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A-Level History: Britain 1785-1870 > Protest during 19th Century in industrial Britain > Flashcards

Protest during 19th Century in industrial Britain Flashcards

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1
Q

When were the Combination Acts passed?

A

1799/1800

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2
Q

In what year did the Luddite protest start?

A

1811

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3
Q

In what areas did the Luddite protests take place?

A

Nottingham, and the north of England

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4
Q

How did the government respond to the Luddite protest?

A

Brought in the Frame Breaking Act of 1812

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5
Q

What was the name of the mythical leader of the Luddites?

A

Ned Ludd

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6
Q

What was the motivation of the Luddites?

A

handloom workers whose jobs were being replaced by steam-powered looms

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7
Q

How long did the Luddite protest last?

A

6 Years

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8
Q

What extreme action happened a year after the Luddites began?

A

An outspoken anti-Luddite mill owner, William Horsfall was shot dead outside Huddersfield

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9
Q

When did the Swing Riots take place?

A

1830-1831

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10
Q

What was the difference between the Luddite and the Swing Riots?

A

Industrial versus agrarian protest

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11
Q

Give 5 reasons for the outbreak of the Swing Riots

A

Poor harvests in the late 1820s, introduction of the threshing machine, winter unemployment as a result of the new machine, poverty, hunger

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12
Q

Why did the Swing Riots shock the government? Give 4 reasons.

A

Because in times past agricultural workers were seen as docile and not liable to riot, they employed the same tactics as the industrial workers/Luddites, fear of revolution, landed gentry and their role in parliament

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13
Q

What action did the Swing rioters take?

A

threatening letters, signed Captain Swing, hayricks burned, intimidation, breaking of threshing machines

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14
Q

What is interesting about the reaction to the Swing rioters by local magistrates?

A

Often treated with leniency, only 19 executed, a degree of sympathy with the rioters from the local magistrates who tried them

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15
Q

Who started the 10 Hour Movement?

A

Richard Oastler and George Bull

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16
Q

Give 7 reasons why the 10 Hour Movement was successful?

A

. Religious conviction of the organisers
. Single issue politics
. Peaceful petitioning rather than violence
. Long working day e.g. up to 16 hours but often 10-12 hours
. Some mill owners saw the benefits of having a healthy workforce
. Whig MP John Hobhouse had tried to bring in a law in 1825 to limit a working day for children
. Oastler wrote a letter to the Leeds Mercury in 1830

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17
Q

Name the 2 Tories who took up the cause of the 10 Hour Movement?

A

Michael Sadler MP and Lord Ashley Peer

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18
Q

When did the Pentrich Rising take place?

A

1817

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19
Q

How did unemployed spinners and weavers in Manchester react to their poor situation in 1817?

A

Blanketeers arranged a march to London to take a petition to the Prince Regent.

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20
Q

How did the government respond to the wave of early 19th Century protest?

A

transportation, spies, extreme punishment, hanging

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21
Q

What were the 6 parts of the Six Acts?

A

speedy trials, increased penalties for seditious libel, stamp duty imposed on all magazines, public meetings limited, training of people to use firearms prohibited, magistrates given increased power to search properties

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22
Q

Why was the Suspension of Habeas Corpus an extreme move for the government?

A

Suspension of Habeas Corpus permits arrest without trial and imprisonment without charge

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23
Q

When was the Suspension of Habeas Corpus?

A

1817

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24
Q

What was the penalty for stealing a rabbit in the Game Laws of 1815?

A

Death/execution

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25
Q

How did the Napoleonic Wars contribute to the problems that working class people faced?

A

400,000 soldiers were demobbed and arrived back looking for work

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26
Q

What happened at the meeting at St Peter’s Fields in Manchester in 1819?

A

Sabre charge by yeomanry into the crowd killing 11 and injuring 400

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27
Q

What was the name of the radical speaker who spoke to the crowds at the event at St Peter’s Fields in Manchester in 1819?

A

Henry Hunt

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28
Q

What nickname was given to the Manchester event in 1819?

A

‘Peterloo’ Massacre

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29
Q

How did the government react to the Manchester event in 1819?

A

The government reacted harshly and brought in the Six Acts

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30
Q

When did the 10 Hour Movement eventually have success?

A

1847

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31
Q

When was the French Revolution?

A

1789

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32
Q

What did the French Revolution mark?

A

A period of radical political and societal change

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33
Q

What caused the French Revolution?

A

. Ideas of enlightenment
. High price of bread and food shortages
. Low wages
. Middle class not represented
. High tax

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34
Q

Reign of terror

A

Anyone who objected to revolution would be executed

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35
Q

What to the French Revolution put an end to?

A

The monarchy

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36
Q

What were the Napoleonic wars?

A

Series of the major conflicts with the French Empire vs Europe

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37
Q

What ended the Napoleonic wars?

A

Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo by Prussia + Britain

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38
Q

When were the Gordon Riots?

A

June 1780

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39
Q

What were the Gordon Riots?

A

Several days of rioting in London motivated by anti-Catholic sentiment

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40
Q

Why did the Gordon Riots begin?

A

Protest against Papist Act of 1778 which was intended to reduce official discrimination against British Catholics

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41
Q

What stopped the Gordon riots?

A

Government sent in army resulting in 300-700 death

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42
Q

What did the Gordon Riots do to Britain’s reputation

A

Destroyed it and constitutional monarch was seen as unstable

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43
Q

What is a Luddite?

A

A person opposed to new technology or ways of working

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44
Q

Who were the Luddite’s?

A

Secret oath based organisation of English textile workers

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45
Q

Why were the luddites protesting?

A

Against manufactures
Feared the time spent learning the skills of their craft would be wasted as machines replaced them

46
Q

How many £ worth of machines and factories did the luddites destroy?

A

£100,000

47
Q

Where was the Pentrich Rising?

A

Pentrich, Derbyshire

48
Q

What did the men expect in the Pentrich

A

They marched towards Nottingham expecting to be part of a national uprising to overthrow the government

49
Q

Why were people angry in the Pentrich Rising?

A

Anger and despair at the lack of work, lack of food and the indifference of the government and local authorities to their plight

50
Q

What factors lead to the Pentrich Rising?

A

. Corn laws
. Radical leaders
. French Revolution
. Poor harvests - bread proce
. Extravagant life of Prince Regent
. Suspension of Hague’s Corpus

51
Q

How were people tricked in the Pentrich Rising?

A

Spies working for the government invited the men to march to Nottingham where forces waited to arrest them

52
Q

What happened to the people in the Pentrich Rising?

A

. The leader and two others were hanged
. Others transported
. Some put in prison

53
Q

Why was the Pentrich uprising weak?

A

. Lightly armed with pikes, scythes and a few guns
. Unfocused revolutionary demands e.g. wiping out national debt

54
Q

When was the Blanketeers demonstration?

A

March 1817

55
Q

Where was the Blanketeer demonstration?

A

Manchester

56
Q

Who made up the Blanketeer demonstration?

A

5,000 weavers

57
Q

What was the intention for the Blanketeer demonstration?

A

. For the participants, mainly Lancashire weavers to march to London and petition the Prince Regent over the desperate state of the Lancashire textiles industry
. Protest against the suspension of the Habeus corpus Act

58
Q

How was the Blanketeer demonstration broken up?

A

Violently with its leaders imprisoned

59
Q

What did Blanketeer demonstration partly culminated?

A

The Peterloo Massacre

60
Q

What did protesters at the Blanketeer demonstration carry?

A

Blankets to sleep in and as a symbol of their trade

61
Q

How did the Swing Riots begin?

A

. Destruction of threshing machines in East Kent in the summer of 1830
. By December it had spread through the whole of Southern England

62
Q

Why were people in the Swing Riots angry?

A

. Angry at the tithe system
. Requiring payments to support the Anglican
. Poor Law guardians who abused their powers over the poor
. Low wages and mechanisation

63
Q

If captured what did the Swing Riot protesters face?

A

. Charges of arson, robbery, riot
. If convicted they face execution, imprisonment and transportation

64
Q

What was the aim of the Swing Rioters?

A

. To attain a living wage

65
Q

When were the Rebecca Riots?

A

1839 and 1843

66
Q

Where did the Rebecca Riots take place?

A

. Rural parts of west wales including Pembrokeshire

67
Q

Who took part in the Rebecca Riots in response to what?

A

Local farmers and agricultural workers in response to taxation

68
Q

What did the Rebecca Rioters do?

A

Often men, dressed as women, took their actions against tall gates which represented the taxes

69
Q

Why did the Rebecca Riots cease?

A

Due to increased troop levels and not wanting to use violence

70
Q

1844 act of parliament linking to Rebecca Riots?

A

Act to consolidate and amend the laws relating to turnpike trust in Wales was passed , rent reductions and toll rates were improves

71
Q

When was the first of the Rebecca Riots and what happened?

A

A group of Welsh farmers attacked a tall house

72
Q

Why was it called the Rebecca Riots?

A

The leader of the protest wore women’s clothes as a disguise and was called Rebecca - links to a Bible passage

73
Q

What happened to the ring leaders of the Rebecca Riot?

A

Sentenced to transportation

74
Q

Who was King from 1860-1820?

A

George III

75
Q

When was George III King?

A

1760-1820

76
Q

Who succeeded George III?

A

George IV but he had served as Prince Reagent since 1811

77
Q

When did George IV rule?

A

From 1820 to 1830

78
Q

What did the public think of the Prince reagent?

A

They disliked him

79
Q

What happened in 1815 and what followed in 1816?

A

. 1815 - poor
. 1816 - harsh winter

80
Q

What is period between 1815-1820 called?

A

Period of unrest

81
Q

What happened to the wheat prices during the Napoleonic wars?

A

They were high

82
Q

Wheat price during the Napoleonic War vs before

A

Wheat prices were over double the price during 1810-1815 than what they were before.

83
Q

What did the price of wheat fall to despite the corn laws and why?

A

Fall to 57 shillings a quarter from 102 shillings a quarter because too much wheat was being produced

84
Q

What did the over production of wheat mean?

A

Loss of jobs in rural areas like Kent

85
Q

When were the Game Laws passed?

A

1815

86
Q

What did the Game Laws do?

A

Harsh punishments for poaching e.g. the death penalty for the stealing rabbits

87
Q

How did the Manchester population grow?

A

Doubled from 135,000 in 1821 to 235,000 in 1841

88
Q

How many cotton mills where in in England in 1838 and how many were in Lancashire?

A

1600, 1200 in Lancashire

89
Q

What did the process of spinning in 1820 become?

A

Factory based

90
Q

1820 power looms vs hand looms

A

14,000 power loom in operation compared with 240,000 hand

91
Q

Hand loom weavers wages decline?

A

From 23 shillings/week in 1805 to 6 shillings/week in 1831

92
Q

How many loom weavers lost their jobs in 1825?

A

250,000

93
Q

Who was the first person to smash machines?

A

Ned Lud

94
Q

When did the Peterloo Massacre stop being peaceful?

A

When the military and yeomanry were brought in

95
Q

How many joined the Peterloo Massacre?

A

60-80,000

96
Q

How did crowds at the Peterloo Massacre disperse?

A

Forcibly dispersed by a sabre charge

97
Q

Who was the speaker at the Peterloo Massacre and what happened to him?

A

Henry Hunt and he was arrested

98
Q

What happened in 1819 regarding reform?

A

Momentum increased and across the country there were a series of four political rallies

99
Q

When and where was the Peterloo Massacre?

A

St Peter’s Fields in Manchester on the 16th August 1819

100
Q

What did the protesters at the Peterloo Massacre want?

A

The vote

101
Q

Who took part in the Peterloo Massacre?

A

Mostly the middle class dressed in their Sunday best

102
Q

When were the six acts passed?

A

December 1819

103
Q

How were the six acts passed?

A

By the Home Secretary in an authoritarian way

104
Q

What did the six acts split?

A

The movement in two, isolated the working class who had less to loose

105
Q

What did the Peterloo Massacre start out as?

A

Manchester radicals organised an open air meeting in St Peter’s Fields Manchester where Henry Hunt spoke about reform

106
Q

What did the Magistrates order for the Peterloo Massacre?

A

Ordered troops and the local yeomanry to stand by, they allowed the meeting to go ahead but got panicked and decided to stop it

107
Q

What did the Peterloo Massacre highlight about the government?

A

They were willing to use the same tactics against the British people that they had used against the French

108
Q

How was Luddism and the Swing Riots similar?

A

. Against new technology and reduced
. Community protests rather than individual
. Machines would take jobs
. Both broke machines and used threading letters
. Similar areas of Britains
. Violently suppressed by military
. Protesters faced execution, transportation and arrest

109
Q

Mythical figures in the Swing Riots and Luddism

A

. General Ludd
. Captain Swing
. Encouraged solidarity

110
Q

Differences between Luddism and the Swing Riots

A

. Luddism aimed at defending traditional skills, Swing were angry at tithe, poor law guardians, payments for Anglican and wanted a minimum wage
. Luddites used violence, Swing was more ordered
. Luddites against the factory system and attacked mills, Swing targeted machines hat denied them winter work

A-Level History: Britain 1785-1870 (19 decks)

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