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A-Level History: Britain 1785-1870 > Unionism and Cooperation 2 > Flashcards

Unionism and Cooperation 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the Sheffield Outrages and when did they occur?

A

A series of violent actions in 1866 undertaken by the Saw Grinders Union to stop employers undercutting their work

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2
Q

Why did Britain’s position as ‘the workshop of the world’ create the conditions for an expansion in New Model Unionism?

A

Growth of technical industries that needed skilled labour coupled with ‘victorian values’ of respectability and less violent action gave ASE and ASCJ more leverage with government and the public.

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3
Q

Why did the Liberal Party support the New Model Unions?

A

Because they could tap into their large support base for their own ends/political power.

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4
Q

Why was New Model Unionism not a success for working-class unity?

A

Because it divided skilled and unskilled workers.

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5
Q

Which organisation was founded in 1868 to act as a central body for trades unions in Britain?

A

Trades Union Congress

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6
Q

Where was Robert Owen’s model factory?

A

New Lanark, Scotland

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7
Q

What did Robert Owen use for the first time in 1794?

A

Sea Island Cotton

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8
Q

What famous ‘ism’ did Owen first use to describe his belief system?

A

Utopian Socialism

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9
Q

Who visited Owen’s model town in 1816?

A

(future) Nicholas I of Russia

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10
Q

Name 3 practical steps Owen took to improve the lives of his workers?

A

education, reduced hours of work, cooperative shop, housing, temperance, fines, infant school, expanded curriculum, productivity features, no punishments.

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11
Q

What act of parliament did Owen contribute to?

A

1819 Factory Act

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12
Q

What did Owen set up at Gray’s Inn Road, London for the benefit of workers?

A

A labour exchange

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13
Q

What did the London Co-operative Society, started by Owen in 1824 aim to do?

A

Sold goods at fair prices and shared profits with members.

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14
Q

What % of the population was in a Friendly Society by 1803?

A

8%

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15
Q

How did friendly societies mirror social attitudes by the mid 1800s?

A

Victorian ‘self-help’ ideas

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16
Q

Where is Robert Owen from?

A

Wales

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17
Q

What did Robert Owen do at 19?

A

Manager of his first spinning mill

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18
Q

What did Robert Owen do in 1794?

A

Set up his own factory and used American sea island cotton

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19
Q

What did Owen produce with his ideas?

A

A new view of society

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20
Q

How many habitants were at New Lanark and how many were young children from poorhouses?

A

2000 inhabitants, 500 young children

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21
Q

What did Owen improve and encourage?

A

Improved housing and encourage clean habits

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22
Q

What did Owen open in 1816?

A

First infant school in GB which emphasised character development

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23
Q

What did Owen reduce and do to improve the factories?

A

. Reduced the working hours
. Made the factories light and airy
. Built new cottages, parks and gardens
. Introduced a diver curriculum
. Introduced a scheme which gave workers goods at a cost price

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24
Q

What did Owen set up and what did it do?

A

A ‘labour exchange’ in Gary’s Inn Road London for the benefit of workers

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25
Q

What society did Owen set up and when?

A

1824 - London Co-operative society - sold goods at reasonable prices and gave profits back to all who bought goods there

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26
Q

Where did Owen go in 1824 and what did he do?

A

USA to set up an experimental co-operative village at New Harmony in Indiana

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27
Q

What union did Owen set up in 1834?

A

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

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28
Q

Mutualism

A

Idea that well being is dependant upon people offering mutual support rather than seeking to gain advantage by competing against each other

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29
Q

Cooperative movement

A

Organisation whose primary aim is to promote the welfare of its members by working together

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30
Q

Dividend

A

A proportion of the profit generated by a company paid to those who have a financial interest in that company

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31
Q

Cooperative economics

A

Field of study which relates social equality principles implicitly within co-operation thinking to economic practices

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32
Q

Friendly society

A

Organisation of members who come together to provide benefits and assistance to each other in the form of sick pay, saving schemes, pensions

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33
Q

Friendly societies act date and what did it do?

A

1793 - regulated the activities of the emerging groups to keep abreast ant potential threat to an outbreak of war - more transparency

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34
Q

Why was the friendly society act good for workers?

A

They rapidly grew, legal recognition and legal fund protection, workers could form own organisation for mutual benefits

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35
Q

By 1803 what % of England’s population were members of friendly societies?

A

8%

36
Q

By 1815 what fraction of the population could receive insurance cover from friendly societies?

A

1/3

37
Q

How were the poorest workers excluded from friendly societies?

A

Regular demand for money

38
Q

What happened if someone fell behind on their subscriptions for a friendly society?

A

Expelled from the society

39
Q

Why did friendly societies rapidly grow?

A

Due to industrialisation

40
Q

Benefits of joining a friendly society?

A

. Protection against change
. Hospitality would be extended to members by other societies in the area
. Undertake union activities including collecting strike funds

41
Q

Friendly society ratio to trade unions by 1870

A

Friendly societies more popular at 4 to 1

42
Q

New friendly societies act

A

Protect the funds as a counter balance to the growing threat of trade unions

43
Q

Why did people join friendly societies?

A

. Support
. Like minded people
. Welfare
. Sick pay
. Mutual benefit

44
Q

How many cooperative shops were there by 1832?

A

500

45
Q

Cooperative shops

A

Shops that shared their profits with their customers in the form of dividends. Profits back to the people. Food at market price.

46
Q

Labour exchange

A

A ‘shop’ where people could exchange goods they had produced for credit notes to the value of how money hours it took to make that product

47
Q

Give 2 examples of a labour exchange and dates

A

. London 1832
. Birmingham 1833

48
Q

Cooperative community

A

A community where workers would jointly own the means of production, would produce the goods, fix the prices according to the relative quantity of labour in each product

49
Q

Negatives of a co-op

A

. Required an upfront payment
. Workers only benefitted if they spent money there
. Loss of independence

50
Q

Benefits of co-op

A

Access to cheaper products and profits were given back to them

51
Q

Negatives of Labour Exchange shop

A

. Shop choice limited
. Token not as protected as money
. Not always accurate - overestimated how long they worked

52
Q

Positives of Labour Exchange shop

A

. No tax paid
. Hard work rewarded

53
Q

Co-op community positives

A

More powerful

54
Q

Co-op community negatives

A

. Don’t control your money
. Loss of independence
. Only buy community products

55
Q

Friendly society positives

A

. Give assurance
. Provide a safety net to workers
. More respectable by employers

56
Q

Friendly society negatives

A

. Lack of incentive to work
. No benefit for long term membership
. No benefits when subscription not paid which is when you need benefit the most

57
Q

Aims of the Rochdale Pioneers

A

Raising workmen from the fear of pauperism, danger of crime, ill paid labour or uncertain employment

58
Q

What did the Rochdale pioneers want to show the world?

A

The working class are able and determined to follow the advice of Robert Peel and manage their own affairs

59
Q

Why was it difficult for co-operative shops to exist in a capitalist economy?

A

. Traditional business was opposed to the new shops
. Lack of business acumen
. Excessive rent by greedy suspicious landlords
. Difficult to get goods at a reasonable price

60
Q

What type of approach did the Rochdale pioneers adopt?

A

Professional approach to their business idea

61
Q

Give examples of the Rochdale’s professional approach

A

. Full weights of measures
. No credit to customers
. Market value prices adhered to
. Profits divided on pro rata basis

62
Q

How were co-operative shops a step forwards?

A

. Women could become members
. ‘One member one vote’
. % of profit on education
. Management in elected leaders hands

63
Q

What did the Rochdale pioneers place an emphasis on?

A

Principal of democracy to manage and grow their business

64
Q

What was the curriculum like at Owen’s infant school?

A

Diverse

65
Q

Robert Owen and Rochdale Pioneers similarities

A

. Education
. Gave back to community
. Fair price
. Elements of capitalism - subscription fees

66
Q

When did the co-operative society begin?

A

1848

67
Q

Why did the co-operative society begin?

A

Reaction to the failure of the Truck Acts

68
Q

What were the Truck Acts?

A

An attempt by the Whig government to control the practice of paying workers in anything other than money

69
Q

How did the Rochdale pioneers open a shop in 1844?

A

7 Rochdale weavers pooled their savings

70
Q

What happened with the shop in 1850?

A

Idea of the shop was so popular that there were 100 such shops successfully operating

71
Q

What did all the shops started by the Rochdale pioneers do in 1863?

A

Joined to form the co-operative wholesale society

72
Q

What did the co-operative wholesale society have by 1873?

A

It’s own factories

73
Q

What did the co-operative wholesale society have by 1900?

A

Over 2,000,000 members

74
Q

What where the 1840s like economically?

A

Economically depressed

75
Q

How many co-operative shops were trading by 1863?

A

332

76
Q

How many co-operative shops were created after reading about the Pioneers shop in Rochdale

A

251

77
Q

In 1856 what did a fellow co-operative society ask Rochdale?

A

To provide a wholesale service to supply services across the region

78
Q

What id the Rochdale shop do after it was asked to supply services across the region?

A

Expand its business to accommodate this request and it set up a co-operative of co-operative societies

79
Q

What could the co-operative wholesale society establish by 1868?

A

Overseas trading as far as Australia and South America

80
Q

Similarities between unionism and co-operation (5 points)

A

. Membership fee
. Benefits members
. High membership
. Makes working lives better
. Different union/co-ops around the country

81
Q

Differences between unionism and co-operation (6 points)

A

. Co-op shops shared profits with customers
. Unions gave job security negotiating better pay and hours
. Combination acts targeted unions
. Co-op more democratic - women vote
. Union cheaper
. Co-op more respectable

82
Q

Why were trade unions unsuccessful in the short term?

A

. Lack of funds
. Lack of organisation
. Lack of responsibility

83
Q

What happened to co-operative society growth?

A

Plateaued unlike trade unions which grew following new model unionism

84
Q

Achievements for working men and women by 1875?

A

. Self help
. Women did not have the vote
. Some WC men had vote
. ASE
. Secret ballot
. Trade unions
. Co-operatives
. 1832 + 1867 reform bill
. Factory acts
. Public health acts

85
Q

When was there no property qualifications to become an MP?

A

1858

86
Q

When were railways invented?

A

1829

87
Q

How much was given to the Board of Workers in 1858 and why?

A

£3,000,000 to create a sewage system in London

A-Level History: Britain 1785-1870 (19 decks)

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