Industrialisation Flashcards
Define the Industrial Revolution
A period of time usually 1750-1900 when Britain experienced social and economic changes from cottage to factory based systems
What revolution preceded the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
The Agricultural Revolution
What was the population of Britain in 1750?
6 million
What was the population of Britian in 1811?
18 million
What was the population of Britain in 1850?
27 million
What did the ‘Wealth of Nations’ propose?
Free market and laissez-faire economics to promote economic growth
Who wrote the ‘Wealth of Nations’ and when did he write it?
Adam Smith, 1776
What term is used to describe small scale industry performed in homes?
Cottage industry
Before steam powered engines were invented where were factories/mills sited?
Next to rivers to power the engines/machines
Was the south-west and south-east of Britain agricultural or industrial during the Industrial Revolution?
agricultural/farming/agrarian
When were ‘laissez-faire’ economic policies in operation and what were they designed to do?
1800-1830 - designed to encourage business/production/the industrial revolution
Give 3 reasons/factors that caused the industrial revolution. 9 marks
Technology, banking, entrepreneurs, natural resources, small country/easy to travel to the coast, navigable rivers, peaceful country, stable government, protestant work ethic
Which raw material powered the steam engine?
Coal
Why was Lancashire good for cotton mills? 4 reasons
Cool climate stopped the cotton thread from splitting and close to the port of Liverpool, slave trade port and access to trading links, eastern coast closer to American trade, Manchester to Liverpool railway built in 1830
By 1850 how many towns had grown to the size of 50,000 compared with only 2 in 1750?
27
What % f factories employed more than 1000 people?
3%
Hinterland
Surrounding area
Hinterland in Liverpool and Bristol
. Liverpool had rapidly expanding hinterland
. Bristol did not have valuable hinterland as its harbour was less accessible than Liverpool’s deep sea port
Why did Liverpool have a better location than Bristol
. Can sail without waiting for the tide and less likely to be attacked by French ships
. Further north so raw materials could easily be transported there
Why did Liverpool and Bristol initially grow
Slave trading city
Liverpool population in 1700, 1750 and 1800
. 8,000 in 1700
. 22,000 in 1750
. 78,000 in 1800
Bristol population in 1700, 1750 and 1800
. 20,000 in 1700
. 50,000 in 1750
. 64,000 in 1800
Where did most people live during the Industrial Revolution?
Countryside
In traditional agricultural society what were families like
Families worked together as a unit of production
What were women like in a traditional, agricultural society
Women could parent and produce foods or goods
What was work and play like in traditional, agricultural society
Work and play were flexible and interwoven
What did factories do to the lives of working class families
Broke up the family economy
What did retail shops rise from in 1875 to 1890
1875 - 300
1890 - 2,600
From 1851 to 1871 what did the number of domestic servants rise from and to
900,000 to 1.4 million
What does E.P Thompson argue about wage increase during the Industrial Revolution
Real wages adjusted for inflation stayed basically steady from 1790 to 1840 wages on increased in the second phase of industrialisation after 1850
How much % did wages increase between 1830 and 1875?
50%
What was the south like
Relatively unimportant with agriculture with small industries with traditional methods
What was the north west of England like?
Heartland of textile manufacturing: cotton and wool
What was the north east of England like?
Strong mining industry and good shipbuilding industry
What were the midlands like?
Strong engineering tradition
What was the south east of England like?
Agriculturally based and exported grain
What was the south west of England like?
Agriculture but Cornwall was a key exporter of tin
What was London’s population in 1851
2.3 million
Back to back
. Minimised housing costs by using one back wall for two properties
. Poor quality housing
. Chess Pitt toilet - one per street
What were the Combination Acts and when did they happen?
In 1799 and 1800 making it illegal to form unions
What was the Municipal Corporations Act and when did it happen?
1835 - removed local council powers from oligarchies and allowed the local councils to take over local utilities such as sewage and water supply
What was the Master and Servant Act and when did it happen?
1823 - failure to fulfil a contract of work punishable with prison
What Acts in 1799 and 1800 made it illegal to form unions
Combination Acts
What Act in 1835 removed local council powers from oligarchies and allowed the local councils to take over local utilities such as sewage and water supply?
Municipal Corporations Act
What Act in 1823 made a failure to fulfil a contract of work punishable with prison?
Master and Servant Act
Where and when was the first railway line
1820s in Stockton and Dartington
What was the Railway Regulation Act and when did it happen?
1844 - strengthening state power over rail companies
What was the repeal of the Statue of Artificers and when did it happen?
Repealed in 1813 - since 1563 provided some wage and working condition regulations
What was the Banking Co-partisanship Act and when did it happen?
In 1826 and this repealed the 1720 Bubble Act limiting joint-stock banks
What happened when the corn laws were repealed and when?
1846 which removed the import restrictions on corn
What was the Banking Charter Act and when did it happen?
1844 - placed a cap of 20 years on the lifetime of new joint-stock banks
What act was repealed in 1813 that since 1563 provided some wage and working condition regulations
Statue of Artificers
What act in 1826 repealed the 1720 Bubble Act limiting joint-stock banks
Banking Co-partisanship Act
What act was repealed in 1846 which removed the import restrictions on corn
Corn laws
What act in 1844 placed a cap of 20 years on the lifetime of new joint-stock banks
Banking Carter Act
Which class gained the most and why during Industrialisation
Middle class - could work in white collar jobs like lawyers earning higher salaries and could afford better healthcare
What % did the middle class grow to between 1816 to 1831 and what number was the class at in 1831
75% and was at 214,000 in 1831
What was Richard Arkwright’s personal fortune?
£500,000
What did exploitation lead to?
A class consciousness
Who invented the threshing machine and when
1789 - Andrew Meikle
Theory that men and women had different roles
Separate spheres - did not apply to working class
(Courtauld Silk Mill case study) when was it built and where and by who?
. 1825
. Halstead, Essex
. Samuel Courtauld
(Courtauld Silk Mill case study) why were more women employed than men?
They were cheaper labour
(Courtauld Silk Mill case study) highest paid job and what did they earn?
Mill Manager - paid £1,000 per year and got 3% of profits
(Courtauld Silk Mill case study) lowest paid job and what did they earn?
Winders - 2s-4s for both men and women
(Courtauld Silk Mill case study) ratio of men to women
1:9 - a lot more women
What diseases spread quicker because of urbanisation
Influenza and cholera
When and where was the first cholera outbreak
1831 in Sunderland
Rent in back to back houses vs front houses
Back houses - 1s 10d
Front houses - 2s 6d
