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A-Level History: Britain 1785-1870 > Unionism and Cooperation > Flashcards

Unionism and Cooperation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a trade union?

A

A worker’s organisation which helps its members

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2
Q

Name 2 reasons why people join trade unions.

A

Wages, rights, pensions, benefits, solidarity

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3
Q

What did employers make employees sign in the 1820s and 1830s to stop them joining a trade union?

A

The Document

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4
Q

What did the Combination Acts stop?

A

Setting up a trade union

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5
Q

When were the Combination Acts passed?

A

1799/1800

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6
Q

Which prime minister was in power when the Combination Acts were passed?

A

William Pitt

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7
Q

What did the Friendly Societies Act of 1793 demand of Friendly Societies? Give 2 points.

A

Register with JP, rules, constitution, lodge documentation, updates, etc

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8
Q

Which law was used against the Tollpuddle Martyrs?

A

Illegal oaths Act 1797

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9
Q

What county is Tolpuddle in?

A

Dorset

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10
Q

When did the Tolpuddle Martyrs case occur?

A

1834

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11
Q

How many Tolpuddle Martyrs were there?

A

6

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12
Q

Who was the main Tolpuddle martyr?

A

George Loveless

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13
Q

Why did the Tolpuddle Martyrs form a union?

A

Because they were being paid only 6 shillings a weeks when the average wage was 10.

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14
Q

In what year were the Combination Acts repealed?

A

1824

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15
Q

What happened to the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

Transported to Australia

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16
Q

When were the Tolpuddle Martyrs pardoned?

A

1836

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17
Q

What did the Amending Act of 1825 do?

A

Made is difficult to strike

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18
Q

When was the National Union of Cotton Spinners founded by John Doherty?

A

1829

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19
Q

Give 2 reasons why the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union failed in 1834.

A

The Document, Whig opposition, lack of support from 4 biggest unions, communications, funding

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20
Q

Who founded the GNCTU?

A

Robert Owen

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21
Q

What is capitalism?

A

Pursuit of profit from private ownership of business

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22
Q

What was a ‘knobstick’?

A

Strike breaker

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23
Q

What does the term ‘Laissez faire’ mean and to what does it refer?

A

Governments leaving things to sort themselves out in economic matters

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24
Q

What is a closed shop?

A

A workplace where everyone has to join a trade union

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25
Q

What is the definition of an artisan?

A

A skilled worker/tradesman

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26
Q

Which unions joined together in 1851 to form the Amalgamated Society of Engineers?

A

Old Mechanics, Steam Engine Makers’ Society and the General Smiths

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27
Q

Name 2 characteristics of New Model Unionism?

A

Skilled workers, small unions joining together to create a large one, used negotiation rather than militancy, respect and moderation

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28
Q

What was the idea of an ‘aristocracy of labour’ as described by the Webbs?

A

The division of skilled/unskilled labour/hierachy of labour.

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29
Q

Why was the ASE successful where the GNCTU had failed? Give 3 reasons.

A

Leadership of William Allan, rigid admin system, paid general secretary, elected executive council, membership tax rather than voluntary contributions.

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30
Q

What role did the ASE take in the London builders dispute and when was it?

A

1859-60, the London builders on strike wanting reduction to 9 hour day, ASE gave 3 donations of 1,000 to strike fund to give them the chance to hold out for 6 months and made the employers compromise.

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31
Q

Co-operative movement

A

Organisation whose primary aim is to promote the welfare of its members by working together in pursuit of mutual progress rather than for big individual profit

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32
Q

Journeyman

A

A person who has completed an apprenticeship but not yet a master of his trade

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33
Q

Trade societies

A

Had existed as early as the 17th century but were mostly concerned with protecting the skilled trades rather than all the working people

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34
Q

Social reasons for growth of trade unions

A

. Poor working conditions
. Workers gathered in one place - sense of purpose
. Growth of trade
. Natural progress that mirrored the growing powers of employers

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35
Q

Why did the factory system expand?

A

Reluctance of the national government to interfere in the way entrepreneurs and business owners managed their business

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36
Q

How did the government cause the growth of unions?

A

Allowed owners to do as they wished resulting in the exploitation of workers

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37
Q

How did the free trade mentality cause the growth of unions?

A

Workers needed to protect themselves against workers who had a free hand setting wages and conditions

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38
Q

Why were employers against trade unions?

A

. Costly
. Had to pay decent wages and provide good working conditions

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39
Q

Friendly society was a mutual association for the purposes of…

A

Insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking

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40
Q

By 1803 how many of England’s population were a member of a friendly society?

A

8%

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41
Q

1823 Master and Servant Act

A

Government make it illegal to not fulfill a contract of work punishable by imprisonment

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42
Q

When was the Amending Act passed?

A

1825

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43
Q

1829 National Union of Cotton Spinners

A

Founded by John Doherty - first effective national union in a single trade gaining massive support but died out by 1834

44
Q

1830 National Association for the Protection of Labour

A

. Following the success of the NUCS, Doherty founded this union
. Had the support of 150 trade unions in the North and Midlands
. NUCS and NAPL died out by 1834 due to cash shortages and lack of co-ordination

45
Q

1833 Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

A

. Over 500,000 members within weeks of it setting up
. Very organised with a grand council
. Fees of 1 shilling/year
. The GNCTU had died by 1834 due to massive opposition from employers

46
Q

1834 Tolpuddle Martyrs - what did they do?

A

Set up a Friendly Union of Agricultural Workers in the village of Tolpuddle in Dorset

47
Q

Punishment of the Tolpuddle Martyrs

A

Sentence of 7 years transportation to Tasmania

48
Q

What happened to many unions after the Tolpuddle Martyrs

A

In the face of such a response from the government many trade unionists were put off and this led to the collapse of many national unions such as the GNCTU

49
Q

What did landowners want to stamp out?

A

Protests after the Swing Rebellion and French Revolution

50
Q

Who was the local landlord of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

James Frampton - he charged the martyrs

51
Q

What was the trial like of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

Unjust as the trial was only 2 days and all male landowning jury had reason to convict them

52
Q

When were the Tolpuddle Martyrs pardoned and who pardoned them and why?

A

1836 by Lord Russel as Home Secretary because 800,000 signed petitions and there were rallies around the country

53
Q

French Revolution and trade unions

A

Caused the government to become more against them

54
Q

What did the French Revolution cloud?

A

Rational thinking - thought wage disputes wre an attack on the government

55
Q

How were the combination acts executed?

A

Poorly with few individuals prosecuted because older measures such as the 1797 Unlawful Oaths Act carried a harsher sentence

56
Q

After what event were the combination acts ignored?

A

End of the Napoleonic wars

57
Q

What do the repeal of the combination acts show?

A

A more enlightened government

58
Q

Who were the more open minded and thoughtful MPS we what did they do?

A

Robert Peel and Jospeh Hume who was more sympathetic to the rights of the workers

59
Q

How much had GNP risen by since the last century and what did this mean?

A

16.8% - government could afford to be more sympathetic

60
Q

Between 1857 and 1875 how many persecutions where there in England and Wales?

A

10,000

61
Q

What problems were the unions trying to solve?

A

. Create a more forceful voice to seek protection
. More concentrated protection
. Achieve it a common aim
. Better working conditions and wages
. Lessen divide between worker + employee

62
Q

What were unions seen as an obstacle to?

A

Wealth creation

63
Q

Weaknesses of large unions

A

. Lack of coordination
. Opposition from employers
. Subscription fees went unpaid
. Increased use of the ‘document’

64
Q

Weakness of early unions

A

. Members arrested
. Lack of coordination
. Cash shortages
. Unable to establish property
. Unions before 1832 were illegal

65
Q

Why did government reactions soften in the 1820s towards unions?

A

. Fear of revolution
. More enlightened view
. More liberal attitude
. Economic prosperity

66
Q

Whereabouts did the government not soften regarding trade unions?

A

. Rural areas
. Workers had more of a personal direct relationship with their landowners unlike urban areas
. Threatened aristocracy in parliament

67
Q

How many branches did the Association of Weavers have in 1799 and where?

A

14 branches in Lancashire

68
Q

What did unions start to do after the war with France?

A

Rach out to each other to secure a greater hand with which to negotiate on their behalf

69
Q

When was there an effort to create a general union of unions

A

1818

70
Q

What were the first ‘Union of unions’?

A

. ‘Philanthropic Herculese’ in London
. ‘Philanthropic Society’ in Lancashire

71
Q

What happened to ‘Union of unions’ groups?

A

Efforts were short lived and ended after leaders were arrested due to strikes

72
Q

What were the problems which union formation tried to solve for the working class? (8 points)

A

. Exploitation
. Wages
. Working conditions
. Mechanisation
. No autonomy
. Conflicting interests between workers and owners
. Laissez faire
. War with France - rising food cost

73
Q

Why did population growth make strikes harder?

A

Replacement labour

74
Q

Out of 1 million supposed members how many pay fees?

A

16,000

75
Q

What had trade unions achieved in 1875?

A

Full legal recognition but mainly for skilled workers

76
Q

Who brought in the Criminal Law Amendment Act and when and what did it do?

A

1871 by Gladstone’s liberal government which made picketing illegal - strike ineffective

77
Q

1875 Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act

A

Made peaceful picketing legal

78
Q

1871 trade union act

A

Gladstone’s liberal government recognised unions as legal bodies with the right to strike and protect their funds

79
Q

What did the Royal Commission found in 1868-69?

A

Found in favour of trade unions, that they were not on the whole violent and their funds should be protected

80
Q

What did the success of the ASE force other unions to understand?

A

What made them successful, they realised localised unions were not the way forward so copied ASE’s national approach

81
Q

Who did the ASE form a relationship with?

A

The liberal party - first time unions and parties had a relationship

82
Q

What was formed in 1860?

A

London Trades Council

83
Q

What does ASE stand for?

A

Amalgamated Society of Engineers

84
Q

When was ASE established?

A

1851

85
Q

Why was the ASE established?

A

Due to growth in unskiled labour and in an attempt to protect the rights of sklled labourers.

86
Q

What was the positive of the ASE?

A

Gave the movement more of a sense of direction

87
Q

What was the negative of the ASE?

A

. Created a divide between the workers themselves (unskilled were left to fend for themselves)
. Created aristocracy of labour
. Lead to resentment amongst semi/unskilled towards the skilled

88
Q

Who was William Allen?

A

. ASE General Secretary
. In charge of day to day affairs at the union

89
Q

What did members of the ASE have to pay?

A

A strike level, members could afford this as they were better paid

90
Q

What was the ASE strike fund in 1852?

A

£12,000

91
Q

Why was ASE not attractive to smaller, less skilled unions?

A

. Did not have nationwide spread
. Lacked expertise of the ASE

92
Q

How many members did the TU movement have by 1874?

A

Over 1 million members

93
Q

ASE vs Grand National

A

ASE more organised

94
Q

London trades council

A

Formed in 1860 to represent the working people of London

95
Q

Samuel Nicholson

A

. President of the Manchester and Salford Trades Council
. Convening a general trades congress in June 1868
. Foundation of TUC

96
Q

Why was the TUC congress successful?

A

Skilled and unskilled unions out aside their differences

97
Q

Which court case effectively banned unions?

A

Hornby v Close 1867

98
Q

What did the TUC become after the second reform act?

A

Became more ambitious

99
Q

What role did unions adopt in 1969?

A

A more political role by creating a working man’s party

100
Q

Labour Representation League

A

Send working men to parliament

101
Q

New unions vs old unions

A

New unions were better financed, better organised, more respectable and national in scale

102
Q

1859 Molestation of Workmen Act

A

Gave rights to those who wanted to picket peacefully

103
Q

Why did the government need to listen to unions?

A

To stop unrest at home to maintain their empire

104
Q

What were governments prepared to do for unions?

A

Amend existing legislation rather than pass completely new laws and ultimately nothing changed of any significance

105
Q

When was the Trade Union Act passed and what did it do?

A

1871 - fully legalised trade unions

A-Level History: Britain 1785-1870 (19 decks)

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