tissue Flashcards
what is an unicellular organism
an organism that can act independently of other cells. most of the focus is on intracellular control
are humans multicellular or unicellular
multicellular
what are multicellular organisms
organisms that require lots of coordination and regulation of its component cells to carry out its functions
what is pluripotential
the cell has multiple functions
what is mitosis
cell division that results in two daughter cells that have the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent
what is meiosis
a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes
what is tissue
a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform the same function
what is histology
the study of tissue using a microscope
what are the 4 tissue types
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
how much tissue does an organ have
each organ should have a mix of each type of tissue
epithelial tissue basic defenition
covers/ serves as a lining
connective tissue basic defeniton
supports/ gives structure and protection
muscle tissue basic defenition
these cells contract and relax to provide movement
nervous system basic defenition
controls/ relays nerve impulse
where can epithilial tissue be found
many different parts of the body
epethilial tissue detailed defenition
a sheet of cells covering a body surface or lining of a body cavity
what is an epethilial tissue that covers a body surface
skin
what is an epethilial tissue that lines cavities (NOT GLANDS)
lining of the digestive/ respiratory tracts
what is a glandular epithiluim (FOR GLAND)
forms the glands
what epithilial tissue protects
the skin
what epithelial tissue absorbs
intestinal track
what epithelial tissue filters
kidnys
what epithelial tissue excretes
kidney/ large intestine
what epethilial tissue secretes
glands
what epithialial tissue has a role in sensory reception
the skin
what does it mean for the epithelium to be politary
it has 2 different ends to it. the apical/ lumeral and the basal
what does the basal plasma membrane look like
it is the flat end of the epethelium
what does the apical/ lumenal plasma membrane look like
it is the rigid end of the epithelium
what is microvilli
the hair like structures that are made to absorb (part of the apical/ lumenal membrane)
how to microvilli assist in absorbtion
it has a greater surface area than a flat surface would
where is the supportive connective tissue located on the epethelium
below basal tissue
how is the epithelium nourished
through diffusion
epethelium are replaced through what
regeneration
what does it mean for the epithelium to be avascular
it has no blood vessels
what does it mean for the epethelium to be innervated
it has nerves on the outermost skin
what part of the epitelium is basolateral
the flat sides that connect the apical/ lumenal membran to the basal membrane
what is a tight junction
there is no passage through the cell
what is a gap junction
it allows for the movement of substances from on cell to another
what is an adhesion junction
the cytoskeleton of one cell becomes intertwined with the cytoskeleton of another cell
where can you find tight junctions
in the stomach
how do tight junctions work in the stomach
they protect hydrochloric acid from getting to unprotected parts of the cell
how are certain parts of the cell protected by hydrochloric acid
a mucus lining
why is hydrochloric acid a necessity in the stomach
for digestive enzymes to work
where can gap junctions be found
in many different parts of the body
why would a gap junction be found in a particular part of the body
if the adjoining cells require rapid communication
how do gap junctions allow for the passage of substances
they have fused channel proteins
where can an adhesion junction be found
in the heart
why do adhesion junctions work in the heart
they allow the 2+ cells to act as one
how can you classify epethilial tissue
- number of cell layers
- cell shape
how many cell layers does simple tissue have
1
what role do simple tissue assist in
absorption, filtration, secretion
how many cell layers does stratisfied tissue have
2 or more
what roles do stratified tissue assist in
protecting high abraision areas
what is pseudostratified tissue
tissue that appears to have more than 1 cell layer but actually only has 1
what shape are squamose cells
flat, scale like
what shape are cuboidal cells
box-like
what shape are colimnar cells
tall and rectangular
where can simple squamous epethelium be found
capillaries and kidneys
what is mesothelium
part of the serous membrane lining the ventral body cavity
what is endothelium
lining of lymphatic, blood vessels, and heart
where can simple cuboidal epethelium be found
glands
where can simple columnar epethelium be found
in the digestive tract
sometimes for columnar epethelium it can be hard to tell if it is simple or stratisfied. how do you determine?
if call of the nuclei are basically in a line, it is simple
where can pseudostratisfied columnar epethelium be found
the upper respiratory tract
what does keratinized mean
it cotains keratin
where can stratisfied squamous epethelium be found in keratinized form
skin
where can stratisfied squamous epethelium be found in non- keratinized form
mouth, esophagus, vagina
what ability does transistional epethilum posess
the ability to be flattened and to expand
where can transitional epethelium be found
the urinary bladder
when the urinary bladder is full, is the transitional epethelium flattened or expanded and what shape does the cell become
flattened squamous
when the urinary bladder is empty, is the transitional epethelium flattened or expanded and what shape does the cell become
expanded cuboidal
what are the different ways to classify glands
- where they release their product
- the number of cells that make up the EXOCRINE gland
were do exocrine glands release their product
inro a duct that epties into a cavity or body surface
what are some examples of exocrine glands
mucus gland, sweat gland, salivary gland
where do endocrine glands release their product
into the bloodstream
what do endocrine glands produce
hormones
what is an example of an endocrine gland
thyroid gland
what are some examples of unicellular exocrine glands
mucus cell and goblet cell
what are some examples in multicellular exocrine glands
salivary gland, sebaceous gland, mammary gland
how can you classify multicellular exocrine glands
- gland shape
- duct structure
- mode of secretion
what does a tubular exocrine gland look like
the secretory cells form tubes
what does a alveoar (acinar) multicellular exocrine gland look like
the secretory cells from soc-like structures
what does a tubuloalveolar multicellular exocrine gland look like
the secretory cells form both tube and sac-like structures
what do simple duct shapes in muticellular exocrine glands look like
on main duct that does not branch out
what do compound duct shapes multicellular exocrine glands look like
the duct brances out
how do merocrie multicellular exocrine glands secrete
through exocytosis
what is exocytosis
the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane
what are some examples of merocrine multicellular exocrine glads
salivary gland, sweat gland
how do holocrine multicellular exocrine glands secrete
the cells rupture as they secrete their product
what is an example of a holocrine multicellular exocrine gland
sebaceous (oil) gland
how do apocrine multicellular exocrine glands secret
a part of the cell tip is pinched off and secreted
what is an example of an apocrine multicellular exocrine gland
mammary gland
what does secrete mean
how the cell releases the cell contents
what is connective tissue derived from
mesenchyme (mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue)
what does connective tissue mainly consist of
non-living extracellular matrix that seperates the living cells of the tissue
what are the major functions of connective tissue
- binding and support
- protection
- insilation
- storage of reserve fuel
- transporting substances within the body
- immune defense
what connective tissue plays a role in binding/ support
bone and cartilage
what connective tissue plays a role in protection
bone and cartilage
what connective tissue plays a role in insulation
fat (adipose)
what connective tissue plays a role in storage of reserve fuel
fat (adipose)
what connective tissue plays a role in transporting substances within the body
blood
what connective tissue plays a role in immune defense
blood
wha are the structural components of connective tissue
- ground substance
- connective tissue fibers
- connective tissu cells
what is a ground substance
unstructured material filling the space between cells
what are examples of ground structure
- interstitial fluid
- cell adhesion proteins
- proteoglycans
what is interstitial fluid
a molecular sieve for diffusion of substances
what are cell adhesion proteins
a connectie tissue glue that attaches cells to matrix
what are proteoglycans
glycosaminoglycans attached to proteoglycans and wrap water affecting viscosity
what are the types of connective tissue fibers
- collagen fibers
- elastic fibers
3.reticular fibers
what is the strongest type of connective tissue fibers
collagen fibers
what is the structure of collagen fibers
thick collagen bundles that provide high tension strangth
what is the structure of elastic fibers
thin fibers with a rubbery protein called elastin that makes the body elastic (like the skin)
what is the structure of reticular fibers
thin amounts of collegin that form delicate networks
where can reticular fibers be found
basement membrane of epithelial tissue
which connective tissues are made from collagen
collagen tissue, reticular tissue
what are the connective tissue cells
- fibroblast
- chondrocyte
- osteocyte
- adipocyte
- cellf found in blood
what is fibroblast
active cell involved in the secretion of the extracellular matrix
what is the chondrocyte
cartalidge cell
what is the osteocyte
bone cell
what is the adipocyte
fat cell
what cells are found in the blood
leukocyte, erythrocyte, mast cells, macrophages
types of connective tissue
- loose connective tissue
- dense connective tissue
- cartilag
- bone
- blood
what is loose connective tissue
fibers are not tightly packed
what is dense connective tissue
fibers are tightly packed
what are types of loose connective tissue
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
what are typs of dense connective tissue
- dense regular
- dense irregular
- elastic
wha kind of connective tissue is lamina propria
areolar
what is the puropse of areolar tissue
support and bind other tissus together, cushions organs
areolar’s loose tissue allows it to…
be a reservoir of water and salts
what is the most widley distributed loose connective tissue
areolar
what is the connective tissue that most epithelia rest on
areolar loose connective tissue
what is the purpose of adipose
shock absorber, insulation, energy storage
what does adipose store
pure triglyceribe (lipid droplet)
what makes up 90% of adipose tissue’s mass
adipocytes (fat cells)
what is the structure of reticular loose connective tissue
a delicate internal network of fibers that can support lymphocytes
where does reticular connective tissue support lymphocytes
lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
where is excess fat stored
lipocytes
you can think of reticular loose connective tissue like…
an internal skeleton
is dense connective tissue or loose connective tissue stronger
dense connective tissue
what is the structire of dense regular connective tissue
closely packed collagen bundles running in the sae direction, parallel to the direction of pull
in how many directions does dense regular connective tissue have resistance to tensions
a single direction
examples of dense regular connective tissue
tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
what is the structure of dense irregular connective tissue
thick bundles of collagen arranged randomly and running in all directions
in how many directions does dense irregular connective tissue have resistance to tensions
many directions
exampl of dense irrecgular connective tissue
dermis of skin, fibrous joint capsules
where is elastic connective tissue found
the walls of larger arteries
what do tendons connect
muscle to bone
what do ligaments connect
bone to bone
what do aponeuroses connect
flat muscle to another muscle or flat muscle to seveal bones
where are elastic fibers found
in artery wall
between arteries, capillaries, and veins which has the most pressure
arteries
between arteries, capillaries, and veins which has the least pressure
veins
arteries having the most amount of pressure means that it needs…
elastic fibers
what does cartilage look like
a bright pink tissue with “eyes”
is cartilage dense or loose
cartilage is a very dense connective tissue
is cartilage flexible
cartilage is very tough and flexible. it can stand up to tension and compression
what is the ground substance made of
fibers
cartilage is avascular. what does this mean
it has no blood vessels
other than cartilage, what else has no blood vessels
epithelial tissue
cartilage is without innervation. what does this mean
is has no nerve fibers
how does cartilage get nutrients
diffusion
other than cartilage, what else gets nutrients through diffusion
epithelial tissue
what are chondrocytes
mature cartilage cells
where can chondrocytes be found
cavities called lacune
what are the 3 types of cartilage
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
where can hyaline cartilage be found
nsal septum, tip of nose, attaches ribs to sternum
where can elastic cartilage be found
pinna of ear
where can fibrocartilage be found
intervertebral discs
what does endoskeleton mean
internal skeleton
what do bones provide the body
protection, shape, support, falititates movement, fat storage, calcium bank, synthesis of blood cells
why are bones a calcium bank/ reservoir
when you have too much calcium, it gets deposited into the bones. when you dont have enough calcium, it gets withdrawn from the bones
what are the different types of cells found in bones
- osteoblats, osteoclasts, osteocytes
where are osteocytes found
cavities called lacune
what is yellow bone marrow
in older peopl: bone marrow filled with fat turns yellow
what is red bone marrow
in babies: bone marrow with stem cells for red blood cells turns the marrow red
wha is the only connective tissue without fibers
blood
what is thr ground substance of blood
plasma (fluid part of blood)
what are the functions of blood
- transport oxygen and nutrients to tissue
- remove carbon dioxide and wastes from tissue
- distribute heat
- fluid, ion, pH balance
what is another name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
what do red blood cells (erythocytes) do
transport oxygen. oxygen-> CO2 via hemoglobin
what i hemoglobin
a protein in red blood cells (erythocytes)
red blood cells have no nucleous. what does this mean for the cell
it will have a life span of only 3 months
what does anucleated mean
there is no nucleous
what does biconave mean
it has a dip in the middle
what is another name for white blood cells
leukocytes
what is the puropse of white blood cells (leukocytes)
protect body from infection through phagocytosis
what is another name for platlets
thrombocytes
are platlets cells
platelets ae NOT cells
what are platelets made of
fragments of giant cells
what is the purpose of platelets
blood clotting (scabbing)
examples of white blood cells
lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil
