unit 1 Flashcards
anatomy vs. physiology
form vs. function
gross anatomy
a microscope is not necessary to examine
microscopoc anatomy
a microscope is necessary to examine
developmental anatomy
looking at a sequence and growth to see an organisms changes
regional anatomy (gross)
to study all of the systems in one part of the body
systemic anatomy (gross)
to study one system in depth
surface anatomy (gross)
parts of anatomy that you can see on the surface
example of regional anatomy
head: bones- skeletal, skin- integumentary, muscle- muscular, blood vessles- cardiovascular
example of systematic anatomy
skeletal system
example of surface anatomy
bulging eyes
cytology anatomy (microscopic)
to look at cells through a microscope
histology anatomy (microscopic)
to look at tissues through a microscope
what tool slices tissues thin enough so light can shine through it in the microscope
microtone
cyto prefix meaning
cells
histo prefix meaning
tissue
logy suffix meaning
the study of
example of developmental anatomy
embryology- studying the different phases that an embryo passes through as it grows
why do red blood cells appear to have white spots in the the middle?
red blood cells have a thin spot that allows light to shine through it. the reason that red blood cells have this thin spot is because they lack a nucleous
incisor
sharp tool for cutting
molar
tooth with flat surface for grinding and chewing
small joints of the hand allow for…
allow for flexible movement and a wide range of motion (opposable thumbs)
where are organelles found
inside the cell
what are cells
the basic unit of life
what are the 4 macromolecular structures
- lipids: cholesterols
- carbohydrates (sugars): glucose
- nucleac acids: DNA, RNA
- protiens: hemoglobin (found in red blood cells)
cells with a common function ->
tissue
tissue with a common function ->
organ
organs with a common function ->
organ system
purpose of the nervous system
to evaluate the environment and help us to adapt to it
main organs of the nervous system
brain and spinal cord
purpose of the respiratory system
convert oxygen to CO2
main organs of the respiratory system
lungs
another name of the circulatory system
cardiovascular system
purpose of circulatory system
circulate blood. transportation sytem
main organs in the circulatory system
heart and blood vessels
purpose of digestive system
break down food and extract macromolecules
main organs in digestive system
stomach, large intestine, small intestine
purpose of excretory system
dispose of water soluble waste
main organs in excretory system
kidneys
purpose of musculatory system
allow the body to move
main organs in the muscular system
skeletal muscles, tedons
purpose of skeletal sysem
protect body and give it structure
main organ of skeletal system
bones
purpose of integumentary system
layer of protection for the body
main organs of integumentary system
skin
purpose of immune system
defend the body from infections and virus
main organs in immune system
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
purpose of endocrine system
regulates bodily development
main organs in endocrine system
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands
purpose of reproductive system
to reproduce
main organs in the reproductive system
men: testes
women: ovaries, uterus
why does the body need sunlight
for heat and light energy
why does the body need water
the body is 60% water
why does the body need food
nutriends and to produce ATP
why does the body need air
for oxygen to breathe
why does the body need normal temp and pressure
so it can remain at an equalibrium
homeo prefix
the same
stasis suffix
standing still
what is homeostasis
the ability of the body to maintain relativley stable internal conditions despite changes in the externalenvironment
is the body always in a static state
no, conditions should always vary and rock back and forth a little bit. this is okay as long as it is within relativley narrow limits.
what does the receptor do?
detect the problem
what does the control center do
evaluate data and determine how to solve the problem
what does the effector do
carry out the corrective action
what is negative feedback
when the goal is to counteract the initial condition
what is positive feedback
when the goal is to enhance the initial condition
where is the control center
in the brain or nervous system
what actions does the body take to resolve hypothermia
shivering and vasoconstriction
what organs are involved in shivering
muscules
what does shivering do
produce heat
what does vaso mean in vasoconstriction
blood vessels
what does vasoconstrition do
conserve heat by decreasing blood flow
what actions does the body take if someone is suffering with hyperthermia
sweat and vasodilation
what organs are involved in sweating
skin and sweat glands
what does sweating do
opens up pores, produces water on the skin, has a cooling effect as the water evaporates
what does vaso mean in vasodilation
blood vessels
what does vasodilation do
release heat by increasing blood flow, especially to the face, where the heat can escape from the cheeks
what is the anatomical position
a fixed universal position of reference
describe the anatomical position
erect body with feet slightly apart, face looking straight forward, arms on the sides with palms facing forward
what is the axial
the midline or main axis of the human body (head to crotch, dones not go down arms or legs)
what are the appendiculars
refers to the appendages or limbs (2 upper: arms) (2 lower: legs)
sagital plane
divides the body into the right and left dut does not have to be in the middle
midsagital
divides the body into the right and left right down the middle
frontal/ coronal plane
divides the body into the front (anteior) and back (posterior). does not have to be in the middle
transverse/ horizontal plane
divides the body into the top and bottom. does not have to be in the middle
oblique planes
divides the body into any type of angle, rather than vertical or horizontal. divides it randomly
lateral
away from the midline
medil
toward the midline
intermediate
between two things
how to use intermidiate in a sentence
it is intermediate between _ and _
cranial/ cephalic
towards the head
caudal
towards the butt
posterior/ dorsal
back
anterior/ ventral
front
superior (do not use on arms and legs)
above
inferior (do not use on arms and legs)
below
proximal (only use for arms and legs)
closer to the attachment point
distal (only use for arms and legs)
away from attachment point
what cavities make up the dorsal body cavity
the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity
what is the cranial cavity
the brain
what is the vertebral cavity
the spinal cord
what is the thoratic cavity
the heart and lungs
what cavities make up the thoracic cavity
supirior mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity within the mediastinum
what caities make up the ventral body cavity
thoracic cavity, diaphragm, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
what is the abdominal cavity
the digestive viscera (organs)
what is the pelvic cavity
bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
in positive feedback, what pathway is the information sent along
afferent
in positive feedback, the output information is sent along what pathway
efferent
serosa membranes
heart membranes
visceral
inner
parietal
outer
peri prefix
around
cardium suffix
heart
pericardial cavity
filled with fluid to avoid friction (heart)
visceral pericardium
inner lining around the heart
parietal pericardium
outer lining around heart
parietal pleura
outer lining around lungs
pleural cavity
filled with fluid to avoid friction for the lungs
visceral pleura
inner lining around the lungs
pariteal peritoneum
outer lining of the diaphram
peritoneal cavity
where fluid is for diaphram to avoid friction
visceral peritoneum
the inner lining of the diaphram
the basic abdominopelvic quadrants
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
THEIR right upper region
right hyopchondriac region
hyop prefix
low
chondriac suffix
cartilage
organs in the right hypochondriac region
liver, gallbladder
upper middle region
epigastric region
epi prefix
above
gastric suffix
stomach
what organs are found in the epigastric region
liver, stomach, pancreas
THEIR upper left region
left hyopchondriac region
what organs are found in the left hypochondriac region
stomach, pancreas, spleen
THEIR right middle region
right lumbar (lateral) region
what organs are found in the right lumbar region
right kidney
what is the center region
umbilical region
what organs arefound in the umbilical region
intestine
THEIR left center region
left lumbar region
what organs are found in the left lumbar region
left kidney
THEIR right bottom region
right iliac region
what organs are found in the right iliac region
appendix
bottom middle region
hypegastric region
hypo prefix
below
gastric suffix
stomach
organs found in the hypogastric region
bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
THEIR left bottom region
left iliac region
what does every region have
intestines
