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English Majorship > Linguistics (FTRC) > Flashcards

Linguistics (FTRC) Flashcards

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1
Q

The science of human speech sounds.

A

Phonetics

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2
Q

The scientific study of language.

A

Linguistics

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3
Q

Main tasks of Phonetics

A

provide a notation and description for each speech sound

characterization of speech sounds

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4
Q

A system of transcription symbols whereby we can make an accurate and unambiguous record of what goes on in speech.

A

Notation

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5
Q

A transcription symbol which contains symbols for the hundred or so speech sounds that can be distinguished in human language..

A

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

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6
Q

Three Branches of Phonetics

A
  • Articulatory
  • Acoustic
  • Auditory
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7
Q

Examines the articulatory (vocal) organs and their role in the production of speech sounds

A

Articulatory Phonetics

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8
Q

Deals with the physical properties of speech sounds as they travel through the air in the form of sound waves

A

Acoustic Phonetics

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9
Q

Examines the way in which human beings perceive speech sounds through the medium of the ear.

A

Auditory Phonetics

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10
Q

Speech is produced by pushing air from the lungs up through the ______

A

The Vocal Tract

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11
Q

The bony ridge right behind the upper teeth

A

Alveolar Ridge

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12
Q

The bony dome constituting the roof of the mouth.

A

Palate

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13
Q

The soft tissue immediately behind the palate

A

Velum

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14
Q

The soft appendage hanging off the velum

A

Uvula

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15
Q

The back wall of the throat behind the tongue

A

Pharynx

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16
Q

The soft tissue which covers the vocal cords during eating, thus protecting the passageway to the lungs

A

Epiglottis

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17
Q

The tube going to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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18
Q

Containing the vocal cords

A

Larynx

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19
Q

the tube going to the lungs

A

Trachea

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20
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Nose

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21
Q

Oral cavity

A

mouth

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22
Q

The study of the sound system of language: the rule that govern pronunciation.

Limits itself to phonemes

A

Phonology

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23
Q

An abstract minimal sound unit of a particular language, which, when realized, is capable of distinguishing different words in that language.

A

Phoneme

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24
Q

Vowel sounds are ____

A

Voiced

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25
Q

Produced by shaping the oral cavity to give the sound a particular color and timbre.

A

Vowel

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26
Q

Words that are almost identical except for one sound in the same positions (one phonemic difference)

A

Minimal Pair Technique

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27
Q

Minimal Pair Techniques Positions:

A
  • Initial
  • Vowel
  • Final
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28
Q

physical realizations of a phoneme

A

Phones

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29
Q

the tongue is relatively high, mid, or low

A

Tongue Height

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30
Q

the tongue is either relatively front or back

A

Frontness

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31
Q

The lips are either relatively round or speed

A

Lip Rounding

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32
Q

the vocal musculature is either relatively tense or lax

A

Tenseness

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33
Q

produced with partial restrictions of the vocal tract

A

Consonants

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34
Q

can be described in terms of place and manner of articulation

A

Consonant Phonemes

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35
Q

Consonant sounds can be ___ or ____

A

Voiced or Voiceless

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36
Q

Vocal cords are vibrated.

A

Voiced

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37
Q

Vocal cords are not vibrated.

A

Voiceless

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38
Q

The primary constriction is at the LIPS.

A

Bilabial

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39
Q

The primary constriction is between the LOWER LIP and UPPER TEETH.

A

Labiodental

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40
Q

The primary constriction is between the TONGUE and the UPPER TEETH.

A

Interdental

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41
Q

The primary constriction is between the TONGUE and the ALVEOLAR RIDGE.

A

Alveolar

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42
Q

The primary constriction is between the TONGUE and the PALATE.

A

Palatal

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43
Q

The primary constriction is between the TONGUE and the VELUM.

A

Velar

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44
Q

The primary constriction is at the GLOTTIS (the space between the vocal cords).

A

Glottal

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45
Q

List of Place of Articulation

A
  • Bilabial
  • Labiodental
  • Interdental
  • Alveolar
  • Palatal
  • Velar
  • Glottal
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46
Q

List of Manner of Articulation

A
  • Stops
  • Fricatives
  • Affricates
  • Nasals
  • Liquids and Glides
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47
Q

The flow of air through the vocal tract is COMPLETELY BLOCKED.

A

Stops

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48
Q

The flow of air is IMPEDED but not COMPLETELY BLOCKED - creates friction.

A

Fricatives

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49
Q

Begin like stops (with a complete closure in the vocal tract and end like fricatives (with a narrow opening in the vocal tract)

A

Affricates

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50
Q

The airflow through the mouth is completely blocked but the velum is lowered, forcing through the nose.

A

Nasals

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51
Q

all l-like and r-like articulations

A

Liquids

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52
Q

the vocal tract is constricted, but not enough to block or impede the airflow

A

Glides

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53
Q

Consonants can be divided into ____ and _____.

A

Obstruent and Sonorants

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54
Q

Produced with a stricture impeding the flow of air

A

Obstruent

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55
Q

Produced with a relatively free airflow

A

Sonorants

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56
Q

Lists of Obstruent

A
  • Plosives
  • Fricatives
  • Affricates
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57
Q

Lists of Sonorants

A
  • Nasals
  • Liquids
  • Glides
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58
Q

A complex two vowel sound [aI, aU, oy]

A

Diphthong

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59
Q

A single vowel sound [i, e, u]

A

Monophthong

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60
Q

A three-vowel sound that glides together. [diphthong + monophthong]

A

Triphthong

61
Q

Systematic variations of a phoneme.

Specific properties of a phoneme vary according to its position in a word,

Ex. Tim, Stem, Hit (contains an instance of the phoneme /t/)

A

Allophones

62
Q

A phonological unit consisting of one sound

A

Syllable

63
Q

Consonants or consonant blends before the rime

A

Onset

64
Q

Nucleus and the consonant following it [vowel and consonant]

A

Rime/Rhyme

65
Q

usually a Vowel

A

Nucleus

66
Q

Any consonant following the rime/rhyme

A

Coda

67
Q

Onset and Rime is per syllable

A

True

68
Q

Onset and Rime is per syllable

A

True

69
Q

2 or more consonants; two sounds are heard

A

Blend

70
Q

2 or more consonants; one sound is heard [sh, ch, th]

A

Diagraph

71
Q

a hissing sound (most are fricative)

A

Sibilant

72
Q

has air when you speak

A

aspirated

73
Q

no air

A

unaspirated

74
Q

The study of morphemes and words

A

Morphology

75
Q

The study of word formation

A

Morphology

76
Q

The smallest meaningful units of language - cannot be subdivided without losing their meaning

A

Morphemes

77
Q

Physical realizations of morphemes

A

Morphs

78
Q

A sound becoming more like another nearby sound. [input - imput]

A

Assimilation

79
Q

two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms. [modular - modulal] [cultural - culturar]

A

Dissimilation

80
Q

Dropping a sound because it’s identical [governor - govenor]

A

Haplology

81
Q

removes a weak segment - usually in rapid speech

A

Deletion

82
Q

Types of Deletion

A
  • Aphaeresis
  • Syncope
  • Aposcope
83
Q

Know - now (first letter deletion)

A

Aphaeresis

84
Q

handbag - hanbag (middle deletion)

A

Syncope

85
Q

Lacoste - Lacos (last deletion)

A

Aposcope

86
Q

reorders or reverses a sequence of segments [ask-aks]

A

Metathesis

87
Q

Inserts a syllable or a non-syllabic segment or a non-syllabic segment within an existing string of segment

A

Insertion

88
Q

Types of insertion

A
  • Prothesis
  • Epenthesis
89
Q

First place of insertion [star - estar]

A

Prothesis

90
Q

Insertion in the middle [hamster - hampster]

A

Epenthesis

91
Q

The basic unit of word/root word/base form/ uninflected

A

Lexeme

92
Q

express some relationship between lexical morphemes — Function words

[PAC]

A

Grammatical Morphemes

93
Q

PAC

A

Preposition, Articles, Conjunctions

94
Q

take-takes-took-taken-taking

A

Paradigm

95
Q

Have a sense in and of themselves -Content Words (NAVA)

A

Lexical Morpheme

96
Q

Can stand alone as words

A

Free morphemes

97
Q

NAVA

A

Noun, adjectives, verbs, adverbs

98
Q

Cannot stand alone as words, Affixes

A

Bound morphemes

99
Q

Can be subdivided into prefixes and suffixes

A

Affixes

100
Q

Inflectional affixes are all suffixes.

A

True

101
Q

English has 8 inflectional affixes.

A

True

102
Q

Can be prefix or suffix — can change syntactic category

A

Derivational Morphemes

103
Q

Noun (2) -s, ‘s, — Modifier (2) er, est
Verbs (4) s, Ed, en, ing

A

The 8 inflections of English

104
Q

Part of a word which remains if we remove the suffix or prefix that has entered the word last

A

Stem

105
Q

Root or base — all affixes are removed — always a single morpheme

A

Absolute Stem

106
Q

The positional alternants or a morpheme

A

Allomorphs

107
Q

The phonological differences between the allomorph of a morpheme are often due to the phonological environment.

ex. Last sound of the noun is a SIBILANT — the allomorph will be /iz/ — boxes and bushes

A

Phonological Conditioning

108
Q

The one responsible for alteration is the lexeme.

ex. Ox-oxen

A

Lexical Conditioning

109
Q

One morpheme affects the realization of another.

ex. House - houses

A

Morphological Conditioning

110
Q

S = NP - VP

A

Sentence

111
Q

NP = (Det)-(AP)-(N)-(PP)

A

Noun Phrase

112
Q

VP = V-(NP)- (PP)
(AP)

A

Verb Phrase

113
Q

AP = (I)-Adj

A

Adjective Phrase

114
Q

PP = Prep-NP

A

Prepositional Phrase

115
Q

Allow us to visualize how the components in a phrase are related

Nodes: are the topmost point, bottom points, and all those intermediate points at which the tree branches.

A

Tree Diagram

116
Q

The abbreviated names of the categories to which the constituents belong.

ex. (Np) (Vp)

A

Labels

117
Q

A word or a string of words is a constituent in a tree if there is a node which exclusively dominate it

A

Constituent

118
Q

Refers to the ability to repeat two types of phrases by embedding them in each other — allowing each type to directly dominate the other type

A

Recursion

119
Q

An operation that moves a lexical or phrasal category (N, NP, V, VP) from one location to another within a structure

A

Transformation

120
Q

Constructs of competence, they are ideal, abstract entities

A

Sentence

121
Q

The physical realization of a sentence in a real situation of language use contains imperfections, hesitation, false starts, lack of concord, etc.

A

Utterance

122
Q

This method allows us to characterize the senses of a potentially infinite set of words with a finite number of semantic features

A

Lexical Decomposition

123
Q

3 areas of the study of semantics

A
  • sense
  • reference
  • truth conditions
124
Q

Describes an utterance that contains a performative verb used in its performative sense

A

Explicit Performative

125
Q

any utterance not containing a verb used in its performative sense.

A

Non explicit Performative

126
Q

The utterance actually contains all elements of the propositional content of the illocutionary act involved

ex. I warn you to stop smoking.

A

Expressed Locutionary Act

127
Q

The utterance does not express the propositional content of the illocutionary act involved

ex. I warn you that cigarette smoking is dangerous

A

Implied Locutionary Act

128
Q

Means exactly what it says

ex. Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health.

A

Literal Locutionary Act

129
Q
  • Does not mean what it says
  • a literal interpretation is either impossible or absurd within the context of the utterance

ex. I guess it would kill you to turn that radio down.

A

Non Literal Locutionary Act

130
Q

6 Types of Language Function

A
  • cognitive
    -expressive
  • directive
  • phatic
  • meta-linguistic
  • poetic
131
Q

The communication of the state of affairs

ex. Today is Monday

A

Cognitive Function

132
Q

The expression of the speaker’s attitudes, feelings, and emotions.

ex. OMG!

A

Expressive Function

133
Q

Influencing the hearer’s behavior or attitude

ex. Come here.

A

Directive Function

134
Q

Establishing and maintaining contact with the hearer

ex. Hi there!

A

Phatic Function

135
Q

Talking about language in order to clarify certain aspects of it — make sure that communication can take place undisturbed

ex. The word violin is of Italian origin

A

Meta-linguistic Function

136
Q

Use of language primarily for its own sake

ex. Pat a cake, pat a cake, baker’s man.

A

Poetic Function

137
Q

The volitional performer of the action described by the verb

A

Agent

138
Q

The thing affected by the action of the verb

A

Patient

139
Q

The entity that benefits from the action

A

Beneficiary

140
Q

The thing used to carry out the action

A

Instrument

141
Q

The study of those features that differ systematically as we compare different groups of speakers or the same speaker in different situations

A

Language Variation

142
Q
  • variety of language which is used in a certain geographical area
  • a systematic variety of a language specific to a particular group

— may differ in vocabulary, pronunciation, morphology, syntax

A

Dialect

143
Q

The line marking the limit of the distribution of a linguistic feature on a map — phonological, lexical, morphological, or syntactic feature can be found

A

Isogloss

144
Q
  • a variety of language used by people in the same socio-cultural position
A

Sociolect

145
Q
  • simplified version of a language — 1 or more languages used for occasional communication between people with no common language

(Trade or colonization)

A

Pidgin

146
Q
  • when a pidgin becomes the native language of a community
A

Creole

147
Q

A very informal language — with a vocabulary composed typically of coinage and arbitrarily changed words

A

Slang

148
Q

Conditioned by the subject matter in connection with which the language is used

A

Register — field of interest, activity, occupation etc.

English Majorship (18 decks)

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