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Biology - AQA - Extras > AO1 - Unit 5 > Flashcards

AO1 - Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which part of the leaf cell absorbs light energy?

A

in chloroplast

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2
Q

Where does the light dependent stage occur?

A

Grana/ Thylakoid membranes

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3
Q

What is a granum?

A

Stack of Thylakoids

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4
Q

Name the 2 products of the LDR that are used in the LIR?

A

ATP and NADPH

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5
Q

What does photolysis of water produce?

A

electrons, protons, and oxygen

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6
Q

What happens during photoionisation?

A

electrons in chlorophyll are excited and lost

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7
Q

Name the enzyme that catalyses the reaction to synthesis ATP

A

ATP synthase

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8
Q

What is formed in the LIR?

A

Glucose (plus glycerol, fatty acids, amino acids)

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9
Q

Give another name for the light independent step?

A

Calvin cycle

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10
Q

What provides the energy for the LIR?

A

ATP

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11
Q

Where does the light independent reaction occur?

A

Stroma of the chloroplast

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12
Q

What is the first step of the LIR?

A

Fixation of carbon dioxide to Ribulose bisphosphate by the enzyme RUBISCO

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13
Q

How many carbon atoms are in Ribulose bisphosphate?

A

5

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14
Q

How is glycerate 3 phosphate (GP) made?

A

splitting of an unstable 6C intermediate

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15
Q

What is the role of rubisco?

A

Fixing carbon dioxide to RuBP

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16
Q

How is TP made?

A

reduction of Glycerate phosphate using ATP and NADPH

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17
Q

What is the role of red NADP from the LD reaction?

A

To provide the H to reduce Glycerate phosphate to Triose phosphate

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18
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

To provide the energy to reduce Glycerate phosphate to triose phosphate

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19
Q

What 2 substances can be made from TP

A

Glucose and ribulose bisphosphate (recycled)

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20
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

The factor, which if it increases, will increase the rate of the reaction ? it’s in shortest supply.

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21
Q

What environmental factors limit the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature (enzymes ? mainly in LIR)

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22
Q

What is chromatography?

A

Separation of a mixture according to their solubility in a mobile phase

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23
Q

What is a dehydrogenase?

A

Enzyme catalysing the transfer of hydrogen in redox reactions

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24
Q

What is oxidation?

A

loss of electrons, hydrogen or gain of oxygen

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25
Q

What is reduction?

A

gain of electrons, hydrogen or loss of oxygen

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26
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme ? often by transferring groups ? hydrogen or acetyl groups

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27
Q

What does respiration produce?

A

aerobic - carbon dioxide, water, ATP anaerobic (plants & fungi) ethanol, carbon dioxide, ATP anaerobic (animals & bacteria) lactic acid + ATP

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28
Q

What is the first stage of aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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29
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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30
Q

What is the first step in glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylation of glucose

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31
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2ATP and 2NADH

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32
Q

What is formed initially from the phosphorylated glucose?

A

Fructose 1,6 diphosphate which then splits into triose phosphate

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33
Q

How many carbon atoms in pyruvate?

A

3

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34
Q

What type of reaction converts TP into pyruvate?

A

oxidation

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35
Q

What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic respiration?

A

reduced to lactate (animals & bacteria) Decarboxylated to ethanal which is then reduced to ethanol (plants and fungi)

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36
Q

In aerobic conditions what happens to the pyruvate?

A

actively transported into the mitochondrion

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37
Q

Where does the link reaction happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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38
Q

what is lost during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetate?

A

carbon dioxide and Hydrogen

39
Q

How many carbon atoms in acetate?

A

2

40
Q

What is the purpose of Kreb’s cycle?

A

to oxidise acetyl group to carbon dioxide, transferring H to the coenzymes NAD and FAD, to produce ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

41
Q

What happens to acetyl coenzyme A?

A

acetyl group combine to 4 C sugar, Coenzyme A recycled back to the link reaction

42
Q

What is key role of NAD?

A

coenzyme to transfer Hydrogen

43
Q

What is lost during Kreb’s cycle?

A

carbon dioxide with hydrogen transferred to the coenzymes NAD and FAD

44
Q

Where do the reactions of the kreb’s cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

45
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

46
Q

What are the purposes of cristae?

A
  • Increase the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane
  • more electron carriers and ATP synthase complexes
47
Q

What occurs during the electron transport chain? Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A
  • Electrons are transferred down a chain of electron carriers at progressively lower energy levels through redox reactions.
  • The energy released by the redox reactions is used to transfer hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
48
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation involve?

A
  • the addition of an inorganic phosphate group to Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
  • transferring energy from the electron transfer chain to produce ATP according to the chemiosmosis theory
49
Q

What type of reaction is each electron transfer?

A

redox

50
Q

Energy released from redox reactions is used for what?

A

To transport protons (Hydrogen ions, H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space.

51
Q

Protons diffuse back into mitochondrial matrix through what?

A

ATP synthase complex (channel protein and ATP synthase)

52
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

oxygen

53
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

the movement of protons, H+ from the intermembrane space through the ATP synthase complex, down an electrochemical gradient. This movement is coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP and transfers kinetic energy as chemical energy

54
Q

How could respiration be measured?

A

using a respirometer to measure the uptake of oxygen (with KOH absorbing any carbon dioxide released)

55
Q

Why is sodium hydroxide used in a respirometer?

A

to absorb carbon dioxide release

56
Q

Suggest units for the rate of respiration.

A

ml hr-1 g-1

57
Q

What is the major route by which energy enters the ecosystem?

A

photosynthesis

58
Q

What is a producer?

A

able to transfer energy to produce organic molecules

59
Q

What is biomass?

A

EITHER:

  • the dry mass of a living organism OR
  • the chemical energy stored in biological molecules.
60
Q

Why is dry mass often quoted?

A

Because the water content of living organisms (particularly plants) is highly variable AND it measures the mass of organic molecules

61
Q

How is the energy in dry mass estimated?

A
  • Using a bomb calorimeter
  • burn the dry material and use the energy released to heat up a known volume of water.
62
Q

Define gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

The total amount of chemical energy converted by plants in a given area, in a given time (production ? is not time related), GPP = NPP + R

63
Q

Define net primary production(NPP)

A

NPP = GPP - R

The energy available to the plant for growth and reproduction AND to next trophic level, after producer has respired.

64
Q

Write an equation to link GPP and NPP

A

GPP = NPP + R

65
Q

Suggest units for GP

A

gross primary production units kJ m-2

66
Q

What is net primary production available for?

A

to the plant for growth and reproduction AND then to the next trophic level

67
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

An organism that consumes plants

68
Q

What is a decomposer?

A

Organisms that feed on dead, decaying or their waste materials (they include detritivores and saprobionts)

69
Q

Write an equation to show how net production of consumers can be calculated?

A

N= I - (F+R)

70
Q

How is productivty increased by farming practices?

A
  • Using pesticides, herbicides, fertilisers
  • greenhouses with artificial lights red and blue and burning hydrocarbons
  • genetic engineering
71
Q

Why is photosynthesis inefficient?

A
  • light reflected off the atmosphere and leaf surface
  • light misses the chlorophyll molecules
  • light is the wrong wavelength
72
Q

Why do mammals a smaller proportion of energy up food chain than insects?

A

They use more energy to maintain a constant internal body temperature

73
Q

Why are carnivores more efficient at converting their food into biomass than herbivores?

A

their food (meat) contains less indigestible material - cellulose

74
Q

What is a saprobiont?

A

An organism that feeds on dead or decaying material by releaseing extra-cellular enzymes

75
Q

What are mycorrhizae?

A
  • fungi - made of long thin strands called hyphae, that live in a symbiotic relationship with plant roots
  • they increase the surface area for the absorption of water and ions by the roots and are a means of communicating between plants.
76
Q

What is mutualism?

A

symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit

77
Q

Name 3 biological molecules containing Nitrogen

A

DNA, amino acids, RNA

78
Q

What is detritis/ humus?

A

Dead plant material

79
Q

How do saprobionts feed?

A

by releasing extra-cellular enzymes and reabsorbing the soluble products

80
Q

What do saprobionts excrete?

A

extra-cellular enzymes

81
Q

What is nitrification?

A
  • the oxidation of ammonium ions to nitrite and then nitrate ions
  • by aerobic nitrifying bacteria
82
Q

What are nitrates used for?

A

uptake by roots for the production of amino acids and other nitrogen containing enzymes

83
Q

Where are denitrifying bacteria found?

A

in anaerobic soils

84
Q

What do denitrifying bacteria do?

A

convert nitrates into nitrogen gas

85
Q

What natural phenomena can fix nitrogen gas?

A

Lightening

86
Q

Where are nitrogen fixing bacteria found?

A

free in soil

87
Q

What is nitrogenase?

A

the enzyme from N-fixing bacteria which allows nitrogen gas to be fixed at low temperatures

88
Q

Name 3 important biological molecules that contain phosphorus.

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

89
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that makes its own food using an external energy source-often sunlight

90
Q

What is the difference between a chemoautotroph & a photoautotroph?

A
  • An organism that makes its own organic compounds using energy from chemical reactions (usually oxidation)
  • whereas organism that makes organic compounds using light
91
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

Water becomes over-fertile: Main stages- Algal bloom/bacterial bloom/oxygen shortage

92
Q

What is leaching?

A

When mineral ions are washed out of soil - often by rain on farmland - leads to eutrophication

93
Q

What is regenerated during anaerobic respiration which allows glycolysis to continue?

A

NAD

Biology - AQA - Extras (15 decks)

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