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Anatomy > tissue > Flashcards

tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what is an unicellular organism

A

an organism that can act independently of other cells. most of the focus is on intracellular control

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2
Q

are humans multicellular or unicellular

A

multicellular

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3
Q

what are multicellular organisms

A

organisms that require lots of coordination and regulation of its component cells to carry out its functions

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4
Q

what is pluripotential

A

the cell has multiple functions

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5
Q

what is mitosis

A

cell division that results in two daughter cells that have the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent

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6
Q

what is meiosis

A

a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes

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7
Q

what is tissue

A

a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform the same function

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8
Q

what is histology

A

the study of tissue using a microscope

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9
Q

what are the 4 tissue types

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
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10
Q

how much tissue does an organ have

A

each organ should have a mix of each type of tissue

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11
Q

epithelial tissue basic defenition

A

covers/ serves as a lining

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12
Q

connective tissue basic defeniton

A

supports/ gives structure and protection

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13
Q

muscle tissue basic defenition

A

these cells contract and relax to provide movement

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14
Q

nervous system basic defenition

A

controls/ relays nerve impulse

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15
Q

where can epithilial tissue be found

A

many different parts of the body

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16
Q

epethilial tissue detailed defenition

A

a sheet of cells covering a body surface or lining of a body cavity

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17
Q

what is an epethilial tissue that covers a body surface

A

skin

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18
Q

what is an epethilial tissue that lines cavities (NOT GLANDS)

A

lining of the digestive/ respiratory tracts

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19
Q

what is a glandular epithiluim (FOR GLAND)

A

forms the glands

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20
Q

what epithilial tissue protects

A

the skin

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21
Q

what epithelial tissue absorbs

A

intestinal track

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22
Q

what epithelial tissue filters

A

kidnys

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23
Q

what epithelial tissue excretes

A

kidney/ large intestine

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24
Q

what epethilial tissue secretes

A

glands

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25
Q

what epithialial tissue has a role in sensory reception

A

the skin

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26
Q

what does it mean for the epithelium to be politary

A

it has 2 different ends to it. the apical/ lumeral and the basal

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27
Q

what does the basal plasma membrane look like

A

it is the flat end of the epethelium

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28
Q

what does the apical/ lumenal plasma membrane look like

A

it is the rigid end of the epithelium

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29
Q

what is microvilli

A

the hair like structures that are made to absorb (part of the apical/ lumenal membrane)

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30
Q

how to microvilli assist in absorbtion

A

it has a greater surface area than a flat surface would

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31
Q

where is the supportive connective tissue located on the epethelium

A

below basal tissue

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32
Q

how is the epithelium nourished

A

through diffusion

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33
Q

epethelium are replaced through what

A

regeneration

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34
Q

what does it mean for the epithelium to be avascular

A

it has no blood vessels

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35
Q

what does it mean for the epethelium to be innervated

A

it has nerves on the outermost skin

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36
Q

what part of the epitelium is basolateral

A

the flat sides that connect the apical/ lumenal membran to the basal membrane

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37
Q

what is a tight junction

A

there is no passage through the cell

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38
Q

what is a gap junction

A

it allows for the movement of substances from on cell to another

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39
Q

what is an adhesion junction

A

the cytoskeleton of one cell becomes intertwined with the cytoskeleton of another cell

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40
Q

where can you find tight junctions

A

in the stomach

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41
Q

how do tight junctions work in the stomach

A

they protect hydrochloric acid from getting to unprotected parts of the cell

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42
Q

how are certain parts of the cell protected by hydrochloric acid

A

a mucus lining

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43
Q

why is hydrochloric acid a necessity in the stomach

A

for digestive enzymes to work

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44
Q

where can gap junctions be found

A

in many different parts of the body

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45
Q

why would a gap junction be found in a particular part of the body

A

if the adjoining cells require rapid communication

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46
Q

how do gap junctions allow for the passage of substances

A

they have fused channel proteins

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47
Q

where can an adhesion junction be found

A

in the heart

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48
Q

why do adhesion junctions work in the heart

A

they allow the 2+ cells to act as one

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49
Q

how can you classify epethilial tissue

A
  1. number of cell layers
  2. cell shape
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50
Q

how many cell layers does simple tissue have

A

1

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51
Q

what role do simple tissue assist in

A

absorption, filtration, secretion

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52
Q

how many cell layers does stratisfied tissue have

A

2 or more

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53
Q

what roles do stratified tissue assist in

A

protecting high abraision areas

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54
Q

what is pseudostratified tissue

A

tissue that appears to have more than 1 cell layer but actually only has 1

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55
Q

what shape are squamose cells

A

flat, scale like

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56
Q

what shape are cuboidal cells

A

box-like

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57
Q

what shape are colimnar cells

A

tall and rectangular

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58
Q

where can simple squamous epethelium be found

A

capillaries and kidneys

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59
Q

what is mesothelium

A

part of the serous membrane lining the ventral body cavity

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60
Q

what is endothelium

A

lining of lymphatic, blood vessels, and heart

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61
Q

where can simple cuboidal epethelium be found

A

glands

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62
Q

where can simple columnar epethelium be found

A

in the digestive tract

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63
Q

sometimes for columnar epethelium it can be hard to tell if it is simple or stratisfied. how do you determine?

A

if call of the nuclei are basically in a line, it is simple

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64
Q

where can pseudostratisfied columnar epethelium be found

A

the upper respiratory tract

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65
Q

what does keratinized mean

A

it cotains keratin

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66
Q

where can stratisfied squamous epethelium be found in keratinized form

A

skin

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67
Q

where can stratisfied squamous epethelium be found in non- keratinized form

A

mouth, esophagus, vagina

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68
Q

what ability does transistional epethilum posess

A

the ability to be flattened and to expand

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69
Q

where can transitional epethelium be found

A

the urinary bladder

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70
Q

when the urinary bladder is full, is the transitional epethelium flattened or expanded and what shape does the cell become

A

flattened squamous

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71
Q

when the urinary bladder is empty, is the transitional epethelium flattened or expanded and what shape does the cell become

A

expanded cuboidal

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72
Q

what are the different ways to classify glands

A
  1. where they release their product
  2. the number of cells that make up the EXOCRINE gland
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73
Q

were do exocrine glands release their product

A

inro a duct that epties into a cavity or body surface

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74
Q

what are some examples of exocrine glands

A

mucus gland, sweat gland, salivary gland

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75
Q

where do endocrine glands release their product

A

into the bloodstream

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76
Q

what do endocrine glands produce

A

hormones

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77
Q

what is an example of an endocrine gland

A

thyroid gland

78
Q

what are some examples of unicellular exocrine glands

A

mucus cell and goblet cell

79
Q

what are some examples in multicellular exocrine glands

A

salivary gland, sebaceous gland, mammary gland

80
Q

how can you classify multicellular exocrine glands

A
  1. gland shape
  2. duct structure
  3. mode of secretion
81
Q

what does a tubular exocrine gland look like

A

the secretory cells form tubes

82
Q

what does a alveoar (acinar) multicellular exocrine gland look like

A

the secretory cells from soc-like structures

83
Q

what does a tubuloalveolar multicellular exocrine gland look like

A

the secretory cells form both tube and sac-like structures

84
Q

what do simple duct shapes in muticellular exocrine glands look like

A

on main duct that does not branch out

85
Q

what do compound duct shapes multicellular exocrine glands look like

A

the duct brances out

86
Q

how do merocrie multicellular exocrine glands secrete

A

through exocytosis

87
Q

what is exocytosis

A

the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane

88
Q

what are some examples of merocrine multicellular exocrine glads

A

salivary gland, sweat gland

89
Q

how do holocrine multicellular exocrine glands secrete

A

the cells rupture as they secrete their product

90
Q

what is an example of a holocrine multicellular exocrine gland

A

sebaceous (oil) gland

91
Q

how do apocrine multicellular exocrine glands secret

A

a part of the cell tip is pinched off and secreted

92
Q

what is an example of an apocrine multicellular exocrine gland

A

mammary gland

93
Q

what does secrete mean

A

how the cell releases the cell contents

94
Q

what is connective tissue derived from

A

mesenchyme (mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue)

95
Q

what does connective tissue mainly consist of

A

non-living extracellular matrix that seperates the living cells of the tissue

96
Q

what are the major functions of connective tissue

A
  1. binding and support
  2. protection
  3. insilation
  4. storage of reserve fuel
  5. transporting substances within the body
  6. immune defense
97
Q

what connective tissue plays a role in binding/ support

A

bone and cartilage

98
Q

what connective tissue plays a role in protection

A

bone and cartilage

99
Q

what connective tissue plays a role in insulation

A

fat (adipose)

100
Q

what connective tissue plays a role in storage of reserve fuel

A

fat (adipose)

101
Q

what connective tissue plays a role in transporting substances within the body

A

blood

102
Q

what connective tissue plays a role in immune defense

A

blood

103
Q

wha are the structural components of connective tissue

A
  1. ground substance
  2. connective tissue fibers
  3. connective tissu cells
104
Q

what is a ground substance

A

unstructured material filling the space between cells

105
Q

what are examples of ground structure

A
  1. interstitial fluid
  2. cell adhesion proteins
  3. proteoglycans
106
Q

what is interstitial fluid

A

a molecular sieve for diffusion of substances

107
Q

what are cell adhesion proteins

A

a connectie tissue glue that attaches cells to matrix

108
Q

what are proteoglycans

A

glycosaminoglycans attached to proteoglycans and wrap water affecting viscosity

109
Q

what are the types of connective tissue fibers

A
  1. collagen fibers
  2. elastic fibers
    3.reticular fibers
110
Q

what is the strongest type of connective tissue fibers

A

collagen fibers

111
Q

what is the structure of collagen fibers

A

thick collagen bundles that provide high tension strangth

112
Q

what is the structure of elastic fibers

A

thin fibers with a rubbery protein called elastin that makes the body elastic (like the skin)

113
Q

what is the structure of reticular fibers

A

thin amounts of collegin that form delicate networks

114
Q

where can reticular fibers be found

A

basement membrane of epithelial tissue

115
Q

which connective tissues are made from collagen

A

collagen tissue, reticular tissue

116
Q

what are the connective tissue cells

A
  1. fibroblast
  2. chondrocyte
  3. osteocyte
  4. adipocyte
  5. cellf found in blood
117
Q

what is fibroblast

A

active cell involved in the secretion of the extracellular matrix

118
Q

what is the chondrocyte

A

cartalidge cell

119
Q

what is the osteocyte

A

bone cell

120
Q

what is the adipocyte

A

fat cell

121
Q

what cells are found in the blood

A

leukocyte, erythrocyte, mast cells, macrophages

122
Q

types of connective tissue

A
  1. loose connective tissue
  2. dense connective tissue
  3. cartilag
  4. bone
  5. blood
123
Q

what is loose connective tissue

A

fibers are not tightly packed

124
Q

what is dense connective tissue

A

fibers are tightly packed

125
Q

what are types of loose connective tissue

A
  1. areolar
  2. adipose
  3. reticular
126
Q

what are typs of dense connective tissue

A
  1. dense regular
  2. dense irregular
  3. elastic
127
Q

wha kind of connective tissue is lamina propria

A

areolar

128
Q

what is the puropse of areolar tissue

A

support and bind other tissus together, cushions organs

129
Q

areolar’s loose tissue allows it to…

A

be a reservoir of water and salts

130
Q

what is the most widley distributed loose connective tissue

A

areolar

131
Q

what is the connective tissue that most epithelia rest on

A

areolar loose connective tissue

132
Q

what is the purpose of adipose

A

shock absorber, insulation, energy storage

133
Q

what does adipose store

A

pure triglyceribe (lipid droplet)

134
Q

what makes up 90% of adipose tissue’s mass

A

adipocytes (fat cells)

135
Q

what is the structure of reticular loose connective tissue

A

a delicate internal network of fibers that can support lymphocytes

136
Q

where does reticular connective tissue support lymphocytes

A

lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

137
Q

where is excess fat stored

A

lipocytes

138
Q

you can think of reticular loose connective tissue like…

A

an internal skeleton

139
Q

is dense connective tissue or loose connective tissue stronger

A

dense connective tissue

140
Q

what is the structire of dense regular connective tissue

A

closely packed collagen bundles running in the sae direction, parallel to the direction of pull

141
Q

in how many directions does dense regular connective tissue have resistance to tensions

A

a single direction

142
Q

examples of dense regular connective tissue

A

tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

143
Q

what is the structure of dense irregular connective tissue

A

thick bundles of collagen arranged randomly and running in all directions

144
Q

in how many directions does dense irregular connective tissue have resistance to tensions

A

many directions

145
Q

exampl of dense irrecgular connective tissue

A

dermis of skin, fibrous joint capsules

146
Q

where is elastic connective tissue found

A

the walls of larger arteries

147
Q

what do tendons connect

A

muscle to bone

148
Q

what do ligaments connect

A

bone to bone

149
Q

what do aponeuroses connect

A

flat muscle to another muscle or flat muscle to seveal bones

150
Q

where are elastic fibers found

A

in artery wall

151
Q

between arteries, capillaries, and veins which has the most pressure

A

arteries

152
Q

between arteries, capillaries, and veins which has the least pressure

A

veins

153
Q

arteries having the most amount of pressure means that it needs…

A

elastic fibers

154
Q

what does cartilage look like

A

a bright pink tissue with “eyes”

155
Q

is cartilage dense or loose

A

cartilage is a very dense connective tissue

156
Q

is cartilage flexible

A

cartilage is very tough and flexible. it can stand up to tension and compression

157
Q

what is the ground substance made of

A

fibers

158
Q

cartilage is avascular. what does this mean

A

it has no blood vessels

159
Q

other than cartilage, what else has no blood vessels

A

epithelial tissue

160
Q

cartilage is without innervation. what does this mean

A

is has no nerve fibers

161
Q

how does cartilage get nutrients

A

diffusion

162
Q

other than cartilage, what else gets nutrients through diffusion

A

epithelial tissue

163
Q

what are chondrocytes

A

mature cartilage cells

164
Q

where can chondrocytes be found

A

cavities called lacune

165
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
166
Q

where can hyaline cartilage be found

A

nsal septum, tip of nose, attaches ribs to sternum

167
Q

where can elastic cartilage be found

A

pinna of ear

168
Q

where can fibrocartilage be found

A

intervertebral discs

169
Q

what does endoskeleton mean

A

internal skeleton

170
Q

what do bones provide the body

A

protection, shape, support, falititates movement, fat storage, calcium bank, synthesis of blood cells

171
Q

why are bones a calcium bank/ reservoir

A

when you have too much calcium, it gets deposited into the bones. when you dont have enough calcium, it gets withdrawn from the bones

172
Q

what are the different types of cells found in bones

A
  1. osteoblats, osteoclasts, osteocytes
173
Q

where are osteocytes found

A

cavities called lacune

174
Q

what is yellow bone marrow

A

in older peopl: bone marrow filled with fat turns yellow

175
Q

what is red bone marrow

A

in babies: bone marrow with stem cells for red blood cells turns the marrow red

176
Q

wha is the only connective tissue without fibers

A

blood

177
Q

what is thr ground substance of blood

A

plasma (fluid part of blood)

178
Q

what are the functions of blood

A
  1. transport oxygen and nutrients to tissue
  2. remove carbon dioxide and wastes from tissue
  3. distribute heat
  4. fluid, ion, pH balance
179
Q

what is another name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

180
Q

what do red blood cells (erythocytes) do

A

transport oxygen. oxygen-> CO2 via hemoglobin

181
Q

what i hemoglobin

A

a protein in red blood cells (erythocytes)

182
Q

red blood cells have no nucleous. what does this mean for the cell

A

it will have a life span of only 3 months

183
Q

what does anucleated mean

A

there is no nucleous

184
Q

what does biconave mean

A

it has a dip in the middle

185
Q

what is another name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

186
Q

what is the puropse of white blood cells (leukocytes)

A

protect body from infection through phagocytosis

187
Q

what is another name for platlets

A

thrombocytes

188
Q

are platlets cells

A

platelets ae NOT cells

189
Q

what are platelets made of

A

fragments of giant cells

190
Q

what is the purpose of platelets

A

blood clotting (scabbing)

191
Q

examples of white blood cells

A

lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil

Anatomy (13 decks)

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