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Anatomy > Bones and Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Bones and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what is the process of cartilage becoming bone called

A

ossification

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2
Q

what is skeletal cartilage made of

A

highly resiliant, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water

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3
Q

what does skeletal cartilage eventually turn into

A

bone

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4
Q

is skeletal cartilage vascular or avascular

A

avascular

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5
Q

is skeletal cartilage innervated or not

A

not innervated

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6
Q

what is perichondrium

A

a layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage

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7
Q

what are the 2 purposes of perichondrium

A
  1. helps cartilage resist outward expansion
  2. helps cartilage getoxygen and nutrients through blood vessels
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8
Q

what is cartilage made of

A

chondrocytes

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9
Q

what are chondrocytes

A

cells encased in cavities (lacunae) within jelly-like extracellular matrix

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10
Q

when born, what is the human skeleton made of

A

cartilage

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11
Q

does all cartilage turn to bone

A

no, only in places that do not require flexibility

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12
Q

what is the most abundant type of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

what is the purpose of hyaline cartilage

A

support, flexibility, and resiliance

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14
Q

what kind of fibers are hyaline cartilag made of

A

collgen fibers

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15
Q

where can you find hyaline cartilage

A
  • connects the ribs to the sternum
  • the tip of the nose
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16
Q

what kind of fibers is elastic cartilage made of

A

elastic fibers

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17
Q

where can you find elastic cartilage

A
  • external ear
  • epiglottis
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18
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

what directs food into the esophagus, rather than into the lungs

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19
Q

how does the epigotis prevent food from going into the lungs

A

it is a flap that covers the glotis (the opening to the tranchea)

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20
Q

what kind of fibers is fibrocartilage made of

A

thick collagn fibers

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21
Q

where can you find fibrocartilage

A
  • vertebral discs
  • menisci of knee
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22
Q

because fibrocartilage is made of thick collagen fibers it has… (strength)

A

great tensile strength

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23
Q

what are the two ways cartilage grows

A
  1. appositional growth
  2. interstitial growth
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24
Q

in what direction does appositional growth expand the cartilage

A

widening it

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25
Q

in what direction does interstitial growth expand the cartilage

A

lengthening it

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26
Q

what is the calcification of cartilage

A

the deposition of calcium into cartilage

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27
Q

what is calcification a synonym for

A

ossification

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28
Q

how does appositial growth work

A

cartilage forming cells deposit matrix on the pheriphery (edge of cartilage)

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29
Q

how does interstitial growth work

A

chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete the new matrix

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30
Q

what are the 7 important function of bones

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. movement
  4. mineral and growth factor storage
  5. form blood cells
  6. triglyceride (fat) storage
  7. hormone protection
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31
Q

what do bones support

A
  • the body
  • soft organs
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32
Q

what do bones protect

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • vital organs
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33
Q

how do bones help with movement

A

they are levers for muscle action

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34
Q

what minerals do bones store

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorus
  • growth factors
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35
Q

how are blood cells formed in the bones

A

hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow cavities of certain bones

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36
Q

what is the purpos of fat storage in the bones and where is it stored

A

fat is used for enery and found in yellow bone marrow

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37
Q

how many bones are in the human skeleton

A

206

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38
Q

what are the 2 groups the human skeleton is divided into

A
  1. axial skeleton
  2. appendicular skeleton
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39
Q

what is the axial skeleton group

A

the long axis of the body

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40
Q

what bones are found in the axial skeleton group

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column
  • rib cage
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41
Q

what is the appendiculr skeletal group

A

upper and lower limbs

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42
Q

what is a girdle

A

a set of bones that attach

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43
Q

how are limbs of the appendicular skeleton group attachd to the axial skeleton group

A

girdles

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44
Q

what are the 4 different bone shapes

A
  1. long bones
  2. short bones
  3. flat bones
  4. irregular bones
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45
Q

what shape are long bones

A

longer than they are wide

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46
Q

what bones in the body are long bones

A

limbs

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47
Q

what shape are short bones

A

cube-shaped

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48
Q

what bones in the body are short bones

A

wrist, ankle, and patella

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49
Q

what are sesamoid bones

A

short bones that form within tendons

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50
Q

what is an example of sesamoid short bones

A

the patella

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51
Q

does everyone have the same number of short bones

A

no, it is different in everyone

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52
Q

what is the shape of flat bones

A

thin, flat, slightly curved

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53
Q

what are examples of flat bones

A
  • sternum
  • scapulae
  • ribs
  • most skull bones
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54
Q

what shape are irregular bones

A

complicated shapes

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55
Q

what are examples of irregular bones

A
  • vertebrae
  • hip bones
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56
Q

why are bones considered organs

A

because they contain different types of tissues

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57
Q

what is bone tissue called

A

osseous

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58
Q

what are the 3 levels of bone structure

A
  1. gross
  2. microscopic
  3. chemical
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59
Q

what is the gross structure of bones

A

you can see it with your naked eye

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60
Q

what is the microscopic structure of bones

A

you can see it under a microscope

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61
Q

what is the chemical structure of bones

A

calcium phosphates

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62
Q

what is compact bone

A

the dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid

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63
Q

what is sponge bone

A

made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like pieces of bone called trabeculae

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64
Q

what are the open spaces between trabeculae filled with

A

red or yellow bone marrow

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65
Q

what are the boney spines of spongey bone called

A

trabeculae

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66
Q

what is the structure of short, irregular, and flat bones

A
  • one thin layer of spongey bone (dipole) covered by compact bone
  • compact bone sandwiched between connective tissue membrane
  • bone marrow scattered throughout spongey bone. no defined marrow cavity
  • hyaline cartilage covers area of bone that is part of a movable joint
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67
Q

what are the thin plates of spongey bone in short, irregular, and flat bones called

A

diploe

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68
Q

what covers the outside of compact bone in short, irregular, and flat bones

A

the periosteum

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69
Q

what covers the inside portion of compact bone in short, irregular, and flat bones

A

endosteum

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70
Q

what 3 physical characteristics do all long bones have (gross anatomy)

A
  1. shaft (diaphysis)
  2. bone ends (epiphyses)
  3. membranes
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71
Q

what is the diaphysis of a long bone

A

tubular shaft that forms the long axis of a bone

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72
Q

what is the diaphysis of a long bone made of

A

compact bone surrounding central medulary cavity that is fulled with yellow marrow (in adults)

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73
Q

what is yellow bone marrow

A

fat tissue

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74
Q

what is the epiphyses of a long bone

A

the ends of a long bone. articular cartilage covers articular (joint) surface

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75
Q

what is the epiphyses of a long bone made of

A

compact bone externally and spongey bone internally

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76
Q

why do people get taller

A

their long bones get longer

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77
Q

what is between the diaphysis and epipysis (full grown adult)

A

the epiphyseal line

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78
Q

what is between the diaphysis and epipysis (still growing child)

A

epiphyeal plate

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79
Q

what occurs at the epiphyseal plate

A

bone growth

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80
Q

what is hematopoiesis

A

blood cell production (found in childern)

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81
Q

what characteristic is only found in long bones

A

a shaft

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82
Q

what are the 2 types of membranes found in bones

A
  1. periosteum
  2. endosteum
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83
Q

what are the characteristics of the periosteum membrane of bones

A
  • outer membrane
  • white
  • double layer
  • covers external surfces except joints
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84
Q

what is the osteogenic layer of the periosteum mebrane of the bone

A

the inner layer abutting bone and contains primative osteogni stem cells (bone generating cells)

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85
Q

what does the periosteum membrane of the bone contain

A

nerve filbers and blood vessels that continue on to the shaft through nutrient foramen opening

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86
Q

what does the endostenum membrane of the bone cover

A

the trabeculae of spongy bone

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87
Q

where can you find the endostenum mmbran of the bone

A

between compact bone and spongey bone (inner part of bone)

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88
Q

what quality do endostenum and periostenum membranes of the bone share

A

they both contain osteogenic cells that generate other types of bone cells

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89
Q

where can red bone marrow be found in adults

A

the heads of femur and humerus

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90
Q

in newborns, wher is red bone marrow found

A

in medullary cavities and all spongy bone

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91
Q

what happens to yellow bone marrow if the person bcomes anemic

A

it turns to red bone marrow

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92
Q

what are the 3 types of bone markings

A
  1. projection
  2. depression
  3. opening
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93
Q

what is a projection bone marking

A

an outward bulge of the bone

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94
Q

what causes a projection bone marking

A

increased stress from muscle pull or a modification for joint

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95
Q

what is an example of a projection bone marking

A

the head of the femur

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96
Q

what does a deprssion bone marking look like

A

a bowl or grove-like cutout

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97
Q

what is the purpose of depression bone markings

A

serve as a passageway for vessels and nerves or serves a role in joints

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98
Q

what is an example of a deprssion bone marking

A

where the femur meets the hip bone

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99
Q

what is an opening bone marking

A

a hole or canal in the bone

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100
Q

what is the purpose of an opening bone marking

A

serves as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves

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101
Q

what is an example of an opening bone marking

A

where the spinal cord meets the skull

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102
Q

what are the 5 major cells of bone tissue

A
  1. osteogenic cells
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. bone-lining cells
  5. osteoclasts
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103
Q

what is the stem cell for bones

A

osteogenic cells

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104
Q

what is another name for osteogenic cells

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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105
Q

where can you find osteogenic cells

A

in the periosteum and the endosteum

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106
Q

which of the major cells of bones are mitotically active

A

osteogenic cells and osteoblasts

107
Q

what is the parent cell of most bone cells

A

osteogenic cells

108
Q

all bone cells derive from osteogenic cells except…

A

osteoclasts

109
Q

what is the purpose of osteoblasts

A

to form and deposit bone by secreting unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid

110
Q

what is osteoid made of

A

collagen and calcium binding proteins

111
Q

what makes up 90% of bone protein

A

collagen

112
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells in the lacunae that do not divide

113
Q

what is the purpose of osteocytes

A

to maintain the bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors as well as communicate information to osteoblasts and osteoclasts

114
Q

osteocytes are not actively involved in…

A

depostion (making) or resorption (dstroying) of bone cells AKA bone remodeling

115
Q

what is the purpose of bone-lining cells

A

help maitain the matrix

116
Q

what are bone lining cells

A

flat cells on the bones surface (they line the bone)

117
Q

what is it called when bone-lining cells are on the external bone surface

A

periosteal cells

118
Q

what is it called when bone-lining cells are on the intrnal bone surface

A

endosteal cells

119
Q

what are osteoclasts drived from

A

hematopietic stem cells that become macrophages (blood cells)

120
Q

what is the structure of osteoclasts

A

giant, multinucleated cells with ruffled boarders

121
Q

what is the purpose of an osteoclasts ruffled boarders

A

to increase surface area for enzyme degradation of bone

122
Q

what is the purpose of osteoclasts

A

break down bone (resorption)

123
Q

do osteaclasts or osteoblasts work first

A

osteoclasts

124
Q

what is nother word for compact bone

A

lamellar bone

125
Q

what does compact bone (lamellar bone) consist of

A
  1. osteon (haversian system)
  2. canals and canaliculi
  3. interstitial and circumferential lamellae
126
Q

where are interstitial lamellae found

A

lodged between osteons

127
Q

where are circumferential lamellae found

A

the circles that go all around the bone (not part of osteons)

128
Q

what is an osteon

A

the structural unit of compact bone

129
Q

what do osteon cylanders consist of

A

several rings of bone matrix called lamellae

130
Q

osteon cylinders run _____ to the long axis of the bone

A

parallel

131
Q

what do lamellae contain

A

collagen fibrs that run in different directions in adjacent rings

132
Q

what do lamellae help to resist

A

stress and twisting

133
Q

where are bone salths found

A

between collagen fibers

134
Q

what is another word for the cetral canal of a bone

A

haversian canal

135
Q

where do central canals run

A

through the core of the osteon

136
Q

what does the central canal contain

A

blood vessels and nerve fibers

137
Q

what is another work for perforating canals of the bone

A

volkmann’s canals

138
Q

where do perforating canals run

A

perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

139
Q

what are lacunae

A

small cavities that contain osteocytes

140
Q

what are canaliculi

A

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the center canal

141
Q

how do osteoblasts maintain contact with eachother and osteocytes

A

projections

142
Q

what kind of lamellae are not part of the osteon

A

interstitial lamellae

143
Q

what are interstitial lamelae

A

they fill gaps between osteons OR are remnants of osteons cut by bone remodeling

144
Q

what kind of lamellae helps long bones resist twisting

A

circumferential lamellae

145
Q

where is circumferential lamellae

A

deep to periosteum but superficial to endosteum

146
Q

what layers of lamellae extend around the entire surface of the diaphysis

A

circumferential lamellae

147
Q

what kind of bone helps the bone to resist stress

A

spongey bone

148
Q

what do trabeculae do to the bone

A

they confer strength to the bone

149
Q

bone is made up of both _______ and ________ compounds

A

organic and inorganic

150
Q

are organic compounds mineralized or not

A

non-mineralized

151
Q

what bone cells are organic components

A
  • osteogenic cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • bone-lining cells
  • osteoclasts
  • osteoids
152
Q

what secretes osteoids

A

osteoblasts

153
Q

what are osteoids made of

A

ground subtance and collagen fibers

154
Q

what do osteoids provide the bone with

A

high tensile strength and flexibility

155
Q

what causes the resiliance of bones

A

sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

156
Q

what is the purpose of sacraficial bonds

A

to be sacraficed in order to hlp protect the rest of the bone

157
Q

what are inorganic comonents of bones

A

hydroxyapatites

158
Q

what are hydroxyapatites

A

mineral salts

159
Q

what do hydroxaptits (mineral salts) consist of

A

calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers

160
Q

what are hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) responsible for

A

hardenss and resistance to compression of the bone

161
Q

what is ossification

A

the formation of bone tissu

162
Q

what are the 2 typs of ossification

A
  1. endochondral ossification
  2. intramembranous ossification
163
Q

what kind of ossification forms the majority of the skeleton

A

endochondrial ossification

164
Q

what are the bones formed from endochondrial ossification called

A

cartilage (endochondrial) bones

165
Q

how are bones formed through endochondrial ossification

A

by replacing hyaline cartilage

166
Q

what are some examples of bones formed through intramembranous ossification

A

some flat bones of the skull and clavicle

167
Q

how are bones formed through intramembranous ossification

A

it develops from fibrosis membrane

168
Q

what are bones formed by intermembranous ossification

A

membrane bones

169
Q

where does endochondral ossification begin

A

the primary ossification center in the center of the shaft

170
Q

in endochondral ossification, what must happen before ossification

A

the breakdown of hyaline cartilage

171
Q

endochondral ossification forms essentially all bones below (interior) to…

A

the base of the skull

172
Q

what are the 5 main steps in the process of ossification

A
  1. bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model
  2. central cartilage in diaphysis calcifies and develops cavitis
  3. periosteal bud invated cavities and causes spongey bone
  4. the diaphysis elongate and the medullary cavity
  5. epiphyses ossifys
173
Q

what is the diaphysis

A

the shaft of the long bone

174
Q

once the epiphyses ossifies hyaline cartilage only remains in…

A

epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage

175
Q

what are the 4 major steps involved in the ossification of the bony skeleton

A
  1. ossification centers formed when mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteoblasts
  2. osteoid is secreted by osteoblasts, then calcified (calcium phosphate is deposited)
  3. woven bone is formed when osteoid is laid down around blood vessels, resulting in trabeculae
    4.lamellar bone replaces woven bone, and red marrow appears
176
Q

does intermembranous ossification have a primary and secondary ossification center

A

no, intermembranous ossification only has one ossification center

177
Q

what kind of growth leads to a bons increase in thickness

A

postnatal bone growth

178
Q

what kind of growthleads to a bones increase in length

A

interstitial growth

179
Q

in order or interstitial growth to be possibl, what must be present

A

epiphyseal cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

180
Q

why does the epiphyseal plate maintain a constat thickness

A

the rate of cartilage growth on one side is blanced by bone replacement on the other side

181
Q

what are the 5 zones of the epiphyseal plate (superficial (proximal) -> deepest (distal))

A
  1. resting (quiescent) zone
  2. proliferation (growth) zone
  3. hypertophic zone
  4. calcification zone
  5. ossification (osteogenic) zone
182
Q

what is another name for the resiting zone of the epiphyseal plate

A

quiescent zone

183
Q

what is taking place in the resting (quiescent) zone of the epiphyseal plate

A

the cells are inactive

184
Q

what is anoher name for the proliferation zone of the epiphyseal plate

A

the growth zone

185
Q

what is taking place in the proliferation (growth) zone of the epiphyseal plate

A

cells are actively mitotic (dividing). the new cells move upward, pushing the epiphsis away from the diaphysis, lengthening the bone

186
Q

where is the proliferation (growth) zone of the epiphyseal plate found

A

the diaphysis side of the epiphyseal plate

187
Q

are the cells costest to the diaphysis older or younger

A

older

188
Q

what happens in the hypertrophic zone of the epiphyseal plate

A

the cartilage lacunae enlarge and erode, causing the chondrocytes (cells) that have been produced in the proliferatin zone to enlarge

189
Q

what happens in the calcification zone of the epiphyseal plate

A

the cartilage matrix is calcidied and starts to deteriorate, causing the chondrocyts (cells) to die

190
Q

what happens in the ossification zone of the epiphyseal plate

A

-deteriorated chondrocytes leave long spicules
- spicules are eroded by osteoclasts and covered with bone by osteoblatss
- the cartilage is replaced by spongey bone

191
Q

what do you call the epiphyseal plate when it is no longer active

A

epiphyseal line

192
Q

what happens when the epiphysis and diaphysis fuse

A

the epiphyseal plate becomes inactive (epiphyseal line)

193
Q

when do females stop growing

A

around 18

194
Q

when do males stop growing

A

around 21

195
Q

what causes bones to thicken

A
  • stress
  • exercise
  • added weight
196
Q

how do bones thicken through appositional growth

A
  1. osteolasts remove bone on endosteal surface
  2. osteoblats bneith periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone
197
Q

what is the most important hormone in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity

A

growth hormone

198
Q

what does the thyrid hormone do

A

modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring prper proportions

199
Q

what does testostrone (males) and estrogen (females) promote

A

growth spurts

200
Q

is bone active

A

yes, bone is actively being recycled

201
Q

what does bone remodeling considt of

A

bone resorption (osteoclasts) and bone deposition (osteoblats)

202
Q

where does bone remodeling occure

A

the surface o the periosteum and endosteum

203
Q

are osteoblats or osteoclasts active first

A

osteoclasts

204
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

break down the bone by degrading organic and inorganic components. they secrete lysosomal enxymes (digest matrix) and acidity (converts calcium salts so soluble form)

205
Q

what do osteoclasts phagocytize

A

deminderaized matrix and dead osteocytes

206
Q

where are products digested by osteoclasts digested

A

into interstitial fluid and into the blood

207
Q

after osteoclasts demineralize the matrix and dead osteocytes what happens to the osteoclasts

A

they leave

208
Q

what deposits new bone matrix

A

osteoblasts

209
Q

what is the osteoid seam

A

the new matrix deposited by osteoblasts

210
Q

what is the calcification front

A

the boarder between old bone and new bone

211
Q

what are the theories for what causes bone deposit

A
  • mechanical signals
  • increased concentrations of calcium and phosphate ios for hydroxyapatite formation
  • matrix proties that bind and concentrate calcium
  • appropriate amount of enzyme alkaline phospates for mineralization
212
Q

what is hypocalcemia

A

low levels of calcium in the blood

213
Q

what is the process of negative feedback in response to hypocalcemia

A
  1. stimulates the parathyroid gland
  2. release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  3. activates osteoclasts
  4. releases calcium
  5. normalization of calcium levels
214
Q

what is the process of negative feedback in response to hypercalcemia

A
  1. stimulates parafolicular cells of thyroid gland
  2. release of calcitonin
  3. activates osteoblasts
  4. deposits bone
  5. calcium used in blood
215
Q

what is hypercalcemia

A

calcium levels in blood are too high

216
Q

what can hypocalcemia cause

A

hyperexcitability

217
Q

what can hypercalcemia cause

A

nonresponsiveness and calcium stones

218
Q

what does wolf’s law state

A

bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them

219
Q

what effect does handedness have on the bones

A

you dominant arm will have thicker and stronger bones

220
Q

where are curved bones the thickest

A

where they are most likely to buckle

221
Q

what do trabeculae form along lines of stress

A

trusses

222
Q

why are bones of a fetus and bedridden people featureless

A

the lack of stress on the bones

223
Q

what are the 3 causes of bone remodeling

A
  1. stress
  2. injury
  3. imbalance in calcium
224
Q

what are examples of stress that can lead to bone remodeling

A
  • weight gain
  • exercise
  • handedness
225
Q

during youth, what is the primary cause of fractures

A

trauma

226
Q

in old age what is the primary couse of fractures

A

a weakness in the bones due to bone thinning

227
Q

what do nondisplaced fractures look like

A

the bones are still aligned

228
Q

what do displaced fractures look like

A

the bones are not aligned

229
Q

what is a complete break of the bone

A

it is brokn all the way through

230
Q

what is an incomplete break of the bone

A

it is fractured

231
Q

what happens to the skin in an open (compound) fracture

A

the skin is penetrated

232
Q

what happens to the skin in a closed (simple) fracture

A

the skin is swollen but not broken

233
Q

what does a comminuted fracture look like

A

the bone is shattered. 3+ pieces

234
Q

when are comminuted frctures common

A

with age, for those whose bones are more brittle

235
Q

what do compression fractures look like

A

the bon is crushed

236
Q

when are compression fracturs common

A

in weight bearing people

237
Q

what are the 2 ways to heal a compression fracture

A
  1. fusion
  2. metal bars and pins
238
Q

what does a spiral fracture look like

A

the break goes all around the bone

239
Q

when are spiral fractures common

A

when excessive twisting is applied to the bone

240
Q

what is an epiphyseal fracture

A

when the epiphysis seperates from the disphysis along the epiphyseal plate

241
Q

what are depressed fractures

A

when the broken portion of the bone is pushed inwards

242
Q

where are depressed fractures common

A

the skull

243
Q

what are greenstick fractures

A

when one side of the shaft breaks and the other side bends

244
Q

who are greenstick fractures common in

A

children

245
Q

what is another word for the realignment of fractured bones

A

reduction

246
Q

what is open reduction

A

a physician manipulates to correct the position

247
Q

what is closed reduction

A

surgical pins or wires secure the ends

248
Q

what is imoalization of the bone

A

prevent it from moving by cast or sling to help with the healing of the bone

249
Q

what are the 4 major steps in repairing the bone

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. fibrocartilage callus formation
  3. bony callus formation
  4. bone remodeling
250
Q

what is hematoma formation

A

when a mass blood clot (hematoma) leads to swelling and pain

251
Q

what is fibrocartilaginous callus formation

A
  • fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends
  • fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin the reconstructon of bones
252
Q

what is bony callus formation

A

the callus isconverted to bony (hard) callus of spongey bone

253
Q

what is bone remodeling

A
  • excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed
  • compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
254
Q

wht are 2 major bone diseases

A
  1. osteomalacia (adults)/ rickits (children)
  2. osteoporosis
255
Q

what is osteomalacia

A
  • bones are poorly mineralized
  • calcium salts arent adequatley deposited
  • pain upon bearing weight
256
Q

what is rickets

A
  • osteomalacia in children
  • results in bowed legs and other bone deformities
  • caused by vitamine D deficiency, exclusive breastfeeding, lack of sun exposure, anti-seizure medications or lack of calcium
257
Q

what i the main symptom of rickets

A

growth delay

258
Q

what skeletal deformaties are caused by rickets

A
  • bowed legs
  • rachitic rosary
  • widening of epiphyseal junctions
259
Q

what are the treatments of rickets

A
  • correct undrelying condition
  • vitamin d supplements
  • mineral supplements
260
Q

when giving rickets patients vitamin d supplements, what is the concern

A

if they take too much they could get hypercalcemia or nephrolithiasis (calcium stons in kidneys)

261
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

when bone density drops

262
Q

are women or men more likely to get osteoporosis

A

women

263
Q

how do you treat osteoporosis

A
  • calcium
  • vitamin d supplements
  • weight bearing exercise
  • hormone replacement therapy
264
Q

what is the best way to prevent osteoporosis

A

high calcium diet while young

Anatomy (13 decks)

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