Linguistics (Handouts) Flashcards
1
Q
The scientific study of language
A
Linguistics
2
Q
The science of human speech sound
A
Phonetics
3
Q
Three Categories of Sounds
A
- phoneme
- phone
- allophone
4
Q
abstract minimal sound unit of a particular language
A
Phoneme
5
Q
words that are almost identical except for one sound in the same position (one phonemic difference)
A
Minimal Pair Technique
6
Q
Examines the articulatory (vocal) organs and their role in the production of speech sounds
A
Articulatory Phonetics (production)
7
Q
Deals with the physical properties of speech sounds as they travel through the air in the worm of sound waves
A
Acoustic Phonetics (transmission)
8
Q
Human beings perceive speech sounds through the medium of the ear
A
Auditory phonetics (perception)
9
Q
Main Tasks of Phonetics
A
- Notation
- Description
10
Q
The system of transcription symbols
A
Notation (transcribing words)
11
Q
the description (characterization) of speech sounds
A
Description
12
Q
Where to find the vocal tract?
A
Larynx
13
Q
Produced by shaping the oral cavity to give the sound a particular color or timbre
A
Vowel
14
Q
All vowel sounds are voiced.
A
True
15
Q
Vocal chords are vibrated
A
Voiced
16
Q
Three Types of Vowels
A
- Monophthong
- Diphthong
- Triphthong
17
Q
A single vowel sounds like (i , e , u)
A
Monopthong
18
Q
A complex two-vowel sounds like (aI, aU, oy)
A
Diphthong
19
Q
A three-vowel sound that glides together (diphthong+monophthong)
A
Triphthong
20
Q
Produced with partial restrictions of the vocal tract β can be voiced or vouceless
A
Consonant
21
Q
Vocal cords are not vibrated
A
Voiceless
22
Q
Place of Articulation
A
- Bilabial
- Labiodental
- Interdental
- Alveolar
- Palatal
- Velar
- Glottal
23
Q
[p] [b] [m] [w] β what place of articulation?
A
Bilabial (lips)
24
Q
[f] [v] what place of articulation?
A
Labiodental (lower lip & upper teeth)
25
[ΞΈ- think] [Γ°-the] what place of articulation?
Interdental (tongue and upper teeth)
26
[t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r] what place of articulation?
Alveolar (tongue & alveolar ridge)
27
[Κ-sh] [Κ- j] [β tΚβ -ch] [dΚ-zh] [j-ye] what place of articulation?
Palatal (tongue and palatal)
28
[k] [g] [Ε- ng] what place of articulation?
Velar (tongue & velum)
29
[Κ] [h] what place of articulation?
Glottal (glottis)
30
Manner of Articulation
- Plosive/Stop
- Fricative
- Affricate
- Nasal
- Liquids
- Glides
31
(p) (b) (t) (d) (Κ- sh) (Κ-j) (k) (g) (Κ) what manner of articulation?
Plosive/Stop
32
(f) (v) (ΞΈ-think) (Γ°-the) (s) (z) (h)
Fricative (impeded not blocked β creates friction)
33
(tΚβ -ch) (dΝ‘Κ-zh) what manner of articulation?
Affricate (blocked then released)
34
(m) (n) (Ε) what manner of articulation?
Nasal (through the nose)
35
(l) (r)
Liquids (some obstruction; not fricative)
36
w) (j) what manner of articulation?
Glides (always followed by vowel; not found in the end)
37
The study of the sound system of language
Phonology
38
A phonological unit consisting of one sound
Syllable
39
Consonants or consonants blends before the Rime (vowel and consonant)
Onset ex. DOG β Dog
40
Consists of a nucleus and the consonant following it
Rime/Rhyme
Ex. DOG β dOG
41
usually a vowel
Nucleus
ex. DOG β dOg
42
any consonant following a Rime/Rhyme
Coda
ex. DOG β doG
43
Rime is always there β onset cannot exist
True
44
Onset and Rime is per syllable.
True
45
2 sounds are heard
Blend
46
One sound is heard
Diagraph
47
A hissing sound (most are fricative)
Sibilant
48
aspirated or unaspirated words are called
Allophones
49
Has air when you utter the word
Aspirated ex. Pin
50
No air when you utter the word
Unaspirated ex. Spin
51
bushES /ez/ β what phonological conditioning?
Sibilant
52
catS /s/ β what phonological conditioning?
Voiceless
53
dogS /z/ β what phonological conditioning?
Voiced
54
Sound becoming more like another nearby sound
Assimilation
Ex. Input β imput
55
Two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms
Dissimilation
Ex. (modular β modulal)
56
Dropping sounds because it's identical
Haplology
ex. governor β govenor
57
removes a weak segment
Deletion
58
Types of Morphophonemic Process
- Assimilation
- Dissimilation
- Deletion
- Insertion
- Metathesis
59
Types of Deletion
- Aphaeresis
- Syncope
- Aposcope
60
Aphaeresis - first
Syncope - middle
Aposcope - last
Ex.
Aphaeresis β know-how
Syncope β handbag-hanbag
Aposcope β Lacoste-Lacos
61
Inserts a syllable or a non-syllabic segment within an existing string of segment
Insertion
62
Types of insertion
- Prothesis
- Epenthesis
63
Prothesis - first
Epenthesis - middle
ex. P β star-estar
E β hamster-hampster
64
Reorders or reverses a sequence of segments
Metathesis
Ex. Ask-aks
65
The study of word formation.
Morphology
66
The smallest meaningful units of language
Morphemes
67
Basic unit of the word β root word β base form
Lexeme
68
Physical realizations of morphemes
Morphs
69
Have a sense in and of themselves (Content Words) β Noun, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs
Lexical Morpheme
70
Can stand alone as words ex. talk, in, sing
Free Morphemes
71
No sense in themselves β Function words (Prepositions, Articles, Conjunctions)
Grammatical Morphemes
72
Cannot stand alone as words; Affixes
ex. Inflections, derivational, zero, empty
Bound Morphemes
73
Types of Bound Morphemes
Inflectional & Derivational Morphemes
74
- All are in the form of suffixes
- 8 inflectional affixes
- not affect category
Inflectional Morphemes
75
Can be prefix or suffix β infinite number β can change syntactic category
ex. Pre-Board, national
Derivational Morphemes
76
8 inflections in English
- Noun(2) [s, 's]
- Modifiers(2) [er, est]
- Verbs(4) [s, ed, en, ing]
77
Morphemes NOT physically present in the word
Ex. Sheep (still plural)
Null/Zero Morpheme
78
Present in form but NO actual meaning
ex. factUal
Empty Morpheme
79
The extension of a morpheme from one syntactic category to another (functional shift)
ex. chair (N) β chair (V)
Category Extension
80
Changing the syntactic category by adding something (new word, same lexeme)
Ex. beauty (N) β beautiful (Adj)
Derivation
81
By removing what is mistaken for an affix; change in syntactic form
teacher (N) β teach (V)
Back Formation (Reversal)
82
A shortened form of preexisting morpheme; No change in syntactic form
ex. Brassiere (N) β bra (N)
Clipped Form (shortening)
83
Creating a new word by combining two Free morphemes
ex. break+fast = breakfast
Compounding
84
Towel rack; coffee cup
Ope Compounding
85
everywhere; greenshouse
Closed Compounding
86
Twenty-one
Hyphenated Compounding
87
A part of two preexisting forms
ex. smoke + fog = smog
Blending (Portmanteau)
88
A brand-new word based on no preexisting morpheme
ex. Xerox; Kodak, Kleenex, dumpster
Root Creation (Coinage)
89
Forms a word from a proper name
ex. Hamburger from Hamburg City
Proper Name (Eponymy)
90
forms a word by substituting a common native form for an exotic form with a similar pronunciation
ex. cucuracha (Spanish) β cockroach
Folk Etymology (Borrowing)
91
Formed from the first letters of each word in a phrase β you can read it
ex. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
Acronym
92
You can't read the letters.
ex. DPWH
Initialism
93
Formed from the name of the first letters of the prominent syllables of a word
ex. Television β TV
Abbreviation
94
Misspelling and wrong pronunciation
ex. radio pronounced as radiator
Graphophonology
95
The study of sentence structure and phrases
Syntax
96
Phrase structure rules
Left to right ordering
97
Does not express a complete thought β can be realized by a single word
A group of words that does not include a subject and verb
Phrase
98
A group of words that may contain a subject and a predicate β used as a part of a sentence
Clause
99
Constituents which may consist of more than one word called phrases
Sentence
100
It must contain a noun β preceded by a determiner, an adjective phrase, or both β followed by a prepositional phrase
Noun Phrase
ex. The very honest man in the room
101
What are the functions of a noun?
- Subject
- Vocative
- Direct Object
- Indirect Object
- Subject Noun Predicate
- Object Noun Predicate
- Object of the Preposition
- Appositive
102
The one being talked about in the sentence β located before the verb
ex. JAKE followed his dreams.
Subject
103
The one being directly addressed by the speaker β clue (comma)
ex. Can we go now, JAKE?
Vocative
104
The one that directly receives the action of the verb β answers WHO and WHAT
ex. Froilan watered his LAWN.
Direct Object
105
The one that indirectly receives the action of the verb β answers TO WHOM and FOR WHOM
ex. The show gave the PEOPLE hope.
Indirect Object
106
A noun connected to the subject of the sentence by a linking verb β use only BE VERB
ex. We are all LEARNERS.
Subject Noun Predicate
107
A noun that qualifies, describes, or renames the object that appears before it. β follow after the Direct Object
ex. They elected Ann PRESIDENT.
Object Noun Predicate
108
What are the tips in identifying DO, IO, SNP, ONP?
- find the subject
- find the verb
- action or be verb? (am, is, are, was, were)
109
A noun following a preposition β find the preposition
ex. The bag is placed on the TABLE.
Object of the Preposition
110
The noun that renames another noun right beside it. clue (two commas)
Appositive
111
It must contain a verb. β followed by a noun phrase, and adjective phrase or neither.
ex. spoke gently to me
Verb Phrase/Verb Complex
112
What are the five properties of the verb?
- person
- number
- tense
- mood
- voice
113
Person of the verb
- First (I, We)
- Second (You)
- Third (He, She, It)
114
Numbers of the verb
- Singular ( with s or es)
- Plural (base form)
115
Tenses of the verb
- present
- past
- future
116
Moods of Verb
- Indicative/Declarative
- Interrogative
- Imperative/Command
- Subjunctive
- Exclamatory
117
Voices of the Verb
- Active
- Passive
118
Verb Types based on Complement
- Intensive
- Extensive
119
- also known as Linking Verb or Copula Verb (am, is, are, was, were)
- followed by a subject complement (noun, adjective, prepositional phrase)
Ex. She IS the teacher. She IS cute. She IS in the lobby.
Intensive Verb
120
Types of Intensive Verb
- Specifying
- Ascriptive
121
followed by a noun, phrase or clause that identifies the subject noun; reciprocal property
[A=B and B=A]
Ex. She IS the teacher. (A is B)
The teacher IS she. (B is A)
Specifying
122
Followed by an adjective or indefinite noun that describes the quality of the subject noun.
[A is B but B is not A)
Ex. She IS cute.
Cute is she. xxx (wrong)
Ascriptive
123
verb that shows what the subject is doing β ACTION VERBS
ex. She EATS apples.
She PRAYS.
Extensive Verb
124
Two types of extensive verb
- Intransitive
- Transitive
125
A verb which does not need an OBJECT and COMPLEMENT but it needs an ADVERBIAL (no receiver)
ex. She PRAYS. (no complement)
She PRAYS at the altar. (adverbial)
Intransitive
126
Two types of Transitive
- Monotransitive
- Ditransitive
127
A verb which needs a direct object
ex. She EATS apples. (direct object)
Monotransitive
128
A verb which needs direct and indirect objects.
ex. She GIVES the cat. (IO and DO)
Ditransitive
129
A verb combined with a preposition or adverb (or both)
ex. The lady is LOOKING FOR her keys.
The arson BURNED the house DOWN.
Phrasal Verb
130
Three types of Phrasal Verb
- Intransitive Phrasal Verb
- Separable Transitive Phrasal Verb
- Inseparable Transitive Phrasal Verb
131
Cannot have a direct object after them
ex. The children were SITTING DOWN when Charlie came.
Intransitive Phrasal Verb
132
Can insert other words into the middle of a separable phrasal
ex. The arson BURNED the house DOWN.
Separable Transitive Phrasal Verb
133
Cannot insert that direct object into the middle of the phrasal verb
ex. The lady is looking for her keys.
Inseparable Transitive Phrasal Verb
134
It must contain an adjective β preceded by an adverb or an intensifier.
ex. Very honest
Adjective Phrase
135
Preposition followed by a noun phrase
ex. In the room
Prepositional Phrase
136
an adverbial clause, an adverb phrase, or a prepositional phrase
ex. Froilan walked BEFORE THE GUY CAME BACK (adverbial clause)
Adverbials
137
Two types of Clause
- Independent (main)
- Dependent (subordinate)
138
A clause that can stand alone β its meaning is complete.
ex. The cat is sleeping.
Independent Clause
139
A clause that cannot stand by itself β its incomplete meaning.
ex. When the cat is sleeping,
Dependent Clause
140
A statement that is not complete and it ends with a period.
Fragment
141
Types of Dependent Clause
- adjective clause
- adverb clause
- embedded clause
142
modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling what kind of which
ex. I spoke the truth THAT RUINED OUR FRIENDSHIP.
Adjective Clause
143
Modifies an adjective, a verb, and another adverb
ex. The class concluded AFTER THE SUGGESTIONS WERE ANALYZED.
Adverb Clause
144
Placed within the main clause in a sentence (inserted)
ex. The farmer sprayed health threatening pesticides, WHICH ARE HARMFUL CHEMICALS, in his farm and it shocked the community
Embedded Clause
145
Types of Sentences
- Simple
- Compound
- Complex
- Compound Complex
146
He is cute. (independent clause)
Simple
147
IC + IC (connected by FANBOYS)
He is cute BUT he smells bad.
Compound
148
IC + DC
(connected by subordinating conjunction)
He is cute BECAUSE he has a chubby face.
Complex
149
IC + IC + DC
Although he has no confidence, he is cute and he has a nice character.
Compound-Complex
150
Syntactic Structures
- Structure of predication
- Structure of Complementation
- Structure of Modification
- Structure of Coordination
151
Subject + Predicate
ex. The healthy girl ate breakfast, bread and butter.
Structure of Predication
152
verbal element + complement
ex. ate the food
Structure of Complementation
153
head word + modifier
ex. Healthy girl
Structure of Modification
154
equivalent grammatical units (connected by FANBOYS)
ex. bread and butter
Structure of Coordination
155
What constituent may perform in the sentence
ex. subject, predicate, object, adverbial
Grammatical Function
156
The name is the syntactical category to which the constituent belongs.
ex. Nouns, pronouns, verbs
Syntactic Categories
157
The study of the word meaning
Semantics
158
A potentially infinite set of words with a finite number of semantic features
Lexical Decomposition
159
meaningless because there is an incompatibility in the meaning of the word.
Anomalous
160
Three Areas of Semantics (Word)
- Sense
- Reference
- Truth
161
The study of sense (meaning) can be divided into two areas: Speaker-sense and Linguistic Sense
True
162
Non- literal (Situationally independent)
ex. Figure of Speech
Speaker-sense (Connotation)
163
Literal (situationally dependent)
ex. Dictionary (Denotation)
Linguistic-Sense
164
Lexically ambiguous if it has more than one sense. (More than 2 interpretation)
ex. Jake saw her duck. (A bird or bend)
Ambiguity
165
Two or identical lexemes have completely different, unrelated meanings.
ex. ball (π or social event)
Homonymy
166
The meaning of one lexeme is metaphorically extended on the basis of some similarity (the meaning have relationshipβ same functionality)
ex. Leg (of a man)
Leg (of a table)
Polysemy
167
Two words are synonymous if they have the same sense
ex. Big and large
Note: no absolute synonyms in any language
Synonymy
168
Contains the meaning of a more general word β superordinate or hypernym
ex. Tree β oak
Hyponym
169
Their meanings differ only in the value for a single semantic feature.
Antonymy
170
3 Types of Antonyms
- Binary Antonyms
- Gradable Antonyms
- Converse Antonyms
171
pairs that exhaust all linguistic possibilities β no middle ground (either this or that) β no middle ground
ex. Dead and Alive
Binary Antonyms
172
Opposite end of a continuous dimension β with middle ground
ex. Hot and Cold
Gradable Antonym
173
Relationship between two items from opposite perspectives (relational antonym)
Ex. Above and Below
Converse antonyms
174
Concrete/reality present in the Physical world
Reference
175
The entity identified by the use of a referring expression β noun or noun phrase
ex. Flower
Referent
176
The set of all potential referents for a referring expression
ex. List of flowers
Extension
177
A typical member of the extension of a referring expression
ex. Tulips
Prototype
178
A list of characteristics describing a prototype
ex. Has petals, stalks, leavesa
Stereotype
179
Two linguistic expressions that refer to the same real-world entity
ex. Mercury and the nearest planet to the sun
Coreference
180
Linguistic expression following the ANTECEDENT-PRONOUN pattern
Ex. If a MAN has talent and can't use it, HE'S failed
Anaphora
181
Refers to other linguistics expression following the PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT pattern
ex. If you want SOME, there's COFFEE in the pot.
Cataphora
182
Has one meaning but can refer to different entities β depending on personal, spatial (location), and temporal orientation (time)
ex. And meet ME THERE TONIGHT
Deixis
183
The study of truth or truth conditions in semantics
Truth
184
3 types of truth
- Analytic Sentences
- Contradictory Sentences
- Synthetic Sentences
185
Necessarily TRUE simply by the virtue of the words in it. (True all the time.)
ex. A bachelor is unmarried.
Analytic Sentence (linguistic truths)
186
One that is necessarily FALSE as a result of the words in them. (False at all times)
ex. A bachelor is a married man.
Contradictory Sentences (linguistic falsities)
187
Not true or False
ex. Our neighbor is a married man. (It depends)
Synthetic Sentences (empirical truths or falsities)
188
A sentence that follows necessarily from another sentence
(specific to general)
ex. Maria bought apples.
Maria bought fruits.
Maria bought goods from the . market.
Entailment
189
Must be assumed to be true in order to judge the truth or falsity of another sentence.
(Assumed based on a sentence)
ex. Martina no longer writes poetry.
Martina wrote poetry before.
Presupposition
190
The study of language use (linguistic and physical context.)
Pragmatics
191
An implied proposition or statement that is not part of the utterance and that does not follow as a necessary consequence of the utterance.
ex. Uncle Chester is coming over for dinner tonight. I guess I'd better hide the liquor.
Possibly: Uncle Chester has a drinking problem.
Implicature
192
3 important points to note:
The implicature is not part of the utterance, not an entailmentβan utterance to raise more than one implicature.
True
193
The assumption that participants in a conversation are cooperating with each other.
Cooperative Principle
194
What are the 4 maxims?
- Quantity
- Quality
- Relation
- Manner
195
give no more or less informative than required in a conversation
Maxim of Quantity
196
Should be truthful and based on sufficient evidence
Maxim of Quality
197
Should be relevant to the subject of the conversation
Maxim of Relation
198
Reasonably clear fashion; not vague, ambiguous, or excessively wordy
Maxim of Manner
199
Intentional violation of a maxim (Lie)
Flouting
200
An utterance can be used to perform an act
Speech Acts
201
Three types of Speech Acts
- Locutionary Act
- Illocutionary Act
- Perlocutionary Act
202
simply uttering a sentence (what the speaker says)
Locutionary Act
203
What the speaker does in uttering a sentence
Illocutionary Act
204
Reaction of the hearers
Perlocutionary Act
205
Syntactic form of the utterance matches the illocutionary force of the utterance
ex. Keep quiet.
Direct Illocutionary Acts
206
syntactic form of the utterance does not match the illocutionary force
ex. You might give me a hand with this.
Indirect Illocutionary Acts
