Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-Level History: Britain 1785-1870 > Unionism and Cooperation > Flashcards

Unionism and Cooperation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a trade union?

A

A worker’s organisation which helps its members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 2 reasons why people join trade unions.

A

Wages, rights, pensions, benefits, solidarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did employers make employees sign in the 1820s and 1830s to stop them joining a trade union?

A

The Document

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did the Combination Acts stop?

A

Setting up a trade union

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When were the Combination Acts passed?

A

1799/1800

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which prime minister was in power when the Combination Acts were passed?

A

William Pitt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did the Friendly Societies Act of 1793 demand of Friendly Societies? Give 2 points.

A

Register with JP, rules, constitution, lodge documentation, updates, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which law was used against the Tollpuddle Martyrs?

A

Illegal oaths Act 1797

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What county is Tolpuddle in?

A

Dorset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When did the Tolpuddle Martyrs case occur?

A

1834

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many Tolpuddle Martyrs were there?

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who was the main Tolpuddle martyr?

A

George Loveless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why did the Tolpuddle Martyrs form a union?

A

Because they were being paid only 6 shillings a weeks when the average wage was 10.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In what year were the Combination Acts repealed?

A

1824

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happened to the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

Transported to Australia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When were the Tolpuddle Martyrs pardoned?

A

1836

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did the Amending Act of 1825 do?

A

Made is difficult to strike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When was the National Union of Cotton Spinners founded by John Doherty?

A

1829

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give 2 reasons why the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union failed in 1834.

A

The Document, Whig opposition, lack of support from 4 biggest unions, communications, funding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who founded the GNCTU?

A

Robert Owen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is capitalism?

A

Pursuit of profit from private ownership of business

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What was a ‘knobstick’?

A

Strike breaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the term ‘Laissez faire’ mean and to what does it refer?

A

Governments leaving things to sort themselves out in economic matters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a closed shop?

A

A workplace where everyone has to join a trade union

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the definition of an artisan?

A

A skilled worker/tradesman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which unions joined together in 1851 to form the Amalgamated Society of Engineers?

A

Old Mechanics, Steam Engine Makers’ Society and the General Smiths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name 2 characteristics of New Model Unionism?

A

Skilled workers, small unions joining together to create a large one, used negotiation rather than militancy, respect and moderation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What was the idea of an ‘aristocracy of labour’ as described by the Webbs?

A

The division of skilled/unskilled labour/hierachy of labour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why was the ASE successful where the GNCTU had failed? Give 3 reasons.

A

Leadership of William Allan, rigid admin system, paid general secretary, elected executive council, membership tax rather than voluntary contributions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What role did the ASE take in the London builders dispute and when was it?

A

1859-60, the London builders on strike wanting reduction to 9 hour day, ASE gave 3 donations of 1,000 to strike fund to give them the chance to hold out for 6 months and made the employers compromise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Co-operative movement

A

Organisation whose primary aim is to promote the welfare of its members by working together in pursuit of mutual progress rather than for big individual profit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Journeyman

A

A person who has completed an apprenticeship but not yet a master of his trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Trade societies

A

Had existed as early as the 17th century but were mostly concerned with protecting the skilled trades rather than all the working people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Social reasons for growth of trade unions

A

. Poor working conditions
. Workers gathered in one place - sense of purpose
. Growth of trade
. Natural progress that mirrored the growing powers of employers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why did the factory system expand?

A

Reluctance of the national government to interfere in the way entrepreneurs and business owners managed their business

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How did the government cause the growth of unions?

A

Allowed owners to do as they wished resulting in the exploitation of workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How did the free trade mentality cause the growth of unions?

A

Workers needed to protect themselves against workers who had a free hand setting wages and conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why were employers against trade unions?

A

. Costly
. Had to pay decent wages and provide good working conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Friendly society was a mutual association for the purposes of…

A

Insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

By 1803 how many of England’s population were a member of a friendly society?

A

8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

1823 Master and Servant Act

A

Government make it illegal to not fulfill a contract of work punishable by imprisonment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When was the Amending Act passed?

A

1825

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

1829 National Union of Cotton Spinners

A

Founded by John Doherty - first effective national union in a single trade gaining massive support but died out by 1834

44
Q

1830 National Association for the Protection of Labour

A

. Following the success of the NUCS, Doherty founded this union
. Had the support of 150 trade unions in the North and Midlands
. NUCS and NAPL died out by 1834 due to cash shortages and lack of co-ordination

45
Q

1833 Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

A

. Over 500,000 members within weeks of it setting up
. Very organised with a grand council
. Fees of 1 shilling/year
. The GNCTU had died by 1834 due to massive opposition from employers

46
Q

1834 Tolpuddle Martyrs - what did they do?

A

Set up a Friendly Union of Agricultural Workers in the village of Tolpuddle in Dorset

47
Q

Punishment of the Tolpuddle Martyrs

A

Sentence of 7 years transportation to Tasmania

48
Q

What happened to many unions after the Tolpuddle Martyrs

A

In the face of such a response from the government many trade unionists were put off and this led to the collapse of many national unions such as the GNCTU

49
Q

What did landowners want to stamp out?

A

Protests after the Swing Rebellion and French Revolution

50
Q

Who was the local landlord of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

James Frampton - he charged the martyrs

51
Q

What was the trial like of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

Unjust as the trial was only 2 days and all male landowning jury had reason to convict them

52
Q

When were the Tolpuddle Martyrs pardoned and who pardoned them and why?

A

1836 by Lord Russel as Home Secretary because 800,000 signed petitions and there were rallies around the country

53
Q

French Revolution and trade unions

A

Caused the government to become more against them

54
Q

What did the French Revolution cloud?

A

Rational thinking - thought wage disputes wre an attack on the government

55
Q

How were the combination acts executed?

A

Poorly with few individuals prosecuted because older measures such as the 1797 Unlawful Oaths Act carried a harsher sentence

56
Q

After what event were the combination acts ignored?

A

End of the Napoleonic wars

57
Q

What do the repeal of the combination acts show?

A

A more enlightened government

58
Q

Who were the more open minded and thoughtful MPS we what did they do?

A

Robert Peel and Jospeh Hume who was more sympathetic to the rights of the workers

59
Q

How much had GNP risen by since the last century and what did this mean?

A

16.8% - government could afford to be more sympathetic

60
Q

Between 1857 and 1875 how many persecutions where there in England and Wales?

A

10,000

61
Q

What problems were the unions trying to solve?

A

. Create a more forceful voice to seek protection
. More concentrated protection
. Achieve it a common aim
. Better working conditions and wages
. Lessen divide between worker + employee

62
Q

What were unions seen as an obstacle to?

A

Wealth creation

63
Q

Weaknesses of large unions

A

. Lack of coordination
. Opposition from employers
. Subscription fees went unpaid
. Increased use of the ‘document’

64
Q

Weakness of early unions

A

. Members arrested
. Lack of coordination
. Cash shortages
. Unable to establish property
. Unions before 1832 were illegal

65
Q

Why did government reactions soften in the 1820s towards unions?

A

. Fear of revolution
. More enlightened view
. More liberal attitude
. Economic prosperity

66
Q

Whereabouts did the government not soften regarding trade unions?

A

. Rural areas
. Workers had more of a personal direct relationship with their landowners unlike urban areas
. Threatened aristocracy in parliament

67
Q

How many branches did the Association of Weavers have in 1799 and where?

A

14 branches in Lancashire

68
Q

What did unions start to do after the war with France?

A

Rach out to each other to secure a greater hand with which to negotiate on their behalf

69
Q

When was there an effort to create a general union of unions

A

1818

70
Q

What were the first ‘Union of unions’?

A

. ‘Philanthropic Herculese’ in London
. ‘Philanthropic Society’ in Lancashire

71
Q

What happened to ‘Union of unions’ groups?

A

Efforts were short lived and ended after leaders were arrested due to strikes

72
Q

What were the problems which union formation tried to solve for the working class? (8 points)

A

. Exploitation
. Wages
. Working conditions
. Mechanisation
. No autonomy
. Conflicting interests between workers and owners
. Laissez faire
. War with France - rising food cost

73
Q

Why did population growth make strikes harder?

A

Replacement labour

74
Q

Out of 1 million supposed members how many pay fees?

A

16,000

75
Q

What had trade unions achieved in 1875?

A

Full legal recognition but mainly for skilled workers

76
Q

Who brought in the Criminal Law Amendment Act and when and what did it do?

A

1871 by Gladstone’s liberal government which made picketing illegal - strike ineffective

77
Q

1875 Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act

A

Made peaceful picketing legal

78
Q

1871 trade union act

A

Gladstone’s liberal government recognised unions as legal bodies with the right to strike and protect their funds

79
Q

What did the Royal Commission found in 1868-69?

A

Found in favour of trade unions, that they were not on the whole violent and their funds should be protected

80
Q

What did the success of the ASE force other unions to understand?

A

What made them successful, they realised localised unions were not the way forward so copied ASE’s national approach

81
Q

Who did the ASE form a relationship with?

A

The liberal party - first time unions and parties had a relationship

82
Q

What was formed in 1860?

A

London Trades Council

83
Q

What does ASE stand for?

A

Amalgamated Society of Engineers

84
Q

When was ASE established?

A

1851

85
Q

Why was the ASE established?

A

Due to growth in unskiled labour and in an attempt to protect the rights of sklled labourers.

86
Q

What was the positive of the ASE?

A

Gave the movement more of a sense of direction

87
Q

What was the negative of the ASE?

A

. Created a divide between the workers themselves (unskilled were left to fend for themselves)
. Created aristocracy of labour
. Lead to resentment amongst semi/unskilled towards the skilled

88
Q

Who was William Allen?

A

. ASE General Secretary
. In charge of day to day affairs at the union

89
Q

What did members of the ASE have to pay?

A

A strike level, members could afford this as they were better paid

90
Q

What was the ASE strike fund in 1852?

A

£12,000

91
Q

Why was ASE not attractive to smaller, less skilled unions?

A

. Did not have nationwide spread
. Lacked expertise of the ASE

92
Q

How many members did the TU movement have by 1874?

A

Over 1 million members

93
Q

ASE vs Grand National

A

ASE more organised

94
Q

London trades council

A

Formed in 1860 to represent the working people of London

95
Q

Samuel Nicholson

A

. President of the Manchester and Salford Trades Council
. Convening a general trades congress in June 1868
. Foundation of TUC

96
Q

Why was the TUC congress successful?

A

Skilled and unskilled unions out aside their differences

97
Q

Which court case effectively banned unions?

A

Hornby v Close 1867

98
Q

What did the TUC become after the second reform act?

A

Became more ambitious

99
Q

What role did unions adopt in 1969?

A

A more political role by creating a working man’s party

100
Q

Labour Representation League

A

Send working men to parliament

101
Q

New unions vs old unions

A

New unions were better financed, better organised, more respectable and national in scale

102
Q

1859 Molestation of Workmen Act

A

Gave rights to those who wanted to picket peacefully

103
Q

Why did the government need to listen to unions?

A

To stop unrest at home to maintain their empire

104
Q

What were governments prepared to do for unions?

A

Amend existing legislation rather than pass completely new laws and ultimately nothing changed of any significance

105
Q

When was the Trade Union Act passed and what did it do?

A

1871 - fully legalised trade unions

A-Level History: Britain 1785-1870 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions