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A-Level History: Britain 1785-1870 > Poverty and Pauperism 3 > Flashcards

Poverty and Pauperism 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Give one reason why the middle-classes supported the Poor Law Amendment Act?

A

cost to the local ratepayer, attitudes towards the poor/working class, ideas of self help

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2
Q

Give one reason why the middle-classes opposed the Poor Law Amendment Act?

A

victorian values, christian ethos/evangelism, popular literature, reports into poverty, middle-class responsibility to the w-c/poor

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3
Q

When did the Huddersfield scandal happen?

A

1848

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4
Q

What was the Huddersfield Workhouse Scandal? Give 2 points.

A

ill people sharing beds with dead bodies, lice-ridden beds, typhus outbreak

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5
Q

What provision did the Metropolitan Poor Act of 1867 provide?

A

Separate medical facilities for inmates

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6
Q

Which prominent pressure group leader opposed the Poor Law Amendment Act because of the way it treated labourers?

A

Richard Oastler

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7
Q

Why was the anti Poor Law Amendment movement successful in the north of England?

A

The role of Oastler and Sadler, the industrial north was different to the type of work in the south

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8
Q

Why did the local officials invoke the Riot Act in 1835 in Bedfordshire?

A

Because there was a violent riot opposing the Poor Law Act of 1834 involving 300-500 people

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9
Q

What happened to the workhouse at Bulcamp in Suffolk in 1835?

A

Attacked by a mob of 200

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10
Q

Why was the Poor Law more effectively implemented in the south despite opposition to it?

A

Industrial north different to agricultural south
Poor rate in the north lower because more people were employed
The workhouse system didn’t suit the cyclical nature of employment in factories/mills

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11
Q

Where workhouse care long or short?

A

Provided long and short term care

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12
Q

How often and when did the young people use the workhouse?

A

Catered for as a temporary shelter in times of crisis – moved in and out maybe several times a year depending on employment, harshness of winter etc

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13
Q

Vagrants and the workhouse

A

. Considered less deserving
. Given overnight accommodation in a ‘casual ward’
. Only admitted in evening and given bread and water
. Lowest of low and beyond redemption
. Aimed to get rid of them ASAP in morning.

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14
Q

Elderly and the workhouse

A

. Provided for until death
. Tended to be mainly old men – old women could be of domestic use to families and so kept on in families more often

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15
Q

What % of workhouse admissions were children?

A

25-40%

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16
Q

Children and the workhouse

A

. Long and short term
. Some with able bodied parents, others abandoned or ill
. Could spend entire childhood there with the prospect of being ‘found’ work as an apprentice

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17
Q

Single women and the workhouse

A

Windows, abandoned wives, single mothers and prostitutes who could not claim outdoor relief

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18
Q

Mentally ill and the workhouse

A

Increasing common as century progressed

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19
Q

What was the first workhouse to be built after 1834?

A

Abingdon Workhouse

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20
Q

What groups was the workhouse designed to segregate?

A

. Infirm Men
. Able bodied men over 17
. Boys 7-15
. Infirm women
. Able bodied women over 15
. Girls 7-15
. Children under 7

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21
Q

Why did segregation happen at workhouses?

A

. Allowed each class to be appropriately provided for
. Deterrent as it split up families, prevented ‘moral contagion’
. Paupers beginning to lose identity and be treated as units

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22
Q

What was less eligibility?

A

British government policy passed into law in the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834

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23
Q

What did less eligibility state?

A

Conditions in workhouses had to be worse than conditions available outside so that there was a deterrence to claiming poor relief

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24
Q

Why was less eligibility hard to operate?

A

Life outside for the poorest of labourers was terrible – hard for an institution to match them let alone make them worse

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25
Q

What did children receive a basic provision of?

A

Education

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26
Q

What did parent relinquish when they entered the workhouse?

A

Responsibility for their education

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27
Q

What was better in the workhouse than outside?

A

Medical attention

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28
Q

What did inmates become which made it hard to cope outside?

A

Institutionalised

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29
Q

When did the ability to integrate with the outside after staying in the workhouse become easier?

A

Education Act 1870 when their education was put under elementary system

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30
Q

What did meals have to be taken in before 1842?

A

In silence

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31
Q

How many diets could guardians choose from and what were they designed to do?

A

6 prescribed diets to sustain life but be as boring as possible

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32
Q

What did workhouses not allow at mealtimes?

A

Cutlery

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33
Q

How was the food served

A

Weighed in front of the paupers which was done on purpose to delay serving and make food cold

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34
Q

Give some examples of food served in the workhouse

A

. Bread and cheese
. Brith
. Meat
. Hasty pudding

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35
Q

What were jobs supposed to do for inmates?

A

Rehabilitate and restore them to outside workforce

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36
Q

What did women do in the workhouse?

A

Worked to maintain it - laundry, kitchen, childminding

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37
Q

If economical work could not be found then what type of work was given?

A

Monotonous work e.g. smashing limestone and chopping wood, grinding animal bone for fertilise

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38
Q

What were workhouses like socially?

A

. Often rowdy places with verbal and physical abuse and riots
. Instances of bullying, blackmail and sexual abuse

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39
Q

How did the staff maintain order?

A

System of rewards and punishments

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40
Q

What minor things could you be punished for in the workhouse?

A

Being in wrong part of building, cheek, working too slow

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41
Q

What clear limits were set out by the Commission for workhouse discipline?

A

. Women could not be beaten
. Reduced rations common punishment
. Punishment cells for minor offences
. Often tailored e.g. night in mortuary
. Could be rewarded with clean jobs, pocket money and extra food

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42
Q

How much notice did paupers need to give that they were leaving?

A

3 hours

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43
Q

When did parliament limit the number of times paupers could leave a workhouse?

A

1871

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44
Q

On entry to the workhouse what happened to pauper families?

A

Given a medical inspection and split up

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45
Q

Until what age did mothers spend with their children?

A

7

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46
Q

At what age were children apprenticed in the workhouse?

A

9

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47
Q

What did workhouse inmates wear?

A

Uniforms which often didn’t fit

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48
Q

What were men allowed to do once a week?

A

. Razor to shave
. Bath
. Observed to deny privacy

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49
Q

What else did workhouse inmate not have?

A

Personal possessions - no expression of individuality

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50
Q

Clerk in workhouse

A

Delt with budgets and building works

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51
Q

Master and matron in workhouse

A

. Underpaid and overworked
. Had a lot of power but not up to job
. Master dealt with discipline and running of WH
. Matron dealt with females and domestic arrangement

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52
Q

Medical officer and nurse in workhouse

A

. Low pay and low status
. Supply own drugs and bandages
. Masters did not follow their advice on special diets

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53
Q

Teacher in workhouse

A

. Worried teaching paupers to reach as they might read chartist pamphlets
. Many teachers illiterate

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54
Q

Chaplain in workhouse

A

. Poor curates trying to make more money
. Read prayers and preached a sermon on Sunday

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55
Q

Labour master in the workhouse

A

In charge of workers doing stone breaking, Oakham picking, wood chopping

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56
Q

Cook in workhouse

A

Inmates cooked but a cook was used in larger workhouses

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57
Q

Issues with workhouse staff

A

Poor quality as pay and conditions were poor

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58
Q

Prison medical officer vs workhouse medical officer wage

A

. Prison MO - £220
. WH MO - £78 + long hours, few holidays

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59
Q

Prison governor vs master and matron of a workhouse wage

A

. Prison governor - £600
. Matron + Master - £80 between them

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60
Q

What did paupers become trapped in?

A

A cycle of poverty

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61
Q

Why was the workhouse good?

A

. Stopped underclass exploiting the state
. Discouraged laziness

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62
Q

Why were workhouses bad?

A

. Inhumane conditions
. Deserving poor punished - not their fault
. Only 20% of inmates able bodied
. Expensive to build

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63
Q

Who did the workhouse mostly appeal to?

A

Middle class

64
Q

Why would the aristocracy be against the workhouse?

A

. Lived morally
. Had a closer working relationship with poor

65
Q

Was the work house system cheaper than the old methods of dealing with the poor?

A

No - parishes took out big loans to build the workhouse

66
Q

Did commissioners want to create a system of deliberate cruelty?

A

No - they claimed that their centralised and regulated system protected paupers from the abuses of the old system

67
Q

What do some historians view the workhouse as?

A

Institutionalised cruelty

68
Q

In Cuckfield in Sussex when faced with the workhouse or nothing what % accepted the workhouse?

A

11%

69
Q

What was there a decline in after 1834?

A

Pauperism not necessarily poverty

70
Q

How did the workhouse go against Victorian values?

A

Men and women were strictly segregated including married couples

71
Q

What time did the inmates have to get up and go to bed?

A

. Up at 5am
. Bed by 8pm

72
Q

Food in workhouses vs independent labourers

A

More food eaten in the workhouse but less than for prisoners

73
Q

What did paupers do in Andover because they were so undernourished?

A

. Eating the marrow and rotting meat on the bones they had been set to crush
. Children ate raw potatoes for the pigs

74
Q

What was the maser like at Andover?

A

. A drunk
. A bully
. Beat up children
. Sexual abuse of female inmates

75
Q

What happened to the master of Andover?

A

He was forced to resign but received no further punishment

76
Q

Was the Andover Scandal normal?

A

Extreme and untypical

77
Q

Apart from physical cruelty what did the workhouse inflict?

A

Psychological cruelty

78
Q

Who was the master of Andover?

A

Colin McDougal

79
Q

What did the master and matron of Andover keep to a minimum and how did the guardians feel about this?

A

Kept expenditure and food rations to a minimum to the approval of the Guardians

80
Q

What did the inmates Andover workhouse eat their food with?

A

Their fingers

81
Q

What were the Andover inmates denied at Christmas compared to other inmates?

A

Denied extra food and drink provided elsewhere

82
Q

Who raised the issue about Andover and how did the other guardians react?

A

One of the Guardians Hugh Mundy but was not supported by his fellow Guardians

83
Q

What did Hugh Mundy do after his fellow Guardians did not support him?

A

Took the matter to his local MP who mentioned it to parliament

84
Q

What happened after Andover was raised in parliament?

A

. Home Secretary expressed disbelief and instigated an inquiry
. Henry Parker, the Assistant Poor Law Commissioner responsible for the Andover union, was despatched to investigate

85
Q

What did McDougal do when the investigation started?

A

Resigned as Master

86
Q

How much could old bones be bought for?

A

20 shillings a ton and the ground bone dust fetching up to 23 or 24 shillings a ton

87
Q

At Andover what did not often happen to babies and why?

A

Babies born in the workhouse were rarely baptised as this cost a shilling a time

88
Q

When was the Select Committee’s report investigating Andover published?

A

1846

89
Q

What did the Select Committee’s report investigating Andover criticise?

A

. Virtually everyone involved
. The McDougals
. The Guardians who had failed to visit the workhouse

90
Q

After Andover what action was taken against the Commissioners?

A

No direct action

91
Q

What happened as a result of the report?

A

. Led to its abolition the following year when the Act extending its life was not renewed
. In its place, a new body, the Poor Law Board, was set up, which was more accountable to Parliament

92
Q

When did Andover gain attention and what did it bring to public attention?

A

1845 - brought the darker side of the new public regime to public attention

93
Q

When was Andover established

A

1836

94
Q

What would happen at Andover if a couple tried to talk to each other?

A

Isolated in a purpose built cell

95
Q

Between 1837 and 1846 how many inmates were sent to prison and why?

A

61 paupers as they deliberately tried to escape

96
Q

In 1847 due to Andover what was dissolved and what replaced it?

A

PL Commission dissolved and replaced by Poor Law Board - brought it under government control

97
Q

After Andover what was performed on workhouses?

A

Checks - extra food distributed, better treatment of sick and elderly

98
Q

By 1862 how much did it cost to keep a pauper in the workhouse vs give them outdoor relief?

A

. Workhouse - 4s8d
. Outdoor relief - 2s3d

99
Q

How much did it cost to build a workhouse?

A

£6,200

100
Q

Who was reluctant to build workhouses?

A

The north

101
Q

What was sanctioned in Yorkshire and Lancashire due to opposition to the poor law?

A

The use of traditional methods like outdoor relief

102
Q

Which political party rejected to the PLA act and why?

A

Tories as it was passed by the Whigs

103
Q

What did the Tories object to in the new system?

A

It’s centralised nature

104
Q

What were Tories fearful regarding the PLA act?

A

The increasing role of government in affairs

105
Q

What type of morality did the Tories believe in?

A

Paternalistic sense of morality

106
Q

Who mostly organised opposition to the PLA act?

A

Tory radical reformers such as MP Michael Sadler

107
Q

Who gave a speech opposing the PLA from a religion stance?

A

Richard Oastler - believed new poor law was anti-Christian

108
Q

North vs London

A

North was far from London, has little in common, travel was slow, big geographical divide

109
Q

What happened to workhouses in the north?

A

Stood empty as economic downturn due to greater industrialisation

110
Q

What happened in a parish union on Bedfordshire?

A

A violet riot of 300-500 people demanding ‘money or blood’

111
Q

What did a growth in middle class affluence give rise to?

A

A stronger feeling of Christian charity

112
Q

What developed as formal outdoor relief ended?

A

Charity work and other philanthropic enterprises

113
Q

What did charities focus on?

A

Poverty causes

114
Q

What was the Outdoor Labour Test Order

A

Exempted people from workhouses who were only out of work in a recession

115
Q

What order was passed in 1852?

A

The outdoor relief regulation order

116
Q

When was the outdoor relief regulation order passed?

A

1852

117
Q

What was the outdoor relief regulation order?

A

Limited the provision of relief for the sick and infirm

118
Q

What was the purpose of charitable intervention?

A

Furnish the poor with skills

119
Q

Who protested against outdoor relief being continued?

A

Board of Guardians who felt their powers were being infringed by the state

120
Q

What did charity work allow affluent women to do?

A

Participate in public affairs despite restrictive attitudes

121
Q

What did the role of women within charity contribute towards?

A

Their political acceptance after 1918

122
Q

What did Angela Burdett-Coutts do?

A

Found pauper children employment in the military

123
Q

Who found pauper children employment in the military?

A

Angela Burdett-Coutts

124
Q

What did Angela Burdett-Coutts co found with Charles Dickens?

A

A hostel for poor women who has turned to prostitution and funded education projects for Britains poorest children

125
Q

Rehouse Visiting Society

A

Collected information on the experiences of the poor - allows formal approach

126
Q

What did solid information allow a rejection of?

A

The patronising ‘do-gooder’ mentality

127
Q

What medical journal carried out an investigation in 1865?

A

‘The Lancet’

128
Q

What did the medical journal ‘The Lancet’ investigate?

A

The quality of medical care in London workhouses

129
Q

What did the medical journal ‘The Lancet’ investigate lead to?

A

The passage of the Metropolitan Poor Act in 1867

130
Q

What did the Metropolitan Poor Act in 1867 demand?

A

. That medical facilities be separate from the workhouse itself
. Provided for the creation of the Metropolitan Asylum Board that took over the responsibility for caring for sick paupers

131
Q

Charity Organisation Society 1869

A

Purpose to distinguish between deserving and undeserving and to then recommend the best means to help the deserving get back on their feet

132
Q

What did Thomas Caryle publish and when?

A

‘Past present’ in 1843

133
Q

What did Thomas Caryle’s ‘Past and present’ draw attention to?

A

The growing working class divide and the plight of the workers calling workhouses ‘poor law prisons’

134
Q

What was Thomas Caryle interested in?

A

The spiritual growth of the country - ‘spiritual rebirth’ where people appreciate each other

135
Q

What did Thomas Caryle think the rich and poor had lost touch with?

A

One another in the worship of money

136
Q

What did Henry Mayhen do?

A

Investigate into poverty and produced a four volume work

137
Q

What did Henry Mayhen challenge?

A

The idea that idleness was the source of poverty

138
Q

What issue did Henry Mayhen highlight with low wages?

A

Workers could not set money aside for times of hardships

139
Q

What did Henry Mayhen publish?

A

London Labour and London Poor

140
Q

What did Henry Mayhen’s ‘London Labour and London Poor’ encourage?

A

New thinking and in the immediate term there was a growth of charity in the workhouse

141
Q

Empiricism

A

Something based on evidence rather than logic or theory

142
Q

Who was a celebrated opponent of the new poor law?

A

Charles Dickens

143
Q

How did Charles Dickens experience poverty?

A

Forced into working in a shoe blacking factory at 12 after his parents entered the workhouse due to debt

144
Q

When was Oliver Twist written?

A

1938

145
Q

What did Oliver Twist do?

A

Popularised the workhouse as a place of despair

146
Q

What else did Dickens publish showing the hardships of poverty?

A

‘Hard Times’ and ‘A Christmas Carol’

147
Q

How were Dicken’s novels published?

A

Serial novels so were cheaper and more widely read

148
Q

Apart from Andover where else was there a workhouse scandel?

A

Huddersfield

149
Q

Elizabeth Grashell

A

Contributed to the growing awareness of poverty through her novels

150
Q

Mary Brown

A

In offered a realistic impression of the experience of the poorer classes

151
Q

Samuel Smiles

A

Offered the answers and was a social reformer, briefly a Chartist

152
Q

What was Samuel Smiles greatest influence?

A

. ‘Self help’ in 1859
. The importance of industry placing individual determination to improve oneself as the most important element

153
Q

What backdrop was ‘Self Help’ published under?

A

When Britain experienced prosperity, epitomised the optimistic spirit

154
Q

How many copies had ‘self help’ sold by the end of the century?

A

250,000 copies

155
Q

If the poor were offered a chance to improve themeselves most would..

A

Take it and work hard

A-Level History: Britain 1785-1870 (19 decks)

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