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English Majorship > Linguistics (Handouts) > Flashcards

Linguistics (Handouts) Flashcards

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1
Q

The scientific study of language

A

Linguistics

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2
Q

The science of human speech sound

A

Phonetics

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3
Q

Three Categories of Sounds

A
  • phoneme
  • phone
  • allophone
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4
Q

abstract minimal sound unit of a particular language

A

Phoneme

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5
Q

words that are almost identical except for one sound in the same position (one phonemic difference)

A

Minimal Pair Technique

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6
Q

Examines the articulatory (vocal) organs and their role in the production of speech sounds

A

Articulatory Phonetics (production)

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7
Q

Deals with the physical properties of speech sounds as they travel through the air in the worm of sound waves

A

Acoustic Phonetics (transmission)

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8
Q

Human beings perceive speech sounds through the medium of the ear

A

Auditory phonetics (perception)

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9
Q

Main Tasks of Phonetics

A
  • Notation
  • Description
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10
Q

The system of transcription symbols

A

Notation (transcribing words)

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11
Q

the description (characterization) of speech sounds

A

Description

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12
Q

Where to find the vocal tract?

A

Larynx

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13
Q

Produced by shaping the oral cavity to give the sound a particular color or timbre

A

Vowel

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14
Q

All vowel sounds are voiced.

A

True

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15
Q

Vocal chords are vibrated

A

Voiced

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16
Q

Three Types of Vowels

A
  • Monophthong
  • Diphthong
  • Triphthong
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17
Q

A single vowel sounds like (i , e , u)

A

Monopthong

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18
Q

A complex two-vowel sounds like (aI, aU, oy)

A

Diphthong

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19
Q

A three-vowel sound that glides together (diphthong+monophthong)

A

Triphthong

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20
Q

Produced with partial restrictions of the vocal tract — can be voiced or vouceless

A

Consonant

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21
Q

Vocal cords are not vibrated

A

Voiceless

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22
Q

Place of Articulation

A
  • Bilabial
  • Labiodental
  • Interdental
  • Alveolar
  • Palatal
  • Velar
  • Glottal
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23
Q

[p] [b] [m] [w] — what place of articulation?

A

Bilabial (lips)

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24
Q

[f] [v] what place of articulation?

A

Labiodental (lower lip & upper teeth)

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25
Q

[θ- think] [ð-the] what place of articulation?

A

Interdental (tongue and upper teeth)

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26
Q

[t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r] what place of articulation?

A

Alveolar (tongue & alveolar ridge)

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27
Q

[ʃ-sh] [ʒ- j] [⁠tʃ⁠-ch] [dʒ-zh] [j-ye] what place of articulation?

A

Palatal (tongue and palatal)

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28
Q

[k] [g] [ŋ- ng] what place of articulation?

A

Velar (tongue & velum)

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29
Q

[ʔ] [h] what place of articulation?

A

Glottal (glottis)

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30
Q

Manner of Articulation

A
  • Plosive/Stop
  • Fricative
  • Affricate
  • Nasal
  • Liquids
  • Glides
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31
Q

(p) (b) (t) (d) (ʃ- sh) (ʒ-j) (k) (g) (ʔ) what manner of articulation?

A

Plosive/Stop

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32
Q

(f) (v) (θ-think) (ð-the) (s) (z) (h)

A

Fricative (impeded not blocked — creates friction)

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33
Q

(tʃ⁠-ch) (d͡ʒ-zh) what manner of articulation?

A

Affricate (blocked then released)

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34
Q

(m) (n) (ŋ) what manner of articulation?

A

Nasal (through the nose)

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35
Q

(l) (r)

A

Liquids (some obstruction; not fricative)

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36
Q

w) (j) what manner of articulation?

A

Glides (always followed by vowel; not found in the end)

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37
Q

The study of the sound system of language

A

Phonology

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38
Q

A phonological unit consisting of one sound

A

Syllable

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39
Q

Consonants or consonants blends before the Rime (vowel and consonant)

A

Onset ex. DOG — Dog

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40
Q

Consists of a nucleus and the consonant following it

A

Rime/Rhyme

Ex. DOG — dOG

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41
Q

usually a vowel

A

Nucleus

ex. DOG — dOg

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42
Q

any consonant following a Rime/Rhyme

A

Coda

ex. DOG — doG

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43
Q

Rime is always there — onset cannot exist

A

True

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44
Q

Onset and Rime is per syllable.

A

True

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45
Q

2 sounds are heard

A

Blend

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46
Q

One sound is heard

A

Diagraph

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47
Q

A hissing sound (most are fricative)

A

Sibilant

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48
Q

aspirated or unaspirated words are called

A

Allophones

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49
Q

Has air when you utter the word

A

Aspirated ex. Pin

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50
Q

No air when you utter the word

A

Unaspirated ex. Spin

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51
Q

bushES /ez/ — what phonological conditioning?

A

Sibilant

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52
Q

catS /s/ — what phonological conditioning?

A

Voiceless

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53
Q

dogS /z/ — what phonological conditioning?

A

Voiced

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54
Q

Sound becoming more like another nearby sound

A

Assimilation

Ex. Input — imput

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55
Q

Two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms

A

Dissimilation

Ex. (modular — modulal)

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56
Q

Dropping sounds because it’s identical

A

Haplology

ex. governor — govenor

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57
Q

removes a weak segment

A

Deletion

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58
Q

Types of Morphophonemic Process

A
  • Assimilation
  • Dissimilation
  • Deletion
  • Insertion
  • Metathesis
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59
Q

Types of Deletion

A
  • Aphaeresis
  • Syncope
  • Aposcope
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60
Q

Aphaeresis - first
Syncope - middle
Aposcope - last

A

Ex.
Aphaeresis — know-how
Syncope — handbag-hanbag
Aposcope — Lacoste-Lacos

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61
Q

Inserts a syllable or a non-syllabic segment within an existing string of segment

A

Insertion

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62
Q

Types of insertion

A
  • Prothesis
  • Epenthesis
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63
Q

Prothesis - first
Epenthesis - middle

A

ex. P — star-estar
E — hamster-hampster

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64
Q

Reorders or reverses a sequence of segments

A

Metathesis

Ex. Ask-aks

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65
Q

The study of word formation.

A

Morphology

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66
Q

The smallest meaningful units of language

A

Morphemes

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67
Q

Basic unit of the word — root word — base form

A

Lexeme

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68
Q

Physical realizations of morphemes

A

Morphs

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69
Q

Have a sense in and of themselves (Content Words) — Noun, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs

A

Lexical Morpheme

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70
Q

Can stand alone as words ex. talk, in, sing

A

Free Morphemes

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71
Q

No sense in themselves — Function words (Prepositions, Articles, Conjunctions)

A

Grammatical Morphemes

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72
Q

Cannot stand alone as words; Affixes
ex. Inflections, derivational, zero, empty

A

Bound Morphemes

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73
Q

Types of Bound Morphemes

A

Inflectional & Derivational Morphemes

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74
Q
  • All are in the form of suffixes
  • 8 inflectional affixes
  • not affect category
A

Inflectional Morphemes

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75
Q

Can be prefix or suffix — infinite number — can change syntactic category

ex. Pre-Board, national

A

Derivational Morphemes

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76
Q

8 inflections in English

A
  • Noun(2) [s, ‘s]
  • Modifiers(2) [er, est]
  • Verbs(4) [s, ed, en, ing]
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77
Q

Morphemes NOT physically present in the word

Ex. Sheep (still plural)

A

Null/Zero Morpheme

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78
Q

Present in form but NO actual meaning

ex. factUal

A

Empty Morpheme

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79
Q

The extension of a morpheme from one syntactic category to another (functional shift)

ex. chair (N) — chair (V)

A

Category Extension

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80
Q

Changing the syntactic category by adding something (new word, same lexeme)

Ex. beauty (N) — beautiful (Adj)

A

Derivation

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81
Q

By removing what is mistaken for an affix; change in syntactic form

teacher (N) — teach (V)

A

Back Formation (Reversal)

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82
Q

A shortened form of preexisting morpheme; No change in syntactic form

ex. Brassiere (N) — bra (N)

A

Clipped Form (shortening)

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83
Q

Creating a new word by combining two Free morphemes

ex. break+fast = breakfast

A

Compounding

84
Q

Towel rack; coffee cup

A

Ope Compounding

85
Q

everywhere; greenshouse

A

Closed Compounding

86
Q

Twenty-one

A

Hyphenated Compounding

87
Q

A part of two preexisting forms

ex. smoke + fog = smog

A

Blending (Portmanteau)

88
Q

A brand-new word based on no preexisting morpheme

ex. Xerox; Kodak, Kleenex, dumpster

A

Root Creation (Coinage)

89
Q

Forms a word from a proper name

ex. Hamburger from Hamburg City

A

Proper Name (Eponymy)

90
Q

forms a word by substituting a common native form for an exotic form with a similar pronunciation

ex. cucuracha (Spanish) — cockroach

A

Folk Etymology (Borrowing)

91
Q

Formed from the first letters of each word in a phrase — you can read it

ex. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)

A

Acronym

92
Q

You can’t read the letters.

ex. DPWH

A

Initialism

93
Q

Formed from the name of the first letters of the prominent syllables of a word

ex. Television — TV

A

Abbreviation

94
Q

Misspelling and wrong pronunciation

ex. radio pronounced as radiator

A

Graphophonology

95
Q

The study of sentence structure and phrases

A

Syntax

96
Q

Phrase structure rules

A

Left to right ordering

97
Q

Does not express a complete thought — can be realized by a single word

A group of words that does not include a subject and verb

A

Phrase

98
Q

A group of words that may contain a subject and a predicate — used as a part of a sentence

A

Clause

99
Q

Constituents which may consist of more than one word called phrases

A

Sentence

100
Q

It must contain a noun — preceded by a determiner, an adjective phrase, or both — followed by a prepositional phrase

A

Noun Phrase

ex. The very honest man in the room

101
Q

What are the functions of a noun?

A
  • Subject
  • Vocative
  • Direct Object
  • Indirect Object
  • Subject Noun Predicate
  • Object Noun Predicate
  • Object of the Preposition
  • Appositive
102
Q

The one being talked about in the sentence — located before the verb

ex. JAKE followed his dreams.

A

Subject

103
Q

The one being directly addressed by the speaker — clue (comma)

ex. Can we go now, JAKE?

A

Vocative

104
Q

The one that directly receives the action of the verb — answers WHO and WHAT

ex. Froilan watered his LAWN.

A

Direct Object

105
Q

The one that indirectly receives the action of the verb — answers TO WHOM and FOR WHOM

ex. The show gave the PEOPLE hope.

A

Indirect Object

106
Q

A noun connected to the subject of the sentence by a linking verb — use only BE VERB

ex. We are all LEARNERS.

A

Subject Noun Predicate

107
Q

A noun that qualifies, describes, or renames the object that appears before it. — follow after the Direct Object

ex. They elected Ann PRESIDENT.

A

Object Noun Predicate

108
Q

What are the tips in identifying DO, IO, SNP, ONP?

A
  • find the subject
  • find the verb
  • action or be verb? (am, is, are, was, were)
109
Q

A noun following a preposition — find the preposition

ex. The bag is placed on the TABLE.

A

Object of the Preposition

110
Q

The noun that renames another noun right beside it. clue (two commas)

A

Appositive

111
Q

It must contain a verb. — followed by a noun phrase, and adjective phrase or neither.

ex. spoke gently to me

A

Verb Phrase/Verb Complex

112
Q

What are the five properties of the verb?

A
  • person
  • number
  • tense
  • mood
  • voice
113
Q

Person of the verb

A
  • First (I, We)
  • Second (You)
  • Third (He, She, It)
114
Q

Numbers of the verb

A
  • Singular ( with s or es)
  • Plural (base form)
115
Q

Tenses of the verb

A
  • present
  • past
  • future
116
Q

Moods of Verb

A
  • Indicative/Declarative
  • Interrogative
  • Imperative/Command
  • Subjunctive
  • Exclamatory
117
Q

Voices of the Verb

A
  • Active
  • Passive
118
Q

Verb Types based on Complement

A
  • Intensive
  • Extensive
119
Q
  • also known as Linking Verb or Copula Verb (am, is, are, was, were)
  • followed by a subject complement (noun, adjective, prepositional phrase)

Ex. She IS the teacher. She IS cute. She IS in the lobby.

A

Intensive Verb

120
Q

Types of Intensive Verb

A
  • Specifying
  • Ascriptive
121
Q

followed by a noun, phrase or clause that identifies the subject noun; reciprocal property

[A=B and B=A]

Ex. She IS the teacher. (A is B)
The teacher IS she. (B is A)

A

Specifying

122
Q

Followed by an adjective or indefinite noun that describes the quality of the subject noun.

[A is B but B is not A)

Ex. She IS cute.
Cute is she. xxx (wrong)

A

Ascriptive

123
Q

verb that shows what the subject is doing — ACTION VERBS

ex. She EATS apples.
She PRAYS.

A

Extensive Verb

124
Q

Two types of extensive verb

A
  • Intransitive
  • Transitive
125
Q

A verb which does not need an OBJECT and COMPLEMENT but it needs an ADVERBIAL (no receiver)

ex. She PRAYS. (no complement)
She PRAYS at the altar. (adverbial)

A

Intransitive

126
Q

Two types of Transitive

A
  • Monotransitive
  • Ditransitive
127
Q

A verb which needs a direct object

ex. She EATS apples. (direct object)

A

Monotransitive

128
Q

A verb which needs direct and indirect objects.

ex. She GIVES the cat. (IO and DO)

A

Ditransitive

129
Q

A verb combined with a preposition or adverb (or both)

ex. The lady is LOOKING FOR her keys.
The arson BURNED the house DOWN.

A

Phrasal Verb

130
Q

Three types of Phrasal Verb

A
  • Intransitive Phrasal Verb
  • Separable Transitive Phrasal Verb
  • Inseparable Transitive Phrasal Verb
131
Q

Cannot have a direct object after them

ex. The children were SITTING DOWN when Charlie came.

A

Intransitive Phrasal Verb

132
Q

Can insert other words into the middle of a separable phrasal

ex. The arson BURNED the house DOWN.

A

Separable Transitive Phrasal Verb

133
Q

Cannot insert that direct object into the middle of the phrasal verb

ex. The lady is looking for her keys.

A

Inseparable Transitive Phrasal Verb

134
Q

It must contain an adjective — preceded by an adverb or an intensifier.

ex. Very honest

A

Adjective Phrase

135
Q

Preposition followed by a noun phrase

ex. In the room

A

Prepositional Phrase

136
Q

an adverbial clause, an adverb phrase, or a prepositional phrase

ex. Froilan walked BEFORE THE GUY CAME BACK (adverbial clause)

A

Adverbials

137
Q

Two types of Clause

A
  • Independent (main)
  • Dependent (subordinate)
138
Q

A clause that can stand alone — its meaning is complete.

ex. The cat is sleeping.

A

Independent Clause

139
Q

A clause that cannot stand by itself — its incomplete meaning.

ex. When the cat is sleeping,

A

Dependent Clause

140
Q

A statement that is not complete and it ends with a period.

A

Fragment

141
Q

Types of Dependent Clause

A
  • adjective clause
  • adverb clause
  • embedded clause
142
Q

modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling what kind of which

ex. I spoke the truth THAT RUINED OUR FRIENDSHIP.

A

Adjective Clause

143
Q

Modifies an adjective, a verb, and another adverb

ex. The class concluded AFTER THE SUGGESTIONS WERE ANALYZED.

A

Adverb Clause

144
Q

Placed within the main clause in a sentence (inserted)

ex. The farmer sprayed health threatening pesticides, WHICH ARE HARMFUL CHEMICALS, in his farm and it shocked the community

A

Embedded Clause

145
Q

Types of Sentences

A
  • Simple
  • Compound
  • Complex
  • Compound Complex
146
Q

He is cute. (independent clause)

A

Simple

147
Q

IC + IC (connected by FANBOYS)

He is cute BUT he smells bad.

A

Compound

148
Q

IC + DC

(connected by subordinating conjunction)

He is cute BECAUSE he has a chubby face.

A

Complex

149
Q

IC + IC + DC

Although he has no confidence, he is cute and he has a nice character.

A

Compound-Complex

150
Q

Syntactic Structures

A
  • Structure of predication
  • Structure of Complementation
  • Structure of Modification
  • Structure of Coordination
151
Q

Subject + Predicate

ex. The healthy girl ate breakfast, bread and butter.

A

Structure of Predication

152
Q

verbal element + complement

ex. ate the food

A

Structure of Complementation

153
Q

head word + modifier

ex. Healthy girl

A

Structure of Modification

154
Q

equivalent grammatical units (connected by FANBOYS)

ex. bread and butter

A

Structure of Coordination

155
Q

What constituent may perform in the sentence

ex. subject, predicate, object, adverbial

A

Grammatical Function

156
Q

The name is the syntactical category to which the constituent belongs.

ex. Nouns, pronouns, verbs

A

Syntactic Categories

157
Q

The study of the word meaning

A

Semantics

158
Q

A potentially infinite set of words with a finite number of semantic features

A

Lexical Decomposition

159
Q

meaningless because there is an incompatibility in the meaning of the word.

A

Anomalous

160
Q

Three Areas of Semantics (Word)

A
  • Sense
  • Reference
  • Truth
161
Q

The study of sense (meaning) can be divided into two areas: Speaker-sense and Linguistic Sense

A

True

162
Q

Non- literal (Situationally independent)

ex. Figure of Speech

A

Speaker-sense (Connotation)

163
Q

Literal (situationally dependent)

ex. Dictionary (Denotation)

A

Linguistic-Sense

164
Q

Lexically ambiguous if it has more than one sense. (More than 2 interpretation)

ex. Jake saw her duck. (A bird or bend)

A

Ambiguity

165
Q

Two or identical lexemes have completely different, unrelated meanings.

ex. ball (🏀 or social event)

A

Homonymy

166
Q

The meaning of one lexeme is metaphorically extended on the basis of some similarity (the meaning have relationship— same functionality)

ex. Leg (of a man)
Leg (of a table)

A

Polysemy

167
Q

Two words are synonymous if they have the same sense

ex. Big and large

Note: no absolute synonyms in any language

A

Synonymy

168
Q

Contains the meaning of a more general word — superordinate or hypernym

ex. Tree — oak

A

Hyponym

169
Q

Their meanings differ only in the value for a single semantic feature.

A

Antonymy

170
Q

3 Types of Antonyms

A
  • Binary Antonyms
  • Gradable Antonyms
  • Converse Antonyms
171
Q

pairs that exhaust all linguistic possibilities — no middle ground (either this or that) — no middle ground

ex. Dead and Alive

A

Binary Antonyms

172
Q

Opposite end of a continuous dimension — with middle ground

ex. Hot and Cold

A

Gradable Antonym

173
Q

Relationship between two items from opposite perspectives (relational antonym)

Ex. Above and Below

A

Converse antonyms

174
Q

Concrete/reality present in the Physical world

A

Reference

175
Q

The entity identified by the use of a referring expression — noun or noun phrase

ex. Flower

A

Referent

176
Q

The set of all potential referents for a referring expression

ex. List of flowers

A

Extension

177
Q

A typical member of the extension of a referring expression

ex. Tulips

A

Prototype

178
Q

A list of characteristics describing a prototype

ex. Has petals, stalks, leavesa

A

Stereotype

179
Q

Two linguistic expressions that refer to the same real-world entity

ex. Mercury and the nearest planet to the sun

A

Coreference

180
Q

Linguistic expression following the ANTECEDENT-PRONOUN pattern

Ex. If a MAN has talent and can’t use it, HE’S failed

A

Anaphora

181
Q

Refers to other linguistics expression following the PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT pattern

ex. If you want SOME, there’s COFFEE in the pot.

A

Cataphora

182
Q

Has one meaning but can refer to different entities — depending on personal, spatial (location), and temporal orientation (time)

ex. And meet ME THERE TONIGHT

A

Deixis

183
Q

The study of truth or truth conditions in semantics

A

Truth

184
Q

3 types of truth

A
  • Analytic Sentences
  • Contradictory Sentences
  • Synthetic Sentences
185
Q

Necessarily TRUE simply by the virtue of the words in it. (True all the time.)

ex. A bachelor is unmarried.

A

Analytic Sentence (linguistic truths)

186
Q

One that is necessarily FALSE as a result of the words in them. (False at all times)

ex. A bachelor is a married man.

A

Contradictory Sentences (linguistic falsities)

187
Q

Not true or False

ex. Our neighbor is a married man. (It depends)

A

Synthetic Sentences (empirical truths or falsities)

188
Q

A sentence that follows necessarily from another sentence
(specific to general)

ex. Maria bought apples.
Maria bought fruits.
Maria bought goods from the . market.

A

Entailment

189
Q

Must be assumed to be true in order to judge the truth or falsity of another sentence.

(Assumed based on a sentence)

ex. Martina no longer writes poetry.
Martina wrote poetry before.

A

Presupposition

190
Q

The study of language use (linguistic and physical context.)

A

Pragmatics

191
Q

An implied proposition or statement that is not part of the utterance and that does not follow as a necessary consequence of the utterance.

ex. Uncle Chester is coming over for dinner tonight. I guess I’d better hide the liquor.

Possibly: Uncle Chester has a drinking problem.

A

Implicature

192
Q

3 important points to note:

The implicature is not part of the utterance, not an entailment—an utterance to raise more than one implicature.

A

True

193
Q

The assumption that participants in a conversation are cooperating with each other.

A

Cooperative Principle

194
Q

What are the 4 maxims?

A
  • Quantity
  • Quality
  • Relation
  • Manner
195
Q

give no more or less informative than required in a conversation

A

Maxim of Quantity

196
Q

Should be truthful and based on sufficient evidence

A

Maxim of Quality

197
Q

Should be relevant to the subject of the conversation

A

Maxim of Relation

198
Q

Reasonably clear fashion; not vague, ambiguous, or excessively wordy

A

Maxim of Manner

199
Q

Intentional violation of a maxim (Lie)

A

Flouting

200
Q

An utterance can be used to perform an act

A

Speech Acts

201
Q

Three types of Speech Acts

A
  • Locutionary Act
  • Illocutionary Act
  • Perlocutionary Act
202
Q

simply uttering a sentence (what the speaker says)

A

Locutionary Act

203
Q

What the speaker does in uttering a sentence

A

Illocutionary Act

204
Q

Reaction of the hearers

A

Perlocutionary Act

205
Q

Syntactic form of the utterance matches the illocutionary force of the utterance

ex. Keep quiet.

A

Direct Illocutionary Acts

206
Q

syntactic form of the utterance does not match the illocutionary force

ex. You might give me a hand with this.

A

Indirect Illocutionary Acts

English Majorship (18 decks)

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