MODULE 1 Risk Management Flashcards
Is the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.
Risk management
Is the state of being “safe” (from French sauf), the condition of being protected from harm or other non-desirable outcomes.
Safety
Can also refer to the control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level of risk.
Safety
Beneficiaries of ___ may be persons and social groups, objects and institutions, ecosystems, and any other entity or phenomenon vulnerable to unwanted change by its environment.
Security
A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon, or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation.
Hazard
Refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.
Sanitation
Is a scientific discipline describing the handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness.
Food Safety
The occurrence of two or more cases of a familiar illness resulting from ingesting a common food is known as a ___
Food-borne disease outbreak
UNWTO identifies risks to the safety and security of visitors, host communities, and tourism employees from four sources:
-The human and Institutional Environment
-Tourism and Related Sectors
-Individual Travelers
-Physical and Environmental Risks
-Identify the dangers brought by food-borne illness to individual, establishment, community and economic cost
-Identify the type of people who are at risk for food-borne illness
-Learn valuable insights on the burden of food-borne diseases in the global world
-List and describe current trends in food safety.
Reasons why food safety matters
Caused by consuming contaminated food and beverages
Food Borne-Illness
Most ___ diseases are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Harmful bacteria cause others.
Food-borne
People at risk for food borne-illness
-Young children
-Elderly
-Pregnant women
-People with weak immune system
A system of assessing possible failure modes in designing, manufacturing, distributing, and preparing a food product that could lead to consumer illness or injury and establishing the controls to prevent failures.
HACCP- HAZARD ANALYSIS CRITICAL CONTROL POINT
A set of international standards on quality management and quality assurance was developed to help companies effectively document the quality system elements to be implemented to maintain an efficient quality system.
ISO - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ORGANIZATION
Global Trends and Future Food Safety:
-HACCP- HAZARD ANALYSIS CRITICAL CONTROL POINT
-ISO - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ORGANIZATION
May occur when harmful substances such as dirt, microorganisms, or harmful chemicals accidentally or deliberately come in contact with food. These may cause sickness or injury.
Contamination
Simple mistakes or negligence may result in ___, such as storing food incorrectly and handling food without washing hands.
Contamination
Major Food Contaminants
-Biological Contaminants
-Chemical Contaminants
-Physical Contaminants
Caused by harmful microorganisms, called “pathogens”, some may produce toxins that can cause illness.
Biological Contaminants
-Time-temperature abuse
-Cross-contamination
-Poor personal hygiene
Biological Contaminants
Chemicals have a wide range of important uses in food manufacturing and food businesses. Some foods have naturally occurring chemicals
Chemical Contaminants
If the food workers and handlers do not know how to handle chemicals, this may result in great danger. Food may be contaminated through ignorance or carelessness.
Chemical Contaminants
May happen at any stage in the food service flow, either by accident or deliberately done by staff or a customer.
Physical Contaminants
These are the foods that require time and temperature control to a safe level to limit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms that may cause food intoxication
Potentially Hazardous Foods
Examples of potentially hazardous foods:
-Raw meats
-Seafoods
-Dairy products
Recognizes that certain foods are keepable to bacterial growth and contamination if not maintained at specific temperature ranges.
Temperature Control Principle
Hot foods must stay hot (___ 140°F and cold foods must stay cold ___ 140°F)
Above, Below
When foods are held between ___ and ___°F, bacteria can grow rapidly to levels that can cause you or your guests to get sick.
40, 140
The possibility of something bad happening
Risk
Noun: a situation involving exposure to danger. / Verb: expose (someone or something valued) to danger, harm, or loss.
Risk
(Exposure to) the possibility of loss, injury, or other adverse or unwelcome circumstances; a chance or situation involving such a possibility
Risk
Is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard.
Risk
It involves uncertainty about the effects/implications of activity concerning something humans value, often focusing on negative, undesirable consequences.
Risk
The earliest use of the word “RISK” was as a synonym for the much older word hazard,” meaning a potential source of harm.
“SOURCE OF HARM”
“Source of Harm” definition comes from ___ and was the main definition in the OED 1st (1914) and 2nd (1989) editions.
Blount’s “Glossographia”
Was the main definition in the OED 1st (1914) and 2nd (1989) editions.
“SOURCE OF HARM”
Modern equivalents refer to “unwanted events” or “something bad that might happen.”
“SOURCE OF HARM”
“Chance of Harm” definition comes from _______ (1755)
Johnson’s “Dictionary of the English Language”
This has been widely paraphrased, including “possibility of loss” or “probability of unwanted events.”
“CHANCE OF HARM”
This definition comes from ______ (1901).
Uncertainity about loss
Willett’s “Economic Theory of Risk and Insurance”
This links “risk” to “uncertainty,” which is a broader term than chance or probability.
“UNCERTAINTY ABOUT LOSS”
This definition comes from _____ (1921).
Measurable Uncertainity
Knight’s “Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit”
It allows “risk” to be used equally for positive and negative outcomes. In Insurance, risk involves situations with unknown outcomes but known probability distributions.
“MEASURABLE UNCERTAINTY”
Equivalence between risk and variance of return was first identified in ____ (1952). In finance, volatility of return is often equated to risk.
VOLATILITY OF RETURN
Markovitz’s “Portfolio Selection”
The expected value of the loss was used by ___ (1939) to define risk in what is now known as decision theory.
Statistically expected loss
Wald
The expected value of the loss was used by Wald (1939) to define risk in what is now known as decision theory.
“STATISTICALLY EXPECTED LOSS”
The probability of an event multiplied by its magnitude was proposed as a definition of risk for the planning of Delta Works in 1953, a flood protection program in the Netherlands. It was adopted by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (1975) and remains widely used.
“STATISTICALLY EXPECTED LOSS”
The probability of an event multiplied by its magnitude was proposed as a definition of risk for the planning of Delta Works in 1953, a flood protection program in the Netherlands. It was adopted by the _____ (1975) and remains widely used.
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission
The “triplet” definition of risk as “scenarios, probabilities, and consequences” was proposed by Kaplan & Garrick (1981).
“LIKELIHOOD AND SEVERITY OF EVENTS”
The “triplet” definition of risk as “scenarios, probabilities, and consequences” was proposed by _____ & ______ (1981).
Kaplan & Garrick
Many definitions refer to the likelihood /probability of events/ effects/ losses of different severity/ consequence, e.g., ISO Guide 73 Note 4.
“LIKELIHOOD AND SEVERITY OF EVENTS”
This was proposed by Kaplan & Garrick (1981). This definition is preferred in Bayesian analysis, which sees risk as the combination of events and uncertainties about them.
“CONSEQUENCES AND ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTY”
This was proposed by ___ & ____ (1981). This definition is preferred in Bayesian analysis, which sees risk as the combination of events and uncertainties about them.
“CONSEQUENCES AND
ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTY”
Kaplan & Garrick
This definition was adopted by the Association for Project Management (1997). With slight rewording, it became the definition in ISO Guide 73.
“UNCERTAINTY EVENTS AFFECTING OBJECTIVES”
This definition was adopted by the ______(1997). With slight rewording, it became the definition in ISO Guide 73.
“UNCERTAINTY EVENTS AFFECTING
OBJECTIVES”
Association for Project Management
This definition was adopted by the UK Cabinet Office (2002) to encourage innovation to improve public services.
“UNCERTAINTY OF OUTCOME”
This definition was adopted by the ____ (2002) to encourage innovation to improve public services.
UNCERTAINITY OF OUTCOME
UK Cabinet Office
It allowed “risk” to describe either “positive opportunity or negative threat of actions and events.”
“UNCERTAINTY OF OUTCOME”
This definition comes from the Threat Analysis Group (2010) in the context of computer security.
“ASSET, THREAT, AND VULNERABILITY”
This definition comes from the _____ (2010) in the context of computer security.
ASSET, THREAT, AND VULNERABILITY
Threat Analysis Group
This definition comes from Cline (2015) in the context of adventure education.
“HUMAN INTERACTION WITH UNCERTAINTY”
This definition comes from ___ (2015) in the context of adventure education.
Cline
Is the likelihood of quantifiable loss, damage, injury, liability, or any other negative outcome resulting from internal or external exposure, which can be mitigated through preventive action.
Risk
8 Types of Risk:
-Dynamic Risk
-Static Risk
-Fundamental Risk
-Particular Risk
-Subjective Risk
-Objective Risk
-Financial Risk
-Non-financial Risk
Also known as speculative risk, it is a situation wherein there is a possibility of both profit or loss.
Dynamic Risk
A situation in which the probability of profit is nil, and there is the only possibility of loss or no loss, is called pure risk or ___
Static Risk
The type of risk which affects a large group of people or the economy as a whole, such as natural calamities or inflation.
Fundamental Risk
The risk that adversely affects individuals, not the whole economy, e.g. accident, theft, etc.
Particular Risk
Refers to the risk that depends on an individual’s mental state at a particular time.
Subjective Risk
The relative difference of actual loss from the anticipated loss is called ____ ____
Objective Risk
The risk whose result can be measured in monetary terms.
Financial Risk
It is one, whose measurement in monetary terms is not possible.
Non-financial Risk
It is a potential source of harm.
Hazard
Substances, events, or circumstances can constitute hazards when their nature would allow them, even just theoretically, to cause damage to health, life, property, or any other interest of value.
Hazard
Noun: a danger or risk. / Verb: put (something) at risk of being lost.
Hazard
Is a potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person or persons
Hazard
It is a process, phenomenon, or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation.
Hazard
They may be natural, anthropogenic, or socio-natural in origin.
Hazard
6 Categories of Hazards:
-Biological
-Chemical
-Physical
-Safety
-Ergonomic
-Psychosocial
These hazards includes viruses, bacteria, insects, animals, etc., that can cause adverse health impacts.
Biological Hazard
For example, mold, blood, and other bodily fluids, harmful plants, sewage, dust, and vermin.
Biological Hazard
Sample of Biological Hazard
- Blood-borne diseases, including HIV, hepatitis B and C, and malaria
-Bacteria, Mounds and Fungi
-Flour, Milk Powder or Grain Dust
-Other Organic Dust
-Exposure to Animals and Vegetation
These hazards are hazardous substances that can cause harm.
Chemical Hazard
It can result in both health and physical impacts, such as skin irritation, respiratory system irritation, blindness, corrosion, and explosions.
Chemical hazard
Sample of Chemical Hazard
-Cleaning Chemicals
-Hair Dye, Shampoos, Conditioners, and Henna Products
-Nail Glue, Nail Polish Remover, Primers, and Artificial Nails, etc.
-Welding Fumes
These hazards are environmental factors that can harm an employee without necessarily touching them, including heights, noise, radiation, and pressure.
Physical Hazard
Sample of Physical Hazard
-Electricity
-Fires
-Confined Spaces
-Extreme Temperatures
These are hazards that create unsafe working conditions.
Safety Hazard
For example, exposed wires or a damaged carpet might result in a tripping hazard.
Safety Hazard
These are sometimes included under the category of physical hazards.
Safety Hazard
Sample of Safety Hazard
-Trailing Power Cords, Loose or Frayed Carpets and Rugs, Spills, Ice, etc.
-Unguarded Machinery
-Frayed and Faulty Cords, Wiring or Cables
These are a result of physical factors that can result in musculoskeletal injuries.
Ergonomic Hazard
For example, a poor workstation set up in an office, poor posture, and manual handling.
Ergonomic Hazard
Sample of Ergonomic Hazard
-Manual Handling
-Use of Display Screen Equipment
-Vibration
These hazards include those that can hurt an employee’s mental health or wellbeing.
Psychosocial Hazards
For example, sexual harassment, victimization, stress, and workplace violence.
Psychosocial Hazards
Sample of Psychosocial Hazard
-Health Impacts
-Harassment
-Workplace Aggression and Abuse
