integumentary system Flashcards
what are the regions of skin
epidermis and dermis
which region of the skin out the most superficial (outermost)
epidermis
what does the dermis underly
the epidermis
what does the epidermis region of skin consist of
epithelial tissue
what are the characteristics of the epidermis region of skin
avascular and innervated
what does avascular mean
no blood vessles
what does innervated mean
it has nerve endings
is the dermis region of skin vascular or avascular
vascular
what does vascular mean
it has blood vessels
what is the superficial part of the dermis region of the skin made of
loose areolar connective tissue
what is the deep part of the dermis region of the skin made of
dense irregular connective tissue
what kind of connective tissue is the dermis region of the skin made of
fibrosis connective tissue
where is the hypodermis region located
under the skin
what is another word for the hypodermis region
superficial fascia
is the hypodermis region a part of the skin
no, but it does share some functions
what kind of epithelium does the epidermis region of the skin mostly consist of
keritanized stratified squamous epithelium
what are the 4 types of cells found in the epidermi region of the skin
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- dendritic (langerhans)
- tactile (merkel)
what do keratinocyte cells found in the epidermis region of the skin do
produce fibrosis keratin
what does keratin do
gives skin its protective properties (waterproofing)
how are keratinocyte cells in the epidermis region of the skin connected
demosomes
what are demosoms
an even tighter form of connective junctions
what are the major cells of the epidermis region of the skin
keratinocytes
what part of the epidermis region of the skin are melanocyte cells found
the deepest epidermis
what do melanocyte cells produce in the epidermis region of the skin
melanin which is packaged into melanosomes
what are melanosomes
the transporters of melanin
where do melanosomes transport melanin to
keratinocyte cells
what is the purpose of melanosomes transporting melanin to keratinocytes
to protect the nucleous from UV damage
why does UV exposure increase the amount of melanin in a person’s body
UV exposure causes melanocytes to create more melanin to protect from UV damage
how is a person’s skintone determined (melanin)
we all have the sam amount of melanocytes, skin tone is just determined by how quickly those melanocytes produce melanin
what is another word for dendritic cells
langerhans cells
what are dentric (langerhan) cells
macrophages that are key activators of the immune system
where can dentric (langerhan) cells be found
the deep epidermis
what do dentric (langerhan) cells do to fight off bacteria
phagocytosis
what is another name for tactile cells
merkel cells
what are tactile (merkel) cells
sensory receptors
what is found where tactile (merkel) cells are located
nerve endings
what isanother word for layers of the epidermis region of the skin
strata
how many layers (strata) can be found in the epidermis
4, 5 for thick skin (hands, feet, etc.)
what are the 5 layers of the epidermisin THICK skin (deepest -> most superficial)
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum licidum (only thick skin)
- stratum corneum
what are the 4 layers of the epidermis in THIN skin (deepest -> most superficial)
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum corneum
what is the deepest layer of the epidermis region of the skin
stratum basale
what is another name for the stratum basale layer of the epidermis region of the skin
stratum germinativum
what layer of the epidermis region of the skin has direct contact with the dermis region of the skin
stratum basale
what does the stratume basale layer o the epidermis region of the skin consist of
a single row of stem cells that activley divide (mitotic), producing 2 daughter cells
what does mitotic mean
the cell produces two exact copies each time it divides
what happens to the 2 daughter cells of the stratum basale layr of the epidermis region of the skin
one daughter cell remains in the stratum basale and the other joyrneys to the surface
why does one daughter cell in the stratum basale layer o the epidermis region of the skin reamin in the stratum basale layer
so that it can divide and create 2 daughter cells
what happens as one of the daughter cells from the stratum basale layer moves toward the surface of the epidermis region of the skin
it dies
what is the prickly layer of the epidermis region of the skin
stratum spinosum
what is the structure and purpose of the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis
several cell layers thick that resist tension and pulling
why is the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis called the prickly layer
keratinocytes appear spikey within this layer
what is another term for the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermus
granular layer
what 2 important events begin within the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis
keratinization begins and the cells above this layer die
what happens to the appearance of cells within the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis
the flatten and the nuclei and organelles disinigrate
what causes the cells in the stratum granulosum to die
when keratinization begins, the keratin starts to take over the cell, causing it to die
what layer of the epidermis is ony found in thick skin
stratum lucidum
what is the structure of the stratum lucidum of the epidermis region of the skin
it is a clear layer of dead keratinocytes
what is another term for the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis region of the skin
horny layer
what is the structure of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis
anucleated, deead, keratinized cells
how does th stratum corneum layer of the epidermis get removed from a persons body
activities such as showering
what is the outermost layer of the epidermis region of the skin
the stratum corneum (horny layer)
what are the functions of the stratum corneum (horny layer) of the epidermis
- protect deeper cells
- prevent water loss (keratin)
- protect from abrasion
- act as a barrier
what is apoptsis
intentional cell death
why would apoptsis occure
if a cell has an abnormality that would spread to its daughter cells
what is an example of dead cells sloughing off
dandruf and dander
what kind of connective tissue is the dermis made of
flexible connective tissue
what kind of cells can be found within the dermis region of the skin
- fibroblast
- macrophages
- white blood cells
asside from the cell found within the dermis, what i this region of the skin made of
- fibers
- nerves
- blood vessels
- lymphatic vessels
- hair follicles
- oil glands
- sweat glands
what are the 2 layers of the dermis region of the skin (outer -> inner)
- papillary
- reticular
what does the papillary layer of the dermis region of the skin look like
finger-like projections
what kind of connective tissue is found within the papillary layer of the dermis region of the skin
areolar (loose) connective tissue
what kind of connective tissue is found within the reticular layer of the dermis region of the skin
dense irregular connective tissue
what are dermal papillae
parts of the papillary dermis that fill in the gaps of the epidermis made by the finger- like structures of the papillary dermis
what is the papillary layer of the dermis region of the skin made of
loose, interlacing collagen, elastic fibers, and blood vessels
what do the loose fibers within the papillay layer of the dermis region of the skin allow for
phagocytes to patrol microorganisms
what are friction ridges
fingerprints
in thick skin, dermal papillae lie on top of dermal ridges which…
gives rise to epidermal ridges on the surface of the skin
what is the purpose of friction ridges
- gripping ability
- sense of touch
what leaves the unique fingerlike pattern
sweat pores in ridges
how much of the dermal thickness is made up of the reticular layer
about 80%
what kind of connectve tissue makes up the reticular layer of the dermis region of the skin
dense fibrosis connective tissue
what do the elastic fibers within the reticular layer of the dermis region of the skin do
they provide stretch-recoil properties
what do the collagen fibers within the reticular layer of the dermis region of the skin do
the provide strength and resiliance
what does dehisce mean
when the opening of a wound is growing
in what layer of the dermis are clevage (tension) lines located
in the reticular layer
what causes clevage (tension) lines
many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface
can you see clevage (tension) lines extenally
no, they are not visable externally
why are clevage (tension) lines important to suergons
incisions that are made parallel to clevage lines are able to heal more rapidly
in what ayer are flexure lines located
in the reticular layer
what are flexure lines in the reticular layer
dermal folds at or near joints
in flexure lines, what causes deep creases
joint movement
where do flexure lines form
where the dermis is closely attached to the underlying structures
what is the medical terms for stretch marks
striae
what causes striae (stretch marks)
external stretching causes dermal tears, leaving stretch marks
what are blisters
fliud filled pockets that seperate epidermal and dermal layers
what causes blisters
acute short term trauma to the skin
what 3 piments contribute to skin color
- melanin
- carotent
- hemoglobin
which of the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color is made in the skin
melanin
which of the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color is made by carrots
carotene
which of the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color is made by red blood cells
hemoglobin
what colors does excessive amounts of melanin make the skin
redish yellow or brownish black
what color does excessive amounts of carotene make the skin
yellow or orange
what color does excessive amounts of hemoglobin make the skin
pinkish hue (on fair skin)
what color does cyanosis make the skin
blue
what caues cyanosis
lack of oxygen
what alterations in skin color indicate disease
- cyanosis
- pallor
- erythema
- jaundice
- bruises
- brown or black necklace
what color does pallor cause the skin to be
pale
what causes pallor
red low blood cell count, amenia, fear, anger
what color does erythema make the skin
redness
what causes erythema
increased blood flow, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy
what color does jaundice make the skin
yellow
what causes jaundice
liver disorders
what are oher words for bruises
ecchmoses and hematomas
what color do bruises cause the skin to be
black and blue
what causes bruises
clotted blood beneath the skin
what does brown or black necklace do to the skin
hyperpigmented area around the neck
what causes brown or black necklaces
insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels
where is insulin resistance common
in people with diabetes (especially type 2)
what is hair made of
dead keratinized cells
where in the hair can living cells be found
in the root or matrix
what is the arrector pill made of
smooth muscle attached to follicle
what causes goose bumps
the arrector pili part of the hair follicle
what is hair papilla
knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to growing hair
what is hirsutism
excessive hairiness
what is alpoecia
hair thinning
what is true (frank) baldness
genetical baldness, common with age
what is the nail bed
epidermis underneath keratinized nail plate
where in the nail can living cells be found
within the nail matrix
what is the nail matrix responsable for
nail growth
what is another word for cuticle
eponychium
what is a lunule
a thickened nail matrix, appears white
what are some diseases that can be made apparent through nail apperance
- respiratory/ thyroid gland disorder
- fungal infection
- iron defficiency
- diabetes, heart attack, cancer chemotherapy
what can respiratory/ thyroid gland disorder do to the apperance of the nail
make it yellow-tinged
what can fungal infections do to the apperance of the nail
thickened and yellow
what can iron defficiency do to the apperance of the nail
koilonchya (spoon nail)- an outward concavity of the nail
what can diabetes, heart attack, or cancer chemotherapy do to the apperance of the nail
beau’s lines- horizontal lines across the nail
what kind of tissue are sweat glands
epithelial tissue
where cansweat glands be found
all skin surfaces except nipples and parts of external genitalia
what are the 2 main types of sweat glands
- eccrine
- apocrine
wha kind of glands are both types of sweat glands
merocrine
wht kind of cells make up sweat glands
myoepithelial
what is the purpose of myoepithelial cells in sweat glands
they contract upon nervous system simulation to force sweat into ducts
when do eccrine sweat glands become active
at a very young age
what type of sweat gland is the typical type of sweat gland
eccrine sweat glands
where can you find eccrine sweat glands
palms, soles, forehead
what do eccrine sweat glands secrete
sweat
eccrine sweat glands function in…
thermoregulation
what regulates thermoregulation in eccrine sweat glands
sympatic nervous system
eccrine sweat glands are ducts that connect to..
pores
where can you find apocrine sweat glands
acillary (armpit) and anogenital (pubic/ anal) areas
what do apocrin sweat glands secrete
milky/yellowish sweat that contains fatty substances and protiens
what is the purpose of the sweat secreted by apocrine sweat glands
the bacteria breaks down the sweat, leading to a natural body odor
are apocrine glands larger or smaller that eccrine sweat glands
larger
when do apocrine sweat glands bgin to function
puberty
what is the potention purpose of apocrine sweat glands
to act as sexual scent glands (produce pheromones)
what are 2 modified apocrine glands
- ceruminous glands
- mammary glands
what do ceruminous apocrine sweat glands line
the external ear canal
what do ceruminous apocrine sweat glands secrete
earwax
what kind of glands are sebaceous (oil) glands
holocrine
where do most sebaceous (oil) glands deveop from
hair follicles
when do sebaceous (oil) glands start to become active
during puberty
what are sebaceous (oil) glands stimulated by
hormones, especially androgens
what do sebaceous (oil) glands secrete
sebum
what qualities does sebum, secereted by sebaceous (oil) glands have
- holocrine secretion
- bactericidal (bacteria killing) properties
- softens hair and skin
what does bactericidal mean
bacteria killing
summary of eccrine sweat glands (function, method of secretion, secretion exits duct at, body location)
- temp control
- merocrine (exocytosis)
- skin surface
-everywhere, especially palms, soles, foreheads
summary of apocrine sweat glands (function, method of secretion, secretion exits duct at, body location)
- sexual scent gland
- merocrine (exocytosis)
- upper part of hair follicle, rarley on skin surface
- mostly axillary (armpit) and anogenital (anal/ genital) region
summary of sebaceous glands (function, type of secretion, method of secretion, secretion exits duct at, body location)
- antibacterial properties
- sebum (an oily secretion)
- holocrine
- upper part of haie follicle, sometimes skin surface
- everywhere except palms and soles
what are the main functions of skin
- protction
- body temp regulation
- cutaneous sensations
- bood reservoir
- excretion of waste
skin is used as protection because
it is the first line of defense against the outside world
what are the 3 barriers of the skin that account for protection
- chemical barrier
- physical barrier
- biological barrier
what does the chemical barrier of the skin secrete
antimicrobial defensin
what is antimicrobial defensin
a chemical with anti- bacterial properties
what is the structure of the physical barrier of the skin
flat, dead, keratinized cells of the stratum corneum
is the skin able to protect from all substances
no, the skin can protect from most but not all substancs
what does the dermis of the biologial barrier of the skin contain
macrophages
what do macrophages in the dermis of the biological barrier of the skin activate
the immune system by presenting foreign antigens to white blood cells
what is the unnoticable sweat produced by the body at a resting body temp called
insensible perspiration
what is the noticable sweat produced by the body at a high body temp called
sensible perspiration
what is the purpose of senisble perspiration
to cool the body
what happens to blood vessels in a cold external environment
they constrict
what do cutaneous sensory receptors respond to
stimuli outside of the body
why does skin synthesize vitamine D
for calcium absorption in intestine
where does skin get vitamine D from
sun exposure
what happens if the body lacks sun exposure
low vitamine D
what happens if the body has low vitamine D
low calcium
what happens if the body has low calcium
brittle bones
what does shunt mean
for something to be lessened in one location and relocated into another
skin vessels can be constricted to do what
shunt blood to other organs
what is an example of skin vessels shunting blood to other orgnans
exercising muscls
when we sweat is it just water
no, it is water and other liquid soluble substances
what causes burns
heat, electricity, and certain chemicals
what is the immidiate threat of burn
dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
what is the rule of nines used for
evaluating burns and estimating volume of fluid loss
what is the rule of nines
body is broken into 11 sections with each section representing 9% of body surface.
what is an example of afirst degree burn
mild sunburn
what is the difference between first degree and second degree burns
first degree burns do not blister while second degree burns always have blisters
in first degree burns, what part of the skin is damaged
only the epidermal
what kinds of burns are partial-thickness burns
first degree and second degree
why are first and second degree burns partial-thickness burns
they only damage the epidermis and upper dermis
what is an example of a second degree burn
sever sunburn
what part of the skin is damaged with a second degree burn
epidermal and upper dermal
with MUST second degree burns have
blisters
what part of the skin is damaged in third degree burns
the entire thickness of the skin
what are third degree burns called
full-thickness burns
what color is the skin with third degree burns
grey-white, cherry red, or blackened
why are third degree burns not painful
the nerve endings are destroyed
what is damaged withforth degree burns
all of the skin thickness and other tissue or muscle types
what are the 3 ways burns can be considered critical
- more than 25% of the body has second degree burns
- more than 10% of the body has third degree burns
- face, hands, or feet have third degree burns
what is debridement
the removal of dead skin (dead tissue wont heal)
what are the different burn treatments
- debridement
- antibiotics
- temporary covering
- skin grafts
- correct dehydration
- reduce scaring
- restore functionality (if possible)
what is the purpose of antibiotics as burn treatment
to reduce pain and avoid infection
what is the purpose of a temporary covering as burn treatment
to avoid infection
what is the purpose of skin grafts as burn treatment
hep the area to heal
what is a skin graft
when you take skin from one part of the body and replace the burned area with it
in a skin graft, why do you try to use self-tissue
to minimize rejection
when performing a skin graft what mit you ensure the skin has access to
blood supply
what is the the main problem with cancer
uncontrolled cell growth
what causes uncontrolled cell growth
spontaneous mutations
what is the only kind of cancer that does not have a tumor or mass
leukemia (blood cancer)
what are two other words for a tumor
- a mass
- SOL- space occupying lesion
are benagin tumors cancerous or not
not cancerous
are malignant tumors cancerous or not
cancerous
what are the 7 charactristics of cancer cells
- lacks differentiation
- has abnormal nuclei
- has unlimited potential to replicate
- forms tumors
- disregards growth factors
- gradually becomes abnormal
- undergoes angiogenesis and metastasis
what is differentiation
the process of cellular development by which a cell aquires a special structure and function
cancer cells that lack differentaition are…
non-specialized and do not contribute to the functioning of a body part. look distinctly abnormal
cancer cells that have abnormal nuclei…
have an enlarged nuclei and may contain an abnormal number of chromosomes as well as defective ones
cancer cells that have unlimited potential to repliacte…
continue to divide when normal cells would have stopped
what are telomeres
DNA sequences at tips of chromosomes that control the cells ability to replicate
for typical cess, what happens to telomeres with age
with age, the telomeres shorten and the cells eventually underego apoptosis
in cancer cells, what happens to telomeres with age
they are always being rebuilt by telomerase so the cells continue to divide
what is contact inhibition
when typical cells come into contact with eachother, they stop growing
because cancer cells do not have contact inhibition what happens when they come in contact with eachother
they grow in multiple layers forming a tumor of rapidly dividing cells
what are simulatory chemical signals
they promote grown of the cell
what are inhibotory chemical signals
they inhibit cell growth
do cancer cell respond to growth factors
no, cancer cells do not respond to chemical signals
what is the initiation of cancer cells
a mutation in one cell
what is the promotion of cancer cells
uncontrolled division
what is the progression of cancer cells
the invasion of surroundng tissue by the tumor
what does metastasis mean
when the cancerous cells spread to more than one location
what is angiogenesis
the formation of new blood vessels
what must a tumor have in order to sustain itself
a well-developed blood supply
what is the typical purpose for proto-oncogenes
to promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis
what happens when proto-oncogenes mutate
they become an oncogene which causes cancer
what is the typical purpose of tumor supressor genes
to inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis
what happens when tumor supressor genes mutate
they become innactive and can no longer promote apoptosis on mutated cells
what is carcinoma
cancer originating from epithelial tissues
what is adenocarcinoma
cancer originating from grandular epithelial tissue
what is sarcoma
cancer originating from the bone
what is leukemia
cancer originating from blood cells
what is lymphoma
cancer originating from lymphoid tissue
what is blastoma
cancer composed of immature cells
in what kind of persons is blastoma most commonly found
in young children and babies
what is oncology
a specialized field in medecine that focuses on the study of cancer
what is the most common type of cancer in women
breast cancer
what is the most common cancer in men
prostate cancer
what is the deadliest cancer in women
lung cancer
what is the deadliest cancer in men
lung cancer
what kind of factors play a role in getting cancer
both heredity and environmental
what is mutagen
a substance found in the environment that causes mutation to occure
what is carcinogen
a chemical found in the environment that causes cancer by being mutagenic
what kind of cance does UV light cause
skin cancer
what kind of cancer does radon gas cause
lung cancer
what kind of cancer does tobacco smoke cause
oral cancer, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, etc.
what kind of concer do polutants (like asbestos) cause
lung cancer
what kind of cancer does hepititus B and C cause
liver cancer
what kind of cancer does human papillomavirus or HPV cause
cervical cancer
what kind of cancer does a high fat diet (and obesity) cause
breast cancer and prostate cancer
what is the acronym for the warning signs of cancer
CATUION
what does the C in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer
change in bowel or bladder habits
what does the A in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer
a sore that does not heal
what does the U in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer
unusual bleeding or discharge
what does the T in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer
thickening or lump
what does the I in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer
indigestion or difficulty swallowing
what does the O in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer
obvous change in wart or mole
what does the N in CAUTION mean as one of the warning signs of cancer
nagging cough or hoarsness
what are the 3 strandard treatments of cancer
- surgery
- radiation therapy
- chemotherapy
what kind of cancer does surgery work best on
well-localized and small tumors
what does radiation therapy do to cancer cells
causes chromosomal breakage and cell cycle disruption
what does chemotherapy do to cancer cells
damages their DNA or interfiers with their DNA synthesis
when is chemotherapy more systemic
in scope
what are the 3 new therapies to treat cancer
- immunotherapy
- gene therapy
- anti-angiogenic drugs
what are the 3 major types of ckin cancer
- basal cell carcinoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
- melanoma
which of the 3 major types of skin cancer is the most common
basal cell carcinoma
which of the 3 major types of skin cancer is the least common
melanoma
which of the 3 major types of skin cancer is the most dangerous
melanoma
which of the 3 major types of skin cancer is the least dangerous
basal cell carcinoma
what causes basal cell carcinoma
when stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis
how is basal cell carcinoma most commonly cured
surgery
what causes squamous cell carcinoma
keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
what do squamous cell carcinoma look like
a scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands
how are squamous cell carcinomas usually treated
radiation therapy or surgery
what causes melanoma
melanocytes
how is malanoma most commonly treated
a wide surgical exceision accomponied by immunotherapy
what does the ABCD rule stand for (bad signs of melanoma)
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter
what does asymetry of the ABCD rule mean
if the two sides of the pigmented are do not match up that is a bad sign
what does boarder irregularity of the ABCD rule mean
if the boarder has indentions that is a bad sign
what does color of the ABCD rule mean
contains multiple colors (black, brown, tan, red, blue) that is a bad sign
wht does diameter of the ABCD rule mean
if it is larger that 6mm in dimeter that is a bad sign
