Ultra Handout - 1 Flashcards by Elisha Ompad

This refers to the prosodic features of speech. (Stress, Pitch, Tone/Intonation, Juncture)

Suprasegmental Features

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Word or syllable being emphasize

Stress

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Emphasizing a single word — identifies the main subject being spoken about

ex. ENGLISH Teacher (from England)
English TEACHER (teacher who teaches English)

Word Stress

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Clarifies rather than identifies a subject

Ex. PREsent (n) preSENT (v)

Syllable stress

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Highness/Lowness of Voice

Pitch

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How the voice rises/falls in a statement

Tone/Intonation

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Wh-questions

who are you?

Falling intonation

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Yes-no questions

Are you here?

Rising Intonation

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Uncertain and may add more; request

May I have this coffee please?

Fall/Rise Intonation

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One sound and the sound that immediately precede and follow it. (Signaling Pause)

ex. I scream — Ice cream

Juncture

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When sounds are reduced instead of removed

ex. maintain — maintenance

Vowel Reduction

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The process of flapping changes a stop to a flap

Flapping

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This occurs whenever the initial CV syllable in a multisyllabic word is repeated.

ex. Okey-dokey

Reduplication

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A change in stress can change noun to verb

ex. Présent (noun) — preSENT (verb)

Superfixation

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Pertains to all syntactic words (inflected words) from the same lexeme (base word).

ex. take, takes, took, taken, taking

Paradigm

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A type of language with a morpheme per word ratio close to one no inflectional morphology whatsoever. (single morpheme)

Isolating Morphology

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A wholly different morpheme is used to replace and show grammatical contrast with another morpheme.

ex. Go — Went

Suppletion

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A change in vowel quality to mark grammatical contrasts

ex. Man — Men

Ablaut

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A half word, half affix

ex. He’ll

Cliticization

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A repeated morpheme

ex. Itsy - bitsy

Reduplication

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Compounds are those that denote a subtype of the head

ex. Oil can — type of can

Endocentric

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Compounds are those that denote a semantic category different from the head.

ex. walkman — not a type of man but a type of machine

Exocentric

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to modify the wrong part of the sentence — we cannot be certain what part of the sentence the writer intended to modify

ex. The man left his dog with the top hat and pipe. (Confusing)

Misplaced Modifier

Correct: The man with the top hat and pipe left his dog.

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an ambiguous modifier (commonly an adverb) that appears to qualify the words both before and after it

ex. Instructors who cancel classes RARELY are reprimanded.

Squinting Modifier

correct: Instructors who cancel classes are rarely reprimanded.

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Does not sensibly modify anything in its sentence. (Does not modify anything) ex. With a sigh of disappointment, the expensive dress was returned to the rack. (Confusing)

Dangling Modifier Correct: With a sigh of disappointment, she returned the expensive dress to the rack.

Part of a sentence that is left out to avoid repetition; OMISSION ex. Birds can fly and I, too. — can fly has been removed.

Ellipsis

Using another word to avoid redundancy; Substitution ex. My friends have love life and SO DO I.

Pro-form

Verb Moods

- Declarative/ Indicative - Interrogative - Imperative - Subjunctive - Exclamatory

Telling someone something

Declarative or Indicative (telling)

Asking someone something

Interrogative (asking)

Getting someone to do something

Imperative (command)

uncertain hypothetical (wishful), counterfactual wish, were, could

Subjunctive (wish)

Exclamation sentence type

Exclamatory

The subject is the doer of the action. ex. He ruined his trust.

Active Voice

The subject received the action of the sentence. ex. Pedestrians are not permitted beyond this point.

Passive Voice

Same sound; can be same or different spelling ex. Pear (fruit) Pair (couple)

Homonymy

Same sound; different spelling ex. Which (to select) Witch (a sorceress)

Homophone

Same spelling: same or different sound ex. Lie (untruth) Lie (lie down)

Homograph

Same spelling; different sound ex. Does (an act) Does (plural of doe, a female deer)

Heteronymy

No inherent relation between the words of a language and their meanings

Language is Arbitrary

Language is a set of conventional communicative signals used by humans for communication in a community

Language is Social

All languages have their system of arrangements.

Language is systematic

Language is primarily made up of vocal sounds only produced by a physiological articulatory mechanism in the body

Language is Vocal

Language is the outcome of evolution and convention.

Language is non-instinctive, Conventional

The structural elements of human language can be combined to produce new utterances.

Language is productive and creative

Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts

- Representative - Directive - Question - Commissive - Expressive - Declaration

An utterance used to describe some STATE OF AFFAIRS. (stating) ex. Javier plays golf.

Representative

An utterance used to try to get the HEARER TO DO SOMETHING (ordering) ex. Shut the door

Directive

An utterance used to get the headed PROVIDE INFORMATION ex. Who won the 2008 presidential election?

Question

An utterance used to express the speaker's EMOTIONAL STATE ex. I'm sorry for calling you a dweeb.

Expressive

An utterance used to CHANGE THE STATUS of some entity. (appointing) ex. You're hired.

Declaration

Felicity Conditions

- Preparatory Conditions - Sincerity Conditions - Essential Conditions - Propositional Content Conditions

The status or authority of the speaker to perform the speech act

Preparatory Conditions

Requires that the speaker is sincere in uttering the declaration

Sincerity Condition

Requires that involved parties all intend the result — obligation to non-obligation

Essential Conditions

Requires the participants to understand language, not to act like actors or to lie permanently

Propositional Content Conditions

Verbals

- Gerund - Participle - infinitive

Acts as nouns — ends in ING ex. LISTENING to classical music is my favorite activity.

Gerund

Acts as an adjective — ends in ING or participle form ex. The DANCING queen is my friend.

Participle

Most versatile as it could be used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs To + base form (ex. To sing) TO TOP the exam is my goal.

Infinitive

A quoted/reported statement — what someone has said, but does not use the person's actual word.

Indirect Speech

A punctuation mark that is used for possessive cases. ex. A shopper's delight

Apostrophe (')

To begin an enumeration or a statement ex. Here is the bad news: the joke was on me.

Colon (:)

To connect words, ideas, etc. ex. The country's rice shortage is at an alarming rate, much faster than projected.

Comma (,)

For emphasis and time lapse ex. I felt the need — the need to stop being looked down again.

Dash (—)

To mark an unfinished statement from an excerpt. ex. .... and all I need is time.

Ellipsis (....)

Put an end to a statement ex. Thank you.

Period (.)

To connect phrases, clauses, sentences, etc. (for longer group of words) ex. I will strive to top the exam; the stakes are high.

Semi-Colon (;)

To indicate interjection ex. I topped the LET!

Exclamatory Point (!)

The amount of a language that an individual possesses. (Individual language)

Idiolect

Variety of language which is used in a certain geographical area.

Dialect

A variety of language used by people in the same socio-cultural position

Sociolect

Used in ethnic group

Ethnolect

Taxonomy of Word Discourse

- Denotation - Connotation - Idiom - Collocation - Archaic - Slang - Jargon - Faulty

The dictionary meaning a word. ex. Raketeer

Denotation

The figurative or emotional association of a word.

Connotation

Words that have special meaning which are different from its actual meaning ex. Red Letter Day; sticks and stones

Idiom

Words that need to be paired/partnered together ex. Doing the dishes, making a bed, saving time

Collocation

Words that were once widely used, but are no longer part of the English language ex. Thy, thine, thou, Prithee for please

Archaic (extinct)

A language variety used in situations of extreme informality; usually with rebellious undertone ex. Hook up, goofed

Slang

Specialize terms used by group with shared specialized interests such as in a certain profession ex. Andragogy for education C++ for IT

Jargon

An incorrect or nonstandard word ex. Irregardless for regardless

Faulty

Language Variation

- Bilingualism - Code Switching - Diglossia

Knowledge of two languages

Bilingualism

The ability to change from one variant (language) to another

Code Switching

Two distinct varieties of a language co-occur in a speech community — high social prestige with a low social prestige

Disglossia

Human beings are born with all the knowledge that they will eventually have as adults.

Nativism (Mentalism) by Noam Chomsky

An imaginary black box existing somewhere in the brain — universal to all human languages

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Every child learns language on a similar schedule in spite of different environments

Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)

A child is born with no linguistic knowledge, and that all linguistic ability is somehow learned throughout life by making associations among events in the environment.

Empiricism(Behaviorism) B.F Skinner

This position views that language develops as a result of the interplay between the innate learning ability of children and the environment in which they develop.

Interactionism