Ultra Handout - 1 Flashcards
This refers to the prosodic features of speech. (Stress, Pitch, Tone/Intonation, Juncture)
Suprasegmental Features
Word or syllable being emphasize
Stress
Emphasizing a single word — identifies the main subject being spoken about
ex. ENGLISH Teacher (from England)
English TEACHER (teacher who teaches English)
Word Stress
Clarifies rather than identifies a subject
Ex. PREsent (n) preSENT (v)
Syllable stress
Highness/Lowness of Voice
Pitch
How the voice rises/falls in a statement
Tone/Intonation
Wh-questions
who are you?
Falling intonation
Yes-no questions
Are you here?
Rising Intonation
Uncertain and may add more; request
May I have this coffee please?
Fall/Rise Intonation
One sound and the sound that immediately precede and follow it. (Signaling Pause)
ex. I scream — Ice cream
Juncture
When sounds are reduced instead of removed
ex. maintain — maintenance
Vowel Reduction
The process of flapping changes a stop to a flap
Flapping
This occurs whenever the initial CV syllable in a multisyllabic word is repeated.
ex. Okey-dokey
Reduplication
A change in stress can change noun to verb
ex. Présent (noun) — preSENT (verb)
Superfixation
Pertains to all syntactic words (inflected words) from the same lexeme (base word).
ex. take, takes, took, taken, taking
Paradigm
A type of language with a morpheme per word ratio close to one no inflectional morphology whatsoever. (single morpheme)
Isolating Morphology
A wholly different morpheme is used to replace and show grammatical contrast with another morpheme.
ex. Go — Went
Suppletion
A change in vowel quality to mark grammatical contrasts
ex. Man — Men
Ablaut
A half word, half affix
ex. He’ll
Cliticization
A repeated morpheme
ex. Itsy - bitsy
Reduplication
Compounds are those that denote a subtype of the head
ex. Oil can — type of can
Endocentric
Compounds are those that denote a semantic category different from the head.
ex. walkman — not a type of man but a type of machine
Exocentric
to modify the wrong part of the sentence — we cannot be certain what part of the sentence the writer intended to modify
ex. The man left his dog with the top hat and pipe. (Confusing)
Misplaced Modifier
Correct: The man with the top hat and pipe left his dog.
an ambiguous modifier (commonly an adverb) that appears to qualify the words both before and after it
ex. Instructors who cancel classes RARELY are reprimanded.
Squinting Modifier
correct: Instructors who cancel classes are rarely reprimanded.
Does not sensibly modify anything in its sentence. (Does not modify anything)
ex. With a sigh of disappointment, the expensive dress was returned to the rack. (Confusing)
Dangling Modifier
Correct: With a sigh of disappointment, she returned the expensive dress to the rack.
Part of a sentence that is left out to avoid repetition; OMISSION
ex. Birds can fly and I, too. — can fly has been removed.
Ellipsis
Using another word to avoid redundancy; Substitution
ex. My friends have love life and SO DO I.
Pro-form
Verb Moods
- Declarative/ Indicative
- Interrogative
- Imperative
- Subjunctive
- Exclamatory
Telling someone something
Declarative or Indicative (telling)
Asking someone something
Interrogative (asking)
Getting someone to do something
Imperative (command)
uncertain hypothetical (wishful), counterfactual
wish, were, could
Subjunctive (wish)
Exclamation sentence type
Exclamatory
The subject is the doer of the action.
ex. He ruined his trust.
Active Voice
The subject received the action of the sentence.
ex. Pedestrians are not permitted beyond this point.
Passive Voice
Same sound; can be same or different spelling
ex. Pear (fruit) Pair (couple)
Homonymy
Same sound; different spelling
ex. Which (to select) Witch (a sorceress)
Homophone
Same spelling: same or different sound
ex. Lie (untruth) Lie (lie down)
Homograph
Same spelling; different sound
ex. Does (an act) Does (plural of doe, a female deer)
Heteronymy
No inherent relation between the words of a language and their meanings
Language is Arbitrary
Language is a set of conventional communicative signals used by humans for communication in a community
Language is Social
All languages have their system of arrangements.
Language is systematic
Language is primarily made up of vocal sounds only produced by a physiological articulatory mechanism in the body
Language is Vocal
Language is the outcome of evolution and convention.
Language is non-instinctive, Conventional
The structural elements of human language can be combined to produce new utterances.
Language is productive and creative
Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts
- Representative
- Directive
- Question
- Commissive
- Expressive
- Declaration
An utterance used to describe some STATE OF AFFAIRS. (stating)
ex. Javier plays golf.
Representative
An utterance used to try to get the HEARER TO DO SOMETHING (ordering)
ex. Shut the door
Directive
An utterance used to get the headed PROVIDE INFORMATION
ex. Who won the 2008 presidential election?
Question
An utterance used to express the speaker’s EMOTIONAL STATE
ex. I’m sorry for calling you a dweeb.
Expressive
An utterance used to CHANGE THE STATUS of some entity. (appointing)
ex. You’re hired.
Declaration
Felicity Conditions
- Preparatory Conditions
- Sincerity Conditions
- Essential Conditions
- Propositional Content Conditions
The status or authority of the speaker to perform the speech act
Preparatory Conditions
Requires that the speaker is sincere in uttering the declaration
Sincerity Condition
Requires that involved parties all intend the result — obligation to non-obligation
Essential Conditions
Requires the participants to understand language, not to act like actors or to lie permanently
Propositional Content Conditions
Verbals
- Gerund
- Participle
- infinitive
Acts as nouns — ends in ING
ex. LISTENING to classical music is my favorite activity.
Gerund
Acts as an adjective — ends in ING or participle form
ex. The DANCING queen is my friend.
Participle
Most versatile as it could be used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs
To + base form (ex. To sing)
TO TOP the exam is my goal.
Infinitive
A quoted/reported statement — what someone has said, but does not use the person’s actual word.
Indirect Speech
A punctuation mark that is used for possessive cases.
ex. A shopper’s delight
Apostrophe (‘)
To begin an enumeration or a statement
ex. Here is the bad news: the joke was on me.
Colon (:)
To connect words, ideas, etc.
ex. The country’s rice shortage is at an alarming rate, much faster than projected.
Comma (,)
For emphasis and time lapse
ex. I felt the need — the need to stop being looked down again.
Dash (—)
To mark an unfinished statement from an excerpt.
ex. …. and all I need is time.
Ellipsis (….)
Put an end to a statement
ex. Thank you.
Period (.)
To connect phrases, clauses, sentences, etc. (for longer group of words)
ex. I will strive to top the exam; the stakes are high.
Semi-Colon (;)
To indicate interjection
ex. I topped the LET!
Exclamatory Point (!)
The amount of a language that an individual possesses. (Individual language)
Idiolect
Variety of language which is used in a certain geographical area.
Dialect
A variety of language used by people in the same socio-cultural position
Sociolect
Used in ethnic group
Ethnolect
Taxonomy of Word Discourse
- Denotation
- Connotation
- Idiom
- Collocation
- Archaic
- Slang
- Jargon
- Faulty
The dictionary meaning a word.
ex. Raketeer
Denotation
The figurative or emotional association of a word.
Connotation
Words that have special meaning which are different from its actual meaning
ex. Red Letter Day; sticks and stones
Idiom
Words that need to be paired/partnered together
ex. Doing the dishes, making a bed, saving time
Collocation
Words that were once widely used, but are no longer part of the English language
ex. Thy, thine, thou,
Prithee for please
Archaic (extinct)
A language variety used in situations of extreme informality; usually with rebellious undertone
ex. Hook up, goofed
Slang
Specialize terms used by group with shared specialized interests such as in a certain profession
ex. Andragogy for education
C++ for IT
Jargon
An incorrect or nonstandard word
ex. Irregardless for regardless
Faulty
Language Variation
- Bilingualism
- Code Switching
- Diglossia
Knowledge of two languages
Bilingualism
The ability to change from one variant (language) to another
Code Switching
Two distinct varieties of a language co-occur in a speech community — high social prestige with a low social prestige
Disglossia
Human beings are born with all the knowledge that they will eventually have as adults.
Nativism (Mentalism) by Noam Chomsky
An imaginary black box existing somewhere in the brain — universal to all human languages
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Every child learns language on a similar schedule in spite of different environments
Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)
A child is born with no linguistic knowledge, and that all linguistic ability is somehow learned throughout life by making associations among events in the environment.
Empiricism(Behaviorism) B.F Skinner
This position views that language develops as a result of the interplay between the innate learning ability of children and the environment in which they develop.
Interactionism
