Understanding The Self (SS021) Flashcards
is the study of human society, its development, structure, function, and social interaction
Sociology
In contemporary literature, is commonly defined by the following characteristics: “separate, self-contained, independent, consistent, unitary, and private.
Self
Characteristics of the self
Separate
Self-contained
Independent
Consistent
Unitary
Private
Social constructivists argue that the self has to be seen as something that is in ___ ___ with external reality and is ___ in its dealings with society
constant struggle, flexible
The self is ___ __ ___ with ___ ___ and its identity is subjected to influences here and there.
always in participation, social life
An American Sociologist
George Herber Mead
Father of American pragmatism
George Herber Mead
Mead ___ the idea of ___ ___ __ __ ___
rejected, biological determination of the self
What are the two components of the self
I , ME
The reaction of the individual to the attitude of others, as well as the manifestation of the individuality of the person
I
The characteristics, behavior, and actions done by a person that follows the “generalized others
ME
Mead’s Three Role Playing Stage of Self-Development
The preparatory stage (birth - 2 years old) , The play stage (2 - 6 years old), The game stage (6 - 9 years old)
During this stage the infant simply imitates the actions and behaviors of the people that the infant interacts with.
The preparatory stage (birth - 2 years old)
The time when children begin to interact with other with which certain rules apply
The play stage (2- 6 years old)
Rules that are set by the children themselves.
The play stage (2- 6 years old)
Ability of the children to recognize the rules of the game and be able to identify their roles and the roles of the others that are playing with them.
The game stage (6 - 9 years old)
The final stage of self-development
The game stage (6 - 9 years old)
Studies the human species and its immediate ancestor and the systematic exploration of human biology and cultural diversity.
Anthropology
___influences the development of the self through ___
Culture, Enculturation
4 Subdisciplines of Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology, Archeological Anthropology, Biological or Physical Anthropology. Linguistic Anthropology
The study of human society and culture which describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.
Cultural Anthropology
___ requires fieldwork to collect data, often ___ and ___ to the group.
Ethnography, Descriptive, Specific
___ uses data collected by a series of research, usually ___ and ___
Ethnology, Synthetic, Comparative
This reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains.
Archeological Anthropology
It focuses on human evolution as revealed by the fossil, human genetics, human growth and development, human biological plasticity, and biology.
Biological or Physical Anthropology
It studies language in its social and cultural context across space and over time.
Linguistic Anthropology
refers to customary behavior and beliefs that are passed on through enculturation (Kottak, 2008).
Culture
Is the social process by which culture is learned and transmitted
Enculturation
Is a social process that is learned and passed from one generation to the next.
Culture
He elaborated that the human body is not essential for anthropological study
Csordas (1999)
The body is not an __ to be studied in relation to culture but is to be considered as the __ of culture
Object, Subject
He described culture as “a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life“
Geerts (1973)
The study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking and inquiries that involve answering questions regarding the nature and existence of man and the world we live in
Philosophy
Philosophy is derived from the ___ words: ___ - ___ and ___ - ___
Greek, Philos, Love, Sophos, Wisdom
Considered the first martyr of education, knowledge, and philosophy
Socrates
Plato was his student
Socrates
His philosophy underlies the importance of “Knowing oneself”
Socrates
According to Socrates what is man’s goal in life
To obtain happiness
He believe that the only way for us to understand ourselves is through internal questioning or introspection
Socrates
One of the most renowned thinker of his time
Plato
The father of the academy
Plato
A student of Socrates
Plato
He followed his teacher and the idea of knowing thyself through his works
Plato
Believed in the division of a person’s body and soul
Plato
Plato’s 3 parts of the soul
Appetitive Soul, Spirited Soul, Rational Soul
The part of the person that is driven by desire and need to satisfy oneself.
Appetitive Soul
Satisfaction involves physical needs, pleasure, and desires
Appetitive Soul
The part of the soul can be attributed to the courageous part of a person
Spirited Soul
One who wants to do something or to right the wrongs that they observe
Spirited Soul
The part of the soul that is the driver of our lives
Rational Soul
The part that thinks and plans for the future “the conscious mind”
Rational Soul
A Saint and a Philosopher of the church
St. Augustine
His work’s focal point is how God and his teachings affect various aspects of life
St. Augustine
His idea of a man and how to understand who we are as a person is related to our understanding of who we are and how we question ourselves
St. Augustine
He believes that our notion of ourselves and our idea of existence comes from a higher form of sense in which bodily senses may not perceive or understand
St. Augustine
A French Philosopher; the Father of Modern Philosophy
Rene Descartes
His belief in modern dualism or the existence of body and mind and its implication to one’s existence
Rene Descartes
Continuous process of questioning what we perceive and accepting the fact that doubting and asking questions is a part of one’s existence
Methodical Doubt
A person is comprised of mind and body
Rene Descartes
“Cogito Ergo Sum”
I think Therefore I am
“I think therefore I am”
“Cogito Ergo Sum”
An English Philosopher and Physician
John Locke
The Father of Classical Liberalism
John Locke
His work on the self is most represented by the concept “Tabula Rasa,” which means a Blank Slate.
John Locke
He believed that the experiences and perceptions of a person are essential in the establishment of who that person can become.
John Locke
He stated that a person is born knowing nothing
John Locke
A Scottish Philosopher
David Hume
He focused his work in the field of Empiricism, Skepticism, and Naturalism
David Hume
David Hume focused his work in the field of ___, ___, ___
Empiricism, Skepticism, Naturalism
According to him, there is no permanent “self”
David Hume
According to him, impressions of things are based on our experiences
David Hume
He has a behavioristic approach to self
Gilbert Ryle
His notion of dualism is that the behavior that we show, emotions, and actions are the reflection of our mind and as such the manifestation of who we are
Gilbert Ryle
He does not believe that the mind and body are two separate entities
Gilbert Ryle
The man is a complex machine with different functioning parts, intelligence, and other characteristics; the ghost in the said machine represents the behavior of man
Ghost in the machine view
A French philosopher; known for his works on existentialism and phenomenology
Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty
Maurice Jean is known for his works on ___ and ___
Existentialism, Phenomenology
His idea of the self: regarded that the body and mind are the same
Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty
The idea of gestalt ideation where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts pushed his idea on the unity of the function of the mind and body
Phenomenology of Perception
Phenomenology of Perception
The Body, The Perceived World, The People and the World
Both receive the experience as well as integrate such experiences in the different perception
The Body
Which are the accumulation of the perception as integrated by the experiences of the body
The Perceived World
Enable one to not only be able to integrate the other objects in the world but also to be able to experience the cultural aspect and relate to others
The People and the World
An Austrian Psychologist, and Physician
Sigmund Freud
Father of psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Known for his work on human nature and the unconscious.
Sigmund Freud
he believed that man has different constructs of personality that interact with each other and, along with his concept of the different levels of consciousness
Sigmund Freud
Freud’s Aspects of Personality
ID, SUPEREGO, EGO
The center of primitive and animalistic impulses
ID
Its attention is on the satisfaction of one’s needs
ID
Pleasure principle
ID
The conscience of one’s personality; right or wrong
SUPEREGO
Has the inclination to uphold justice and do what is morally right and socially acceptable
SUPEREGO
Moral Principle
SUPEREGO
Operates between the boundaries of reality
EGO
The mediator of ID and SUPEREGO
EGO
Reality principle
EGO
He believed that we are a by-product of our experiences in the past. And that our actions are driven by the idea of resisting or avoiding pain and are molded from our need for pleasure or happiness.
Sigmund Freud
Levels of Consciousness
Conscious, Pre-conscious, Unconscious
These are the things we are aware of
Conscious
The minority of our memories are being stored and are easier to tap or access
Conscious
These are the things we could pay conscious attention to if we so desired
Pre-conscious
Memories stored in this area can still be accessed but with little difficulty
Pre-conscious
Consists of those things that are outside of conscious awareness including many memories and thoughts of which we are not aware
Unconscious
Psychology is derived from the Greek words: __ - ___, ___, ___-___
Psyche, Mind, Soul, Logos, To study
A scientific study of the mind and behavior
Psychology
A science that studies in understanding a person and provides various ways of helping people understand themselves.
Psychology
A reference by an individual to the same individual person
Self
One of the earliest psychologists to study the self
William James
Conceptualized the self as having two aspects
William James
The self-thought or the self-knower
I-Self
Subjective self: Describing oneself using once own perspective
I-Self
The experienced self or the self as known
Me-Self
Objective self: The self that you can describe through physical or psychological qualities
Me-Self
What are the three subcategories of the Self
The Material Self, The Social Self, The Spiritual Self
Constituted by our bodies, clothes, immediate family, and home
The Material Self
Based on our interactions with society and the reaction of people towards us
The Social Self
Varies as to how we present ourselves to a particular social group
The Social Self
The most intimate because it is more satisfying for the person that they have the ability to argue and discriminate one’s moral sensibility, conscience and indomitable will
The Spiritual Self
An American psychologist who came up with his conception of self through the intervention he used for his client, the client-centered therapy
Carl Rogers
He believes that people must be fully honest with themselves in order to have personal discovery on oneself.
Carl Rogers
-Self-worth
-How the person sees self and how others see them
The Perceived Self
-Self-image
-How the person really is; your self-concept
The Real Self
The self who you would like to be
The Ideal Self
Rooted from early infancy is called the simple being.
True Self
The sense of self based on spontaneous authentic experience and feeling of being alive, having “real self”.
True Self
Our defense facade
Fake Self
Overlaying or contradicting the original sense of self
Fake Self
We might build a false set of relationships by concealing a barren emptiness behind an independent-seeming façade.
Fake Self
An ego psychologist who developed one of the most popular and influential theories of development.
Erik Erikson
His theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development.
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial Development Stages
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
Focus on oneself and personal dualities
Western
Egoistic culture
Western
Acquisition of material things
Western
Obsessed with being successful
Western
Subscribe to the idea of evolution
Western
Western Thought of the Self
-Self is a social construct
-Self is intimately connected to bodily experience
-Self takes form in communication
Focus on others and the feelings of others
Eastern
Collectivistic culture
Less assets (less is more)
Eastern
More inclined towards a long life
Subscribe to the idea of reincarnation
Eastern
Eastern Thought of the Self
Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Hinduism
Following the moral ways that consist of virtues to promote harmony of the society.
Confucianism
Having the belief that we are part of the same ever-changing universe and breaking the attachments of the self with the world to attain the state of Nirvana.
Buddhism
Living in the way of the Tao or the universe; the ideal self is selflessness living a balanced life with society and nature
Taoism
Attaining liberation in the identification of the spiritual essence of all human beings and the spiritual essence of the universe
Hinduism
Recognition of shared identity,
An inner self shared with others
The Concept of KAPWA
-Individualistic
-Duality
-Talks about personal attributes
-Values competition
Western
-Collectivistic
-Consider other people as part of themselves
-Talks about their social roles
-Values cooperation
Eastern
People are autonomous and independent from their in-groups
Individualism
Give priority to the personal goals of their groups
Individualism
Behave on the basis of attitudes rather than norms
Individualism
Interdependent within their in-groups
Collectivism
Give priority to the goals of their in-groups
Collectivism
In-groups primarily shape their behavior
Collectivism
Behave in a communal way
Collectivism
Concerned with maintaining relationships with others
Collectivism
