Linguistics (FTRC) Flashcards
1
Q
The science of human speech sounds.
A
Phonetics
2
Q
The scientific study of language.
A
Linguistics
3
Q
Main tasks of Phonetics
A
provide a notation and description for each speech sound
characterization of speech sounds
4
Q
A system of transcription symbols whereby we can make an accurate and unambiguous record of what goes on in speech.
A
Notation
5
Q
A transcription symbol which contains symbols for the hundred or so speech sounds that can be distinguished in human language..
A
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
6
Q
Three Branches of Phonetics
A
- Articulatory
- Acoustic
- Auditory
7
Q
Examines the articulatory (vocal) organs and their role in the production of speech sounds
A
Articulatory Phonetics
8
Q
Deals with the physical properties of speech sounds as they travel through the air in the form of sound waves
A
Acoustic Phonetics
9
Q
Examines the way in which human beings perceive speech sounds through the medium of the ear.
A
Auditory Phonetics
10
Q
Speech is produced by pushing air from the lungs up through the ______
A
The Vocal Tract
11
Q
The bony ridge right behind the upper teeth
A
Alveolar Ridge
12
Q
The bony dome constituting the roof of the mouth.
A
Palate
13
Q
The soft tissue immediately behind the palate
A
Velum
14
Q
The soft appendage hanging off the velum
A
Uvula
15
Q
The back wall of the throat behind the tongue
A
Pharynx
16
Q
The soft tissue which covers the vocal cords during eating, thus protecting the passageway to the lungs
A
Epiglottis
17
Q
The tube going to the stomach
A
Esophagus
18
Q
Containing the vocal cords
A
Larynx
19
Q
the tube going to the lungs
A
Trachea
20
Q
Nasal cavity
A
Nose
21
Q
Oral cavity
A
mouth
22
Q
The study of the sound system of language: the rule that govern pronunciation.
Limits itself to phonemes
A
Phonology
23
Q
An abstract minimal sound unit of a particular language, which, when realized, is capable of distinguishing different words in that language.
A
Phoneme
24
Q
Vowel sounds are ____
A
Voiced
25
Produced by shaping the oral cavity to give the sound a particular color and timbre.
Vowel
26
Words that are almost identical except for one sound in the same positions (one phonemic difference)
Minimal Pair Technique
27
Minimal Pair Techniques Positions:
- Initial
- Vowel
- Final
28
physical realizations of a phoneme
Phones
29
the tongue is relatively high, mid, or low
Tongue Height
30
the tongue is either relatively front or back
Frontness
31
The lips are either relatively round or speed
Lip Rounding
32
the vocal musculature is either relatively tense or lax
Tenseness
33
produced with partial restrictions of the vocal tract
Consonants
34
can be described in terms of place and manner of articulation
Consonant Phonemes
35
Consonant sounds can be ___ or ____
Voiced or Voiceless
36
Vocal cords are vibrated.
Voiced
37
Vocal cords are not vibrated.
Voiceless
38
The primary constriction is at the LIPS.
Bilabial
39
The primary constriction is between the LOWER LIP and UPPER TEETH.
Labiodental
40
The primary constriction is between the TONGUE and the UPPER TEETH.
Interdental
41
The primary constriction is between the TONGUE and the ALVEOLAR RIDGE.
Alveolar
42
The primary constriction is between the TONGUE and the PALATE.
Palatal
43
The primary constriction is between the TONGUE and the VELUM.
Velar
44
The primary constriction is at the GLOTTIS (the space between the vocal cords).
Glottal
45
List of Place of Articulation
- Bilabial
- Labiodental
- Interdental
- Alveolar
- Palatal
- Velar
- Glottal
46
List of Manner of Articulation
- Stops
- Fricatives
- Affricates
- Nasals
- Liquids and Glides
47
The flow of air through the vocal tract is COMPLETELY BLOCKED.
Stops
48
The flow of air is IMPEDED but not COMPLETELY BLOCKED - creates friction.
Fricatives
49
Begin like stops (with a complete closure in the vocal tract and end like fricatives (with a narrow opening in the vocal tract)
Affricates
50
The airflow through the mouth is completely blocked but the velum is lowered, forcing through the nose.
Nasals
51
all l-like and r-like articulations
Liquids
52
the vocal tract is constricted, but not enough to block or impede the airflow
Glides
53
Consonants can be divided into ____ and _____.
Obstruent and Sonorants
54
Produced with a stricture impeding the flow of air
Obstruent
55
Produced with a relatively free airflow
Sonorants
56
Lists of Obstruent
- Plosives
- Fricatives
- Affricates
57
Lists of Sonorants
- Nasals
- Liquids
- Glides
58
A complex two vowel sound [aI, aU, oy]
Diphthong
59
A single vowel sound [i, e, u]
Monophthong
60
A three-vowel sound that glides together. [diphthong + monophthong]
Triphthong
61
Systematic variations of a phoneme.
Specific properties of a phoneme vary according to its position in a word,
Ex. Tim, Stem, Hit (contains an instance of the phoneme /t/)
Allophones
62
A phonological unit consisting of one sound
Syllable
63
Consonants or consonant blends before the rime
Onset
64
Nucleus and the consonant following it [vowel and consonant]
Rime/Rhyme
65
usually a Vowel
Nucleus
66
Any consonant following the rime/rhyme
Coda
67
Onset and Rime is per syllable
True
68
Onset and Rime is per syllable
True
69
2 or more consonants; two sounds are heard
Blend
70
2 or more consonants; one sound is heard [sh, ch, th]
Diagraph
71
a hissing sound (most are fricative)
Sibilant
72
has air when you speak
aspirated
73
no air
unaspirated
74
The study of morphemes and words
Morphology
75
The study of word formation
Morphology
76
The smallest meaningful units of language - cannot be subdivided without losing their meaning
Morphemes
77
Physical realizations of morphemes
Morphs
78
A sound becoming more like another nearby sound. [input - imput]
Assimilation
79
two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms. [modular - modulal] [cultural - culturar]
Dissimilation
80
Dropping a sound because it's identical [governor - govenor]
Haplology
81
removes a weak segment - usually in rapid speech
Deletion
82
Types of Deletion
- Aphaeresis
- Syncope
- Aposcope
83
Know - now (first letter deletion)
Aphaeresis
84
handbag - hanbag (middle deletion)
Syncope
85
Lacoste - Lacos (last deletion)
Aposcope
86
reorders or reverses a sequence of segments [ask-aks]
Metathesis
87
Inserts a syllable or a non-syllabic segment or a non-syllabic segment within an existing string of segment
Insertion
88
Types of insertion
- Prothesis
- Epenthesis
89
First place of insertion [star - estar]
Prothesis
90
Insertion in the middle [hamster - hampster]
Epenthesis
91
The basic unit of word/root word/base form/ uninflected
Lexeme
92
express some relationship between lexical morphemes — Function words
[PAC]
Grammatical Morphemes
93
PAC
Preposition, Articles, Conjunctions
94
take-takes-took-taken-taking
Paradigm
95
Have a sense in and of themselves -Content Words (NAVA)
Lexical Morpheme
96
Can stand alone as words
Free morphemes
97
NAVA
Noun, adjectives, verbs, adverbs
98
Cannot stand alone as words, Affixes
Bound morphemes
99
Can be subdivided into prefixes and suffixes
Affixes
100
Inflectional affixes are all suffixes.
True
101
English has 8 inflectional affixes.
True
102
Can be prefix or suffix — can change syntactic category
Derivational Morphemes
103
Noun (2) -s, 's, — Modifier (2) er, est
Verbs (4) s, Ed, en, ing
The 8 inflections of English
104
Part of a word which remains if we remove the suffix or prefix that has entered the word last
Stem
105
Root or base — all affixes are removed — always a single morpheme
Absolute Stem
106
The positional alternants or a morpheme
Allomorphs
107
The phonological differences between the allomorph of a morpheme are often due to the phonological environment.
ex. Last sound of the noun is a SIBILANT — the allomorph will be /iz/ — boxes and bushes
Phonological Conditioning
108
The one responsible for alteration is the lexeme.
ex. Ox-oxen
Lexical Conditioning
109
One morpheme affects the realization of another.
ex. House - houses
Morphological Conditioning
110
S = NP - VP
Sentence
111
NP = (Det)-(AP)-(N)-(PP)
Noun Phrase
112
VP = V-(NP)- (PP)
(AP)
Verb Phrase
113
AP = (I)-Adj
Adjective Phrase
114
PP = Prep-NP
Prepositional Phrase
115
Allow us to visualize how the components in a phrase are related
Nodes: are the topmost point, bottom points, and all those intermediate points at which the tree branches.
Tree Diagram
116
The abbreviated names of the categories to which the constituents belong.
ex. (Np) (Vp)
Labels
117
A word or a string of words is a constituent in a tree if there is a node which exclusively dominate it
Constituent
118
Refers to the ability to repeat two types of phrases by embedding them in each other — allowing each type to directly dominate the other type
Recursion
119
An operation that moves a lexical or phrasal category (N, NP, V, VP) from one location to another within a structure
Transformation
120
Constructs of competence, they are ideal, abstract entities
Sentence
121
The physical realization of a sentence in a real situation of language use contains imperfections, hesitation, false starts, lack of concord, etc.
Utterance
122
This method allows us to characterize the senses of a potentially infinite set of words with a finite number of semantic features
Lexical Decomposition
123
3 areas of the study of semantics
- sense
- reference
- truth conditions
124
Describes an utterance that contains a performative verb used in its performative sense
Explicit Performative
125
any utterance not containing a verb used in its performative sense.
Non explicit Performative
126
The utterance actually contains all elements of the propositional content of the illocutionary act involved
ex. I warn you to stop smoking.
Expressed Locutionary Act
127
The utterance does not express the propositional content of the illocutionary act involved
ex. I warn you that cigarette smoking is dangerous
Implied Locutionary Act
128
Means exactly what it says
ex. Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health.
Literal Locutionary Act
129
- Does not mean what it says
- a literal interpretation is either impossible or absurd within the context of the utterance
ex. I guess it would kill you to turn that radio down.
Non Literal Locutionary Act
130
6 Types of Language Function
- cognitive
-expressive
- directive
- phatic
- meta-linguistic
- poetic
131
The communication of the state of affairs
ex. Today is Monday
Cognitive Function
132
The expression of the speaker's attitudes, feelings, and emotions.
ex. OMG!
Expressive Function
133
Influencing the hearer's behavior or attitude
ex. Come here.
Directive Function
134
Establishing and maintaining contact with the hearer
ex. Hi there!
Phatic Function
135
Talking about language in order to clarify certain aspects of it — make sure that communication can take place undisturbed
ex. The word violin is of Italian origin
Meta-linguistic Function
136
Use of language primarily for its own sake
ex. Pat a cake, pat a cake, baker's man.
Poetic Function
137
The volitional performer of the action described by the verb
Agent
138
The thing affected by the action of the verb
Patient
139
The entity that benefits from the action
Beneficiary
140
The thing used to carry out the action
Instrument
141
The study of those features that differ systematically as we compare different groups of speakers or the same speaker in different situations
Language Variation
142
- variety of language which is used in a certain geographical area
- a systematic variety of a language specific to a particular group
— may differ in vocabulary, pronunciation, morphology, syntax
Dialect
143
The line marking the limit of the distribution of a linguistic feature on a map — phonological, lexical, morphological, or syntactic feature can be found
Isogloss
144
- a variety of language used by people in the same socio-cultural position
Sociolect
145
- simplified version of a language — 1 or more languages used for occasional communication between people with no common language
(Trade or colonization)
Pidgin
146
- when a pidgin becomes the native language of a community
Creole
147
A very informal language — with a vocabulary composed typically of coinage and arbitrarily changed words
Slang
148
Conditioned by the subject matter in connection with which the language is used
Register — field of interest, activity, occupation etc.
