Receptive Communication Skills (ENG023) Flashcards
Is the physiological process
Hearing
The process of interpreting the sound having it associated with affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes.
Listening
It is a Valuable Skill
Listening
The most important part of effective communication
Listening
It affects and causes Team Morale Productivity
Conflicts and Misunderstanding
and Negative Environment
Poor Listening Skills
Anxiety one feels about listening
Listening Apprehension
Result of fear in misinterpreting the message conveyed
Listening Apprehension
What are the 8 Barriers to Listening
Silence as agreement, Externa pressures, Lack of know-how, Individual make-up, Time and space, Emotions, Cultural differences, Passive Listening
One decides to quietly agree and not voice out his/her ideas.
Silence as agreement
Pertains to the overwhelming demands of the environment.
External Pressures
If one person lacks the know-how of things, basically it would most likely lead to miscommunication.
Lack of Know-how
A person’s background may also contribute in affecting active listening as one might create prejudice or bias.
Individual make-up
The setting of the communication may also affect listening as certain uncontrollable factors may hinder the transmission of message.
Time and place
When one person allows emotions to take over, listening to the party may not transpire only to result into conflict.
Emotions
May also inhibit one person from listening since there is an obvious disparity between parties.
Cultural Differences
The habitual and unconscious process of receiving messages.
Passive Listening
Attend only to certain parts of a the message and assume the rest.
Passive Listening
Is more than just hearing
Listening
___ is only one step; the crucial part is comprehending what was heard.
Hearing
Three steps of listening process
Receiving, Attending and Assigning Meaning
Listeners receive the aural stimuli or the combined aural and visual stimuli presented by the speaker.
Receiving
Listeners focus on important stimuli while ignoring other, distracting stimuli.
Attending
Listeners comprehend the speaker’s message.
Assigning meaning
He also introduces a similar concept in the process
Rost
Rost’s processing phases
Decoding, Comprehension, and Interpretation
Involves attention, speech perception, word recognition, and grammatical parsing
Decoding
Includes activation of prior knowledge, representing propositions in short-term memory, and logical inference
Comprehension
Encompasses comparison of meanings with prior expectations, activating participation frames, and evaluation of discourse meanings
Interpretation
According to them, people actually use different types of listening
Wolvin and Coakley (1995)
Wolvin and Coakley’s four listening purposes
Discriminative listening to distinguish sounds, Aesthetic listening for enjoyment, Efferent listening to learn information, Critical listening to evaluate information
4 types of phenoremic awareness
Blending, Segmenting, Savoring word play, Noticing verbal and nonverbal cues
Ability to combine sounds and eventually make words
Blending
Ability to chunk the sounds and make meaning to these sounds
Segmenting
When you try to play with the words and revisiting your mental lexicon for words related to what you are hearing
Savoring word play
Fillers like ‘ahm’ ‘okay’ or gestures also provide a listener hints to what the message is.
Noticing verbal and nonverbal cues
listening for enjoyment
Aesthetic Listening
Listening to learn information
Efferent Listening
Listening to evaluate information
Critical Listening
This is developed when you were young
Phonemic awareness
To blend and segment sounds
Phonemic awareness
This type of listening focuses on big ideas
Efferent Listening
Employ specific strategies in order to use strategies that help them recognize these ideas and organize them so they are easier to remember.
Efferent Listening
You put into order your understanding
Organizing
You identify the salient points from the message
Recognizing big ideas
You ask yourself for clarifications and have them cleared
Questioning
You create a gist of the entire message for easy recall
Summarizing
2 Active listening strategies
Attending and Remembering
Process of intentionally perceiving and focusing on a message
Attending
Simple strategies to improve attending strategy
Get physically ready to listen, Resist mental distractions, Hear the person out
Means that you as the listener eliminate anything that could potentially distract you from listening, your cell phones, gadgets, social media, TV, and more.
Get physically ready to listen.
Always have control of what is in your mind.
Resist mental distractions.
At times, attending is not observed when we already have biases toward a person.
Hear the person out.
Being able to retain and recall information later
Remembering
Prevents us from recalling what we have heard, we engage in passive listening, we practice selective listening and remember only what supports our position, and we fall victim to the primacy–recency effect
Listening anxiety
Three techniques to develop remembering strategy
Repeat the Information, Construct mnemonics, Take notes
It is a powerful tool for increasing recall during lectures, business meetings, and briefing sessions.
Take notes
Use for enjoyment or pleasure
Aesthetic Listening
Does not require too much mental effort rather than more on the affective domain.
Aesthetic Listening
This kind of listening allows you to practice certain strategies while actually enjoying.
Aesthetic Listening
Listeners focus on the feelings their conversational partners may have about what they are saying
People-oriented
Four techniques employed in Understanding:
Identifying the main point, Ask questions, Paraphrase, Empathize
Ask yourself what the speaker is trying to say
Identifying the main point
Do this when you don’t understand the context of the conversation
Ask questions
Putting the message in your own words in order to better decipher the thought.
Paraphrase
You put yourself in someone else’s shoes.
Empathize
This is when you use your knowledge of the person you are talking in order to understand his/her point.
Perspective Taking
Is feeling concern, compassion, or sorrow for another’s situation.
Sympathetic Responsiveness
We translate our intellectual understanding of what the speaker has experienced into feelings of concern, compassion, and sorrow for that person
Sympathetic Responsiveness
Is an extension of efferent listening.
Critical Listening
You need to organize ideas, ask questions, recognize the big ideas, and summarize the presentation so that you can evaluate the message
Critical Listening
Four strategies in critical listening
Determining the author’s viewpoint, Identifying persuasive techniques, Evaluating, Drawing conclusions
It gives you a better grasp as to how you would process the message.
Determining the author’s viewpoint
This is when you examine how the message is conveyed and what purpose do the sender of the message aims to accomplish.
Identifying persuasive techniques
This is when you associate your ideas with someone else’s and put a value judgment on the idea being processed by you
Evaluating
This part is when you reach an end as you fully process the information.
Drawing conclusions
Two listening styles in critical listening
Content-oriented and Action-oriented
Listeners focus on and evaluate the facts and evidence.
Content-oriented
Listeners appreciate details and enjoy processing complex messages that may include a good deal of technical information.
Content-oriented
Likely to ask questions to get even more information.
Content-oriented
Listeners focus on the ultimate point the speaker is trying to make.
Action-oriented
Listeners tend to get frustrated when ideas are disorganized and when people ramble.
Action-oriented
Often anticipate what the speaker is going to say and may even finish the speaker’s sentence for them.
Action-oriented
An active listening strategy we can connect with critical listening is ___
Evaluating
Process that involves the scrutiny of information.
Evaluating
It is done to validate the authenticity of the message.
Evaluating
Evaluating techniques
Separation of facts from inferences, Probe for information
As a critical listener, you must allow yourself to quench your thirst for knowledge and ask further questions to the proponent or speaker in order to authenticate your curiosity.
Probe for information
Your opinion may be valid on your end, but it does not stand true to all.
Separation of facts from inferences
Why listen in English?
Reason 1: Language Models, Reason 2: Expanding Knowledge, Reason 3: Transfer to Reading
Serve as a foundation in understanding the exchange of information in English as learners may acquire language patterns
Language Models
They can associate their personal experiences with what they have learned and make them meaningful or simply they have widened their knowledge of things.
Expanding Knowledge
Effective listening depends on expectations and predictions about the content, language, and genre that the listener brings to the text.
Transfer to Reading
Is anything but a passive activity.
Listening comprehension
Different types of Propaganda Devices
Glittering Generality, Testimonial, Card Stacking, Bandwagon, Rewards, Name Calling
This is when they generalize and box a product or item to a term or catchphrase as a form of branding.
Glittering Generality
Advertisers associate a product with an athlete or movie star.
Testimonial
Propagandists often use only items that favor one side of an issue; unfavorable facts are ignored.
Card Stacking
Advertisers claim that everyone is using their product.
Bandwagon
This is done by telling the target audience that everyone uses it.
Bandwagon
Propagandists offer rewards for buying their products.
Rewards
Persuaders try to pin a bad label on someone or something they want listeners to dislike
Name Calling
Active Listening Skill Set by Michael Hoppe
Pay Attention, Holding Judgement, Reflect, Clarify, Summarize, Share
You have to __ to your frame of mind, body language, and the person you are talking to
Pay attention
You allow yourself to have an open mind
Holding Judgement
Always allow yourself to see beyond what is said.
Reflect
Double-check on any issue that is ambiguous or unclear.
Clarify
Helps people see their key themes, and it confirms and solidifies your grasp of their points of view.
Summarizing
You are an active participant in the conversation.
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