Ultra handout 2 Flashcards
Sub-approaches of Communicative Approach
- Content-based Approach
- Participatory Approach
- Task-based Approach
- Whole Language Approach
Uses material relevant to a subject matter
Content-based Approach
Uses materials relevant to student’s lives
Participatory Approach
Uses materials to complete an academic task
Task-based Approach
All 3 approaches have been embedded
Whole Language Approach
Krashen argues that acquisition is a more important process of constructing the system of a language than learning because fluency in L2 performance is due to what we have acquired, not what we have learned.
The Acquisition Learning Hypothesis
3 Types of Users in the Monitor Hypothesis
- Over-users
-Under-users
-Optimal-users
- who feel they must know the rule for everything
- do not trust entirely their feel for grammaticality in the L2
- They use the monitor all the time.
Over-users
- entirely dependent on what they can pick up on the second language
- learners prefer not to use their conscious knowledge
Under-users
- performers who use learning as a real supplement to acquisition, monitoring
Optimal-users
The acquisition of grammatical structures follows a natural order which is predictable
The Natural Order Hypothesis
The learner improves and progresses along the natural order when she receives a second language input that is one step beyond her current stage of linguistic competence. (I + 1)
The Input Hypothesis
Krashen claims that learners with high motivation, self-confidence, a good self-image, and a low level of anxiety are better equipped for success in second language acquisition
The Affective Filter Hypothesis
1 — ING (progressive)
— plural
— copula (linking verb)
2 — auxiliary
— article
3 — irregular past
4 — regular past
— 3rd person singular (-s)
— possessive (-s)
The Natural Order Hypothesis (Stephen Krashen)
- automaticity
- meaningful learning
- anticipation reward
- intrinsic motivation
- strategic investment
Cognitive Principles
Acquiring language subsconciously
Automaticity
Leads towards better retention than rote learning
Meaningful Learning
Most powerful factor in directing one’s behavior
Anticipation of Reward
Most powerful rewards are those intrinsically motivating
Intrinsic Motivation
Employ a multiplicity of strategies for sending and receiving language
Strategic Investment
- Behavioristic Orientation
- Rational-cognitive Orientation
- Humanistic Orientation
The Components of Curriculum
- educational-psychological stimulus response view about human language learning
Behavioristic Orientation
Associated with the cognitive-code approach to language learning
Rational-cognitive Orientation
Closely associated with the communicative view of language
Humanistic Orientation
