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Anatomy > integumentary system > Flashcards

integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the regions of skin

A

epidermis and dermis

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2
Q

which region of the skin out the most superficial (outermost)

A

epidermis

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3
Q

what does the dermis underly

A

the epidermis

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4
Q

what does the epidermis region of skin consist of

A

epithelial tissue

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5
Q

what are the characteristics of the epidermis region of skin

A

avascular and innervated

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6
Q

what does avascular mean

A

no blood vessles

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7
Q

what does innervated mean

A

it has nerve endings

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8
Q

is the dermis region of skin vascular or avascular

A

vascular

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9
Q

what does vascular mean

A

it has blood vessels

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10
Q

what is the superficial part of the dermis region of the skin made of

A

loose areolar connective tissue

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11
Q

what is the deep part of the dermis region of the skin made of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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12
Q

what kind of connective tissue is the dermis region of the skin made of

A

fibrosis connective tissue

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13
Q

where is the hypodermis region located

A

under the skin

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14
Q

what is another word for the hypodermis region

A

superficial fascia

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15
Q

is the hypodermis region a part of the skin

A

no, but it does share some functions

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16
Q

what kind of epithelium does the epidermis region of the skin mostly consist of

A

keritanized stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

what are the 4 types of cells found in the epidermi region of the skin

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. dendritic (langerhans)
  4. tactile (merkel)
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18
Q

what do keratinocyte cells found in the epidermis region of the skin do

A

produce fibrosis keratin

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19
Q

what does keratin do

A

gives skin its protective properties (waterproofing)

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20
Q

how are keratinocyte cells in the epidermis region of the skin connected

A

demosomes

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21
Q

what are demosoms

A

an even tighter form of connective junctions

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22
Q

what are the major cells of the epidermis region of the skin

A

keratinocytes

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23
Q

what part of the epidermis region of the skin are melanocyte cells found

A

the deepest epidermis

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24
Q

what do melanocyte cells produce in the epidermis region of the skin

A

melanin which is packaged into melanosomes

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25
Q

what are melanosomes

A

the transporters of melanin

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26
Q

where do melanosomes transport melanin to

A

keratinocyte cells

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27
Q

what is the purpose of melanosomes transporting melanin to keratinocytes

A

to protect the nucleous from UV damage

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28
Q

why does UV exposure increase the amount of melanin in a person’s body

A

UV exposure causes melanocytes to create more melanin to protect from UV damage

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29
Q

how is a person’s skintone determined (melanin)

A

we all have the sam amount of melanocytes, skin tone is just determined by how quickly those melanocytes produce melanin

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30
Q

what is another word for dendritic cells

A

langerhans cells

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31
Q

what are dentric (langerhan) cells

A

macrophages that are key activators of the immune system

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32
Q

where can dentric (langerhan) cells be found

A

the deep epidermis

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33
Q

what do dentric (langerhan) cells do to fight off bacteria

A

phagocytosis

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34
Q

what is another name for tactile cells

A

merkel cells

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35
Q

what are tactile (merkel) cells

A

sensory receptors

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36
Q

what is found where tactile (merkel) cells are located

A

nerve endings

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37
Q

what isanother word for layers of the epidermis region of the skin

A

strata

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38
Q

how many layers (strata) can be found in the epidermis

A

4, 5 for thick skin (hands, feet, etc.)

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39
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermisin THICK skin (deepest -> most superficial)

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum licidum (only thick skin)
  5. stratum corneum
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40
Q

what are the 4 layers of the epidermis in THIN skin (deepest -> most superficial)

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum corneum
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41
Q

what is the deepest layer of the epidermis region of the skin

A

stratum basale

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42
Q

what is another name for the stratum basale layer of the epidermis region of the skin

A

stratum germinativum

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43
Q

what layer of the epidermis region of the skin has direct contact with the dermis region of the skin

A

stratum basale

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44
Q

what does the stratume basale layer o the epidermis region of the skin consist of

A

a single row of stem cells that activley divide (mitotic), producing 2 daughter cells

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45
Q

what does mitotic mean

A

the cell produces two exact copies each time it divides

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46
Q

what happens to the 2 daughter cells of the stratum basale layr of the epidermis region of the skin

A

one daughter cell remains in the stratum basale and the other joyrneys to the surface

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47
Q

why does one daughter cell in the stratum basale layer o the epidermis region of the skin reamin in the stratum basale layer

A

so that it can divide and create 2 daughter cells

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48
Q

what happens as one of the daughter cells from the stratum basale layer moves toward the surface of the epidermis region of the skin

A

it dies

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49
Q

what is the prickly layer of the epidermis region of the skin

A

stratum spinosum

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50
Q

what is the structure and purpose of the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis

A

several cell layers thick that resist tension and pulling

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51
Q

why is the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis called the prickly layer

A

keratinocytes appear spikey within this layer

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52
Q

what is another term for the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermus

A

granular layer

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53
Q

what 2 important events begin within the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis

A

keratinization begins and the cells above this layer die

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54
Q

what happens to the appearance of cells within the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis

A

the flatten and the nuclei and organelles disinigrate

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55
Q

what causes the cells in the stratum granulosum to die

A

when keratinization begins, the keratin starts to take over the cell, causing it to die

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56
Q

what layer of the epidermis is ony found in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

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57
Q

what is the structure of the stratum lucidum of the epidermis region of the skin

A

it is a clear layer of dead keratinocytes

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58
Q

what is another term for the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis region of the skin

A

horny layer

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59
Q

what is the structure of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis

A

anucleated, deead, keratinized cells

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60
Q

how does th stratum corneum layer of the epidermis get removed from a persons body

A

activities such as showering

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61
Q

what is the outermost layer of the epidermis region of the skin

A

the stratum corneum (horny layer)

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62
Q

what are the functions of the stratum corneum (horny layer) of the epidermis

A
  • protect deeper cells
  • prevent water loss (keratin)
  • protect from abrasion
  • act as a barrier
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63
Q

what is apoptsis

A

intentional cell death

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64
Q

why would apoptsis occure

A

if a cell has an abnormality that would spread to its daughter cells

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65
Q

what is an example of dead cells sloughing off

A

dandruf and dander

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66
Q

what kind of connective tissue is the dermis made of

A

flexible connective tissue

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67
Q

what kind of cells can be found within the dermis region of the skin

A
  • fibroblast
  • macrophages
  • white blood cells
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68
Q

asside from the cell found within the dermis, what i this region of the skin made of

A
  • fibers
  • nerves
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatic vessels
  • hair follicles
  • oil glands
  • sweat glands
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69
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis region of the skin (outer -> inner)

A
  1. papillary
  2. reticular
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70
Q

what does the papillary layer of the dermis region of the skin look like

A

finger-like projections

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71
Q

what kind of connective tissue is found within the papillary layer of the dermis region of the skin

A

areolar (loose) connective tissue

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72
Q

what kind of connective tissue is found within the reticular layer of the dermis region of the skin

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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73
Q

what are dermal papillae

A

parts of the papillary dermis that fill in the gaps of the epidermis made by the finger- like structures of the papillary dermis

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74
Q

what is the papillary layer of the dermis region of the skin made of

A

loose, interlacing collagen, elastic fibers, and blood vessels

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75
Q

what do the loose fibers within the papillay layer of the dermis region of the skin allow for

A

phagocytes to patrol microorganisms

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76
Q

what are friction ridges

A

fingerprints

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77
Q

in thick skin, dermal papillae lie on top of dermal ridges which…

A

gives rise to epidermal ridges on the surface of the skin

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78
Q

what is the purpose of friction ridges

A
  • gripping ability
  • sense of touch
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79
Q

what leaves the unique fingerlike pattern

A

sweat pores in ridges

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80
Q

how much of the dermal thickness is made up of the reticular layer

A

about 80%

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81
Q

what kind of connectve tissue makes up the reticular layer of the dermis region of the skin

A

dense fibrosis connective tissue

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82
Q

what do the elastic fibers within the reticular layer of the dermis region of the skin do

A

they provide stretch-recoil properties

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83
Q

what do the collagen fibers within the reticular layer of the dermis region of the skin do

A

the provide strength and resiliance

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84
Q

what does dehisce mean

A

when the opening of a wound is growing

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85
Q

in what layer of the dermis are clevage (tension) lines located

A

in the reticular layer

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86
Q

what causes clevage (tension) lines

A

many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface

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87
Q

can you see clevage (tension) lines extenally

A

no, they are not visable externally

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88
Q

why are clevage (tension) lines important to suergons

A

incisions that are made parallel to clevage lines are able to heal more rapidly

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89
Q

in what ayer are flexure lines located

A

in the reticular layer

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90
Q

what are flexure lines in the reticular layer

A

dermal folds at or near joints

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91
Q

in flexure lines, what causes deep creases

A

joint movement

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92
Q

where do flexure lines form

A

where the dermis is closely attached to the underlying structures

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93
Q

what is the medical terms for stretch marks

A

striae

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94
Q

what causes striae (stretch marks)

A

external stretching causes dermal tears, leaving stretch marks

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95
Q

what are blisters

A

fliud filled pockets that seperate epidermal and dermal layers

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96
Q

what causes blisters

A

acute short term trauma to the skin

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97
Q

what 3 piments contribute to skin color

A
  1. melanin
  2. carotent
  3. hemoglobin
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98
Q

which of the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color is made in the skin

A

melanin

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99
Q

which of the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color is made by carrots

A

carotene

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100
Q

which of the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color is made by red blood cells

A

hemoglobin

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101
Q

what colors does excessive amounts of melanin make the skin

A

redish yellow or brownish black

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102
Q

what color does excessive amounts of carotene make the skin

A

yellow or orange

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103
Q

what color does excessive amounts of hemoglobin make the skin

A

pinkish hue (on fair skin)

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104
Q

what color does cyanosis make the skin

A

blue

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105
Q

what caues cyanosis

A

lack of oxygen

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106
Q

what alterations in skin color indicate disease

A
  • cyanosis
  • pallor
  • erythema
  • jaundice
  • bruises
  • brown or black necklace
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107
Q

what color does pallor cause the skin to be

A

pale

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108
Q

what causes pallor

A

red low blood cell count, amenia, fear, anger

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109
Q

what color does erythema make the skin

A

redness

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110
Q

what causes erythema

A

increased blood flow, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

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111
Q

what color does jaundice make the skin

A

yellow

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112
Q

what causes jaundice

A

liver disorders

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113
Q

what are oher words for bruises

A

ecchmoses and hematomas

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114
Q

what color do bruises cause the skin to be

A

black and blue

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115
Q

what causes bruises

A

clotted blood beneath the skin

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116
Q

what does brown or black necklace do to the skin

A

hyperpigmented area around the neck

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117
Q

what causes brown or black necklaces

A

insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels

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118
Q

where is insulin resistance common

A

in people with diabetes (especially type 2)

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119
Q

what is hair made of

A

dead keratinized cells

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120
Q

where in the hair can living cells be found

A

in the root or matrix

121
Q

what is the arrector pill made of

A

smooth muscle attached to follicle

122
Q

what causes goose bumps

A

the arrector pili part of the hair follicle

123
Q

what is hair papilla

A

knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to growing hair

124
Q

what is hirsutism

A

excessive hairiness

125
Q

what is alpoecia

A

hair thinning

126
Q

what is true (frank) baldness

A

genetical baldness, common with age

127
Q

what is the nail bed

A

epidermis underneath keratinized nail plate

128
Q

where in the nail can living cells be found

A

within the nail matrix

129
Q

what is the nail matrix responsable for

A

nail growth

130
Q

what is another word for cuticle

A

eponychium

131
Q

what is a lunule

A

a thickened nail matrix, appears white

132
Q

what are some diseases that can be made apparent through nail apperance

A
  • respiratory/ thyroid gland disorder
  • fungal infection
  • iron defficiency
  • diabetes, heart attack, cancer chemotherapy
133
Q

what can respiratory/ thyroid gland disorder do to the apperance of the nail

A

make it yellow-tinged

134
Q

what can fungal infections do to the apperance of the nail

A

thickened and yellow

135
Q

what can iron defficiency do to the apperance of the nail

A

koilonchya (spoon nail)- an outward concavity of the nail

136
Q

what can diabetes, heart attack, or cancer chemotherapy do to the apperance of the nail

A

beau’s lines- horizontal lines across the nail

137
Q

what kind of tissue are sweat glands

A

epithelial tissue

138
Q

where cansweat glands be found

A

all skin surfaces except nipples and parts of external genitalia

139
Q

what are the 2 main types of sweat glands

A
  1. eccrine
  2. apocrine
140
Q

wha kind of glands are both types of sweat glands

A

merocrine

141
Q

wht kind of cells make up sweat glands

A

myoepithelial

142
Q

what is the purpose of myoepithelial cells in sweat glands

A

they contract upon nervous system simulation to force sweat into ducts

143
Q

when do eccrine sweat glands become active

A

at a very young age

144
Q

what type of sweat gland is the typical type of sweat gland

A

eccrine sweat glands

145
Q

where can you find eccrine sweat glands

A

palms, soles, forehead

146
Q

what do eccrine sweat glands secrete

A

sweat

147
Q

eccrine sweat glands function in…

A

thermoregulation

148
Q

what regulates thermoregulation in eccrine sweat glands

A

sympatic nervous system

149
Q

eccrine sweat glands are ducts that connect to..

A

pores

150
Q

where can you find apocrine sweat glands

A

acillary (armpit) and anogenital (pubic/ anal) areas

151
Q

what do apocrin sweat glands secrete

A

milky/yellowish sweat that contains fatty substances and protiens

152
Q

what is the purpose of the sweat secreted by apocrine sweat glands

A

the bacteria breaks down the sweat, leading to a natural body odor

153
Q

are apocrine glands larger or smaller that eccrine sweat glands

A

larger

154
Q

when do apocrine sweat glands bgin to function

A

puberty

155
Q

what is the potention purpose of apocrine sweat glands

A

to act as sexual scent glands (produce pheromones)

156
Q

what are 2 modified apocrine glands

A
  1. ceruminous glands
  2. mammary glands
157
Q

what do ceruminous apocrine sweat glands line

A

the external ear canal

158
Q

what do ceruminous apocrine sweat glands secrete

A

earwax

159
Q

what kind of glands are sebaceous (oil) glands

A

holocrine

160
Q

where do most sebaceous (oil) glands deveop from

A

hair follicles

161
Q

when do sebaceous (oil) glands start to become active

A

during puberty

162
Q

what are sebaceous (oil) glands stimulated by

A

hormones, especially androgens

163
Q

what do sebaceous (oil) glands secrete

A

sebum

164
Q

what qualities does sebum, secereted by sebaceous (oil) glands have

A
  • holocrine secretion
  • bactericidal (bacteria killing) properties
  • softens hair and skin
165
Q

what does bactericidal mean

A

bacteria killing

166
Q

summary of eccrine sweat glands (function, method of secretion, secretion exits duct at, body location)

A
  • temp control
  • merocrine (exocytosis)
  • skin surface
    -everywhere, especially palms, soles, foreheads
167
Q

summary of apocrine sweat glands (function, method of secretion, secretion exits duct at, body location)

A
  • sexual scent gland
  • merocrine (exocytosis)
  • upper part of hair follicle, rarley on skin surface
  • mostly axillary (armpit) and anogenital (anal/ genital) region
168
Q

summary of sebaceous glands (function, type of secretion, method of secretion, secretion exits duct at, body location)

A
  • antibacterial properties
  • sebum (an oily secretion)
  • holocrine
  • upper part of haie follicle, sometimes skin surface
  • everywhere except palms and soles
169
Q

what are the main functions of skin

A
  • protction
  • body temp regulation
  • cutaneous sensations
  • bood reservoir
  • excretion of waste
170
Q

skin is used as protection because

A

it is the first line of defense against the outside world

171
Q

what are the 3 barriers of the skin that account for protection

A
  1. chemical barrier
  2. physical barrier
  3. biological barrier
172
Q

what does the chemical barrier of the skin secrete

A

antimicrobial defensin

173
Q

what is antimicrobial defensin

A

a chemical with anti- bacterial properties

174
Q

what is the structure of the physical barrier of the skin

A

flat, dead, keratinized cells of the stratum corneum

175
Q

is the skin able to protect from all substances

A

no, the skin can protect from most but not all substancs

176
Q

what does the dermis of the biologial barrier of the skin contain

A

macrophages

177
Q

what do macrophages in the dermis of the biological barrier of the skin activate

A

the immune system by presenting foreign antigens to white blood cells

178
Q

what is the unnoticable sweat produced by the body at a resting body temp called

A

insensible perspiration

179
Q

what is the noticable sweat produced by the body at a high body temp called

A

sensible perspiration

180
Q

what is the purpose of senisble perspiration

A

to cool the body

181
Q

what happens to blood vessels in a cold external environment

A

they constrict

182
Q

what do cutaneous sensory receptors respond to

A

stimuli outside of the body

183
Q

why does skin synthesize vitamine D

A

for calcium absorption in intestine

184
Q

where does skin get vitamine D from

A

sun exposure

185
Q

what happens if the body lacks sun exposure

A

low vitamine D

186
Q

what happens if the body has low vitamine D

A

low calcium

187
Q

what happens if the body has low calcium

A

brittle bones

188
Q

what does shunt mean

A

for something to be lessened in one location and relocated into another

189
Q

skin vessels can be constricted to do what

A

shunt blood to other organs

190
Q

what is an example of skin vessels shunting blood to other orgnans

A

exercising muscls

191
Q

when we sweat is it just water

A

no, it is water and other liquid soluble substances

192
Q

what causes burns

A

heat, electricity, and certain chemicals

193
Q

what is the immidiate threat of burn

A

dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

194
Q

what is the rule of nines used for

A

evaluating burns and estimating volume of fluid loss

195
Q

what is the rule of nines

A

body is broken into 11 sections with each section representing 9% of body surface.

196
Q

what is an example of afirst degree burn

A

mild sunburn

197
Q

what is the difference between first degree and second degree burns

A

first degree burns do not blister while second degree burns always have blisters

198
Q

in first degree burns, what part of the skin is damaged

A

only the epidermal

199
Q

what kinds of burns are partial-thickness burns

A

first degree and second degree

200
Q

why are first and second degree burns partial-thickness burns

A

they only damage the epidermis and upper dermis

201
Q

what is an example of a second degree burn

A

sever sunburn

202
Q

what part of the skin is damaged with a second degree burn

A

epidermal and upper dermal

203
Q

with MUST second degree burns have

A

blisters

204
Q

what part of the skin is damaged in third degree burns

A

the entire thickness of the skin

205
Q

what are third degree burns called

A

full-thickness burns

206
Q

what color is the skin with third degree burns

A

grey-white, cherry red, or blackened

207
Q

why are third degree burns not painful

A

the nerve endings are destroyed

208
Q

what is damaged withforth degree burns

A

all of the skin thickness and other tissue or muscle types

209
Q

what are the 3 ways burns can be considered critical

A
  1. more than 25% of the body has second degree burns
  2. more than 10% of the body has third degree burns
  3. face, hands, or feet have third degree burns
210
Q

what is debridement

A

the removal of dead skin (dead tissue wont heal)

211
Q

what are the different burn treatments

A
  • debridement
  • antibiotics
  • temporary covering
  • skin grafts
  • correct dehydration
  • reduce scaring
  • restore functionality (if possible)
212
Q

what is the purpose of antibiotics as burn treatment

A

to reduce pain and avoid infection

213
Q

what is the purpose of a temporary covering as burn treatment

A

to avoid infection

214
Q

what is the purpose of skin grafts as burn treatment

A

hep the area to heal

215
Q

what is a skin graft

A

when you take skin from one part of the body and replace the burned area with it

216
Q

in a skin graft, why do you try to use self-tissue

A

to minimize rejection

217
Q

when performing a skin graft what mit you ensure the skin has access to

A

blood supply

218
Q

what is the the main problem with cancer

A

uncontrolled cell growth

219
Q

what causes uncontrolled cell growth

A

spontaneous mutations

220
Q

what is the only kind of cancer that does not have a tumor or mass

A

leukemia (blood cancer)

221
Q

what are two other words for a tumor

A
  • a mass
  • SOL- space occupying lesion
222
Q

are benagin tumors cancerous or not

A

not cancerous

223
Q

are malignant tumors cancerous or not

A

cancerous

224
Q

what are the 7 charactristics of cancer cells

A
  1. lacks differentiation
  2. has abnormal nuclei
  3. has unlimited potential to replicate
  4. forms tumors
  5. disregards growth factors
  6. gradually becomes abnormal
  7. undergoes angiogenesis and metastasis
225
Q

what is differentiation

A

the process of cellular development by which a cell aquires a special structure and function

226
Q

cancer cells that lack differentaition are…

A

non-specialized and do not contribute to the functioning of a body part. look distinctly abnormal

227
Q

cancer cells that have abnormal nuclei…

A

have an enlarged nuclei and may contain an abnormal number of chromosomes as well as defective ones

228
Q

cancer cells that have unlimited potential to repliacte…

A

continue to divide when normal cells would have stopped

229
Q

what are telomeres

A

DNA sequences at tips of chromosomes that control the cells ability to replicate

230
Q

for typical cess, what happens to telomeres with age

A

with age, the telomeres shorten and the cells eventually underego apoptosis

231
Q

in cancer cells, what happens to telomeres with age

A

they are always being rebuilt by telomerase so the cells continue to divide

232
Q

what is contact inhibition

A

when typical cells come into contact with eachother, they stop growing

233
Q

because cancer cells do not have contact inhibition what happens when they come in contact with eachother

A

they grow in multiple layers forming a tumor of rapidly dividing cells

234
Q

what are simulatory chemical signals

A

they promote grown of the cell

235
Q

what are inhibotory chemical signals

A

they inhibit cell growth

236
Q

do cancer cell respond to growth factors

A

no, cancer cells do not respond to chemical signals

237
Q

what is the initiation of cancer cells

A

a mutation in one cell

238
Q

what is the promotion of cancer cells

A

uncontrolled division

239
Q

what is the progression of cancer cells

A

the invasion of surroundng tissue by the tumor

240
Q

what does metastasis mean

A

when the cancerous cells spread to more than one location

241
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

the formation of new blood vessels

242
Q

what must a tumor have in order to sustain itself

A

a well-developed blood supply

243
Q

what is the typical purpose for proto-oncogenes

A

to promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis

244
Q

what happens when proto-oncogenes mutate

A

they become an oncogene which causes cancer

245
Q

what is the typical purpose of tumor supressor genes

A

to inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis

246
Q

what happens when tumor supressor genes mutate

A

they become innactive and can no longer promote apoptosis on mutated cells

247
Q

what is carcinoma

A

cancer originating from epithelial tissues

248
Q

what is adenocarcinoma

A

cancer originating from grandular epithelial tissue

249
Q

what is sarcoma

A

cancer originating from the bone

250
Q

what is leukemia

A

cancer originating from blood cells

251
Q

what is lymphoma

A

cancer originating from lymphoid tissue

252
Q

what is blastoma

A

cancer composed of immature cells

253
Q

in what kind of persons is blastoma most commonly found

A

in young children and babies

254
Q

what is oncology

A

a specialized field in medecine that focuses on the study of cancer

255
Q

what is the most common type of cancer in women

A

breast cancer

256
Q

what is the most common cancer in men

A

prostate cancer

257
Q

what is the deadliest cancer in women

A

lung cancer

258
Q

what is the deadliest cancer in men

A

lung cancer

259
Q

what kind of factors play a role in getting cancer

A

both heredity and environmental

260
Q

what is mutagen

A

a substance found in the environment that causes mutation to occure

261
Q

what is carcinogen

A

a chemical found in the environment that causes cancer by being mutagenic

262
Q

what kind of cance does UV light cause

A

skin cancer

263
Q

what kind of cancer does radon gas cause

A

lung cancer

264
Q

what kind of cancer does tobacco smoke cause

A

oral cancer, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, etc.

265
Q

what kind of concer do polutants (like asbestos) cause

A

lung cancer

266
Q

what kind of cancer does hepititus B and C cause

A

liver cancer

267
Q

what kind of cancer does human papillomavirus or HPV cause

A

cervical cancer

268
Q

what kind of cancer does a high fat diet (and obesity) cause

A

breast cancer and prostate cancer

269
Q

what is the acronym for the warning signs of cancer

A

CATUION

270
Q

what does the C in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer

A

change in bowel or bladder habits

271
Q

what does the A in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer

A

a sore that does not heal

272
Q

what does the U in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer

A

unusual bleeding or discharge

273
Q

what does the T in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer

A

thickening or lump

274
Q

what does the I in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer

A

indigestion or difficulty swallowing

275
Q

what does the O in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer

A

obvous change in wart or mole

276
Q

what does the N in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer

A

nagging cough or hoarsness

277
Q

what are the 3 strandard treatments of cancer

A
  1. surgery
  2. radiation therapy
  3. chemotherapy
278
Q

what kind of cancer does surgery work best on

A

well-localized and small tumors

279
Q

what does radiation therapy do to cancer cells

A

causes chromosomal breakage and cell cycle disruption

280
Q

what does chemotherapy do to cancer cells

A

damages their DNA or interfiers with their DNA synthesis

281
Q

when is chemotherapy more systemic

A

in scope

282
Q

what are the 3 new therapies to treat cancer

A
  1. immunotherapy
  2. gene therapy
  3. anti-angiogenic drugs
283
Q

what are the 3 major types of ckin cancer

A
  1. basal cell carcinoma
  2. squamous cell carcinoma
  3. melanoma
284
Q

which of the 3 major types of skin cancer is the most common

A

basal cell carcinoma

285
Q

which of the 3 major types of skin cancer is the least common

A

melanoma

286
Q

which of the 3 major types of skin cancer is the most dangerous

A

melanoma

287
Q

which of the 3 major types of skin cancer is the least dangerous

A

basal cell carcinoma

288
Q

what causes basal cell carcinoma

A

when stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis

289
Q

how is basal cell carcinoma most commonly cured

A

surgery

290
Q

what causes squamous cell carcinoma

A

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

291
Q

what do squamous cell carcinoma look like

A

a scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands

292
Q

how are squamous cell carcinomas usually treated

A

radiation therapy or surgery

293
Q

what causes melanoma

A

melanocytes

294
Q

how is malanoma most commonly treated

A

a wide surgical exceision accomponied by immunotherapy

295
Q

what does the ABCD rule stand for (bad signs of melanoma)

A

Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter

296
Q

what does asymetry of the ABCD rule mean

A

if the two sides of the pigmented are do not match up that is a bad sign

297
Q

what does boarder irregularity of the ABCD rule mean

A

if the boarder has indentions that is a bad sign

298
Q

what does color of the ABCD rule mean

A

contains multiple colors (black, brown, tan, red, blue) that is a bad sign

299
Q

wht does diameter of the ABCD rule mean

A

if it is larger that 6mm in dimeter that is a bad sign

Anatomy (13 decks)

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