

89
Q

Would the haemoglobin of a lug worm have a haemoglobin with a higher or lower affinity for oxygen?

A

higher affinity

90
Q

Name the artery carrying blood from the left ventricle to the body

A

aorta

91
Q

Which artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen?

A

pulmonary artery

92
Q

Which vessel carries blood from the lungs to the heart?

A

pulmonary vein

93
Q

Which vessels bring the blood back to the heart from the body?

A

vena cava - superior and inferior

94
Q

Which blood vessels supply the heart muscle with glucose and oxygen?

A

coronary artery

95
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

prevent backflow

96
Q

What are the top two chambers of the heart called?

A

atria

97
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

co = sv x br

98
Q

Describe the 3 events during the cardiac cycle

A

diastole, atrial systole and ventricular systole

99
Q

What is atheroma?

A

build up of fatty materials on the innder wall/endothelium of the arteries

100
Q

Name 3 risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

smoking, lack of exercise and high salt/fat diet / obesity

101
Q

Which vessel contains valves?

A

veins

102
Q

Name 2 features of capillaries

A

one cell thick - endothelium only, gaps called fenestrations

103
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

fluid found in the extracellular spaces surrounding tissue

104
Q

How does tissue fluid differ from blood plasma?

A

no large plasma proetins or red blood cells

105
Q

Where is tissue fluid formed?

A

arterial end of the cappilary bed

106
Q

Name 2 forces involved in the formation and drainage of tissue fluid?

A

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

107
Q

How does lymph differ from tissue fluid?

A

lymph contains fats and is held in the lymphatic vessels

108
Q

Which tissue transports water in a plant?

A

xylem

109
Q

Which tissue is responsible for the transport of organic substances?

A

phloem

110
Q

What is translocation?

A

mass flow of dissolved sugars down a pressure gradient from source to sink

111
Q

How is translocation explained?

A

mass flow hypothesis

112
Q

Give two pieces of evidence for translocation

A

radio-labelled carbon dioxide experiments, pressure in aphid stylets and removal of plant tissue with phloem causes pressure build up at source end

113
Q

What is transpiration?

A

movement of water through evaporation from a plant leaf

114
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

movement of water along the xylem from the roots to the leaves of plants where evaporation occurs

115
Q

What is unusual about the xylem?

A

it is dead tissue

116
Q

What are cohesive forces?

A

hydrogen bonds forming between adjacent water molecules

117
Q

How is water moved upwards in a plant?

A

cohesion-tension theory

118
Q

Name 4 factors that affect transpiration?

A

wind speed, temperature, humidity and light intensity

119
Q

How is transpiration measured?

A

potometer

Biology - AQA - Extras (15 decks)

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