Literature Flashcards
involves the reading, interpretation and commentary of a specific text or texts which have been designated as literature
Literary criticism
This theory is premised on the idea that literature is an imitation of life.
Classical Literary Theory
Greek word for imitation.
Mimesis (Plato)
refers to whether a piece of literary work aims to entertain (dulce) or to teach or to instruct (utile)
Function (Horace)
written in a low, middle, or high style
Style (Longinus).
refers to purgation, purification, clarification, or structural kind of emotional cleansing.
Catharsis (Aristotle)
an issue for Plato for literary works that show bad mimesis.
Censorship (Plato)
The book tells the story of a ritual performed by women to call upon the gods to grant fertility
Summer Solstice
- customs and traditions in everyday life
- word of mouth
- communal and functional
- written records were either burned or easily perished
Pre-Hispanic Period
First ancient alphabet in PH
Baybayin
A form of prose which is about the origin of a thing, place, location, or name
Legends
Stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can derive lessons about life
Folk tales
Oldest forms of Philippine Literature that emerged in the Pre-Spanish Period
Folk Songs
Long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length
Epic
It celebrates the epic story of the town of Ibalong with three legendary heroes [Baltog, Handiong, Bantong]
Ibalon [Bicol Epic]
Life of Lam-ang [Ilocano Epic]
Biag ni Lam-ang [Pedro Bucaneg]
It narrates the story of the Muslims defending their Freedom/Liberty, known as Kamaruan, from the colonizers, such as the Spaniards
Parang Sibil [Tausug Epic]
Long narrative that relates the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society
Indarapata and Sulayman
Pre- Hispanic Literature
- Legends
- Folk Tales
- Folk Songs
- Epics
- Religious and Secular
- Liberalism and Internationalism
- Comedia (Moro-moro), Sarsuwela, and Senaculo
Spanish Period
It depicts battles, in rather comedic way, between Christians and (Moros) Muslims
Comedia
A play with music, deriving it’s name from the Palacio de Zarzuela near Madrid
Zarzuela
Who introduced Zarzuela?
Alejandro Cubero, Severino Reyes, and Hermogenes Ilagan
The place where Jesus Christ celebrated the Last Supper with his disciples
Senaculo
- first establishment of English as the medium of instruction in all schools
- free verse [in poetry]
- seditious works in Liwayway and Bisaya
American Period
Golden Age of Filipino Literature and Filipino Language
Japanese Period
- Revolutionary form of literature attacked the ills of the society
- Provided a venue in reviving traditional drama and in creating original plays
New Society
- Prince of Tagalog Poets
- Filipino Counterpart of Chaucer and Shakespeare
Francisco Baltazar/Balagtas
- Mother of Philippine Women’s Literature
- The bridge from oral to literary tradition
Leona Florentino
- Father of Philippine Journalism
- First editor of La Solidaridad
- Father of Philippine Masonry
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Father of Tagalog Short Story
Deogracias Rosario
- Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry
- Father of Modern Tagalog Prose
Alejandro G. Abadilla
- Goddess of Philippine Poetry
- Author of Love Poems
Ophelia Dimalanta
Father of Ilocano Literature
Pedro Bukaneg
Father of MODERN Ilocano Literature
Leon Pichay
Prince of Ilocano Poets
Claro Caluya
Father of Kapampangan Literature
Crisostomo Sotto
- First National Artist of The Philippines for Literature in 1973
- Comma poet, advocate of “art for arts sake” [inverse consonance]
Jose Garcia Villa [Doveglion]
Author of Footnote to Youth and The Fence
Jose Garcia Villa
It is a brief reminder for the Filipinos especially the youth of what a real life could be today
Footnote to Youth
Two nipa huts are only visible houses — unyielding fence between them to stay at arm’s length from each other
The Fence
- National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1986
- Filipino-Spanish fiction writer
Nick Joaquin [Quijano de Manila]
Author of May Day Eve and Summer Solstice
Nick Joaquin
The main characters in the story both believe in superstition — fate. They believed that they saw each other in the mirror that fated night, which they are bound to be with each other.
May Day Eve [Nick Joaquin]
- Foremost Filipino Local Colorist
- Author of How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife
Manuel Arguilla
- National Artist for Literature in 2001
- Novels and Short Stories (class struggles and colonialism in Filipino society)
F. Sionil Jose
Rosales Tetralogy
F. Sionil Jose
National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1997
Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales
Author of Bread and Salt
Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales
The story is about a teenage boy who buys pandesal or “bread salt” because of its wonderful flavor
The Bread of Salt
Fil-Am fiction writer whose writings depict the loneliness and disillusionment of Filipinos in a strange and alien land
Bienvenido Santos
Author of Scent of Apples
Bienvenido Santos
It tells the story of one man and his family’s unique experience as Filipino immigrants to the US
Scent of Apples
- Most respected Filipino woman fictionist in prewar days
- Convicted for pornography in writing “Fairy Tale in the City”
Estrella Alfon
Author of Magnificence
Estrella Alfon
The story mainly talked about the protection given by the mother to her children. She saved her child from the hands of a pervert (Vicente).
Magnificence
She was the editor of the Woman’s Journal, the first feminine literary magazine in English published in the Philippines
Paz Benitez
Recognized as one of the best short stories yet written by a Filipino
Dead Stars
- English Filipino Novelist
- famous for his autobiographical novel America is in the Heart (1946) which he wrote when he went to the US during the Great Depression
Carlos Bulosan
Author of My Father Goes to Court
Carlos Bulosan
The young narrator begins by describing his large family. Then, a rich man brings a charge against the narrator’s family for stealing the spirit of his family’s food
My Father Goes to Court
- Her short stories won two Palanca Awards and two Free Press Awards
- Author of The Visitation of the Gods
Gilda Cordero-Fernando
The story is about the visitation of the superintendent, the district supervisors and the division supervisors for the purposes of inspection and evaluation to the public schools, specifically the Pugad Lawin School
The Visitation of the Gods
- The Virgin won first prizes in the Palanca and the Free Press
- The Hand of the Enemy (1962) won the Stone hill award for Filipino novel in English
Kerima Poloton-Tuvera
Having spent most of her adult life caring for an ailing mother, Miss Mijares is past her youth.
The Virgin [Kerima Poloton-Tuvera]
First novel written by a Filipino in 1885 by Pedro Paterno
Ninay
The life and love story of Ninay, a heartbroken young woman who died of cholera — heartbreak was due to her separation from her lover Carlos Mabagsic
Ninay
First English Novel written by a Filipino in 1921.
By: Zoilo Galang
A Child of Sorrow
An extremely sentimental romance in which the lover, consumed by gnawing sadness, soon followed his beloved to the grave.
A Child of Sorrow
The first novel written by a Filipino after World War 2
Without Seeing the Dawn
Author of the Wedding Dance
Amador Daguio
It is a short story about a husband and wife, Awiyao and Lumnay, who had been married for 7 years. Awiyao feels the need to marry again in order to have a son
The Wedding Dance [Amador Daguio]
It is a story about a young girl who falls in love with her teacher while he teaches her how to be a lady.
Zita [Arturo Rotor]
It deals with the illusions of love — a young woman with so much promise brought low by love
Love in the Cornhusks [Aida Rivera]
- two main characters: SITA and Clara
- SITA: consumed by hunger
- Clara: widow — her husband left this mortal world
The Bolo [Loreto Paras Sulit]
Author of the Small Key
Paz Latorena
It is about Soledad, a woman in her mid-twenties who is married to a man named Pedro Buhay. They lived in a hut within a prosperous farm away from neighbors. — abundant harvest with familiarity and discontent
The Small Key [Paz Latorena]
Epics of the World
- Beowulf
- Song of Roland
- Aeneid
- Iliad and Odyssey
- Nibelungenlied
- Mahabharata
-Shah-namah - El Cid El Compeador
- Epic of Gilgamesh
Epic of England: 3 antagonist — grendel, Grendel’s mother, dragon
Beowulf
Epic of France: Roland led the army of King Charlemagne in fighting the Saracens
Song of Roland
Epic of Italy: narrated the story of Aeneas as was exile and discovered the ‘to be’ city of Rome.
Aeneid
Epic of Greece: Iliad and Odyssey
Homer
- narrated the feud between the Trojans and Achaeans (10 year siege)
- hector killed Patroclus; Achilles killed hector; Paris killed Achilles
- Hector: Tamer of Horses
- Achilles’ heel - weakness
Iliad
Homer’s epic of ‘Odysseus’ 10 year struggle to return home after the Trojan War
Odyssey
Epic of Germany: story of Kriemhild and Siegfried
Nibelungenlied
Epic of India: Longest Epic in the world
Mahabharata
Epic of Persia
Shah-namah
Epic of Spain
El Cid El Compeador
Epic of Babylon: oldest epic in the world
Epic of Gilgamesh
Narrates Dante’s journey through inferno, purgatorio, and Paradiso guided by Virgil (Inferno and Purgatorio) and Beatrice (Paradiso)
Divine Comedy by Dante Alhigieri
Father of Italian literature
Dante Alhigieri
Frame story narrated by Scheherezde to save herself from the wrath of King Sharayar
1001 Arabian Nights
Famous stories of 1001 Arabian Nights:
Aladdin, Sinbad the Sailor, Alibaba and the 40 Thieves
young lovers — families hate each other and forbid them to get married — crack in the wall
Pyramus and Thisbe
Ancient Greek legendary hero endowed with superhuman musical skills.
Orpheus
His music and grief so moved Hades — allowed to take Eurydice with him back to the world of life and light
Orpheus and Eurydice
He is fated to kill his father and marry his mother.
Oedipus Rex
Aphrodite: Goddess of love and beauty
Roman: Venus
Apollo: God of music, poetry, and the sun
Roman: Apollo
Ares: God of War
Roman: Mars
Artemis: Goddess of the moon
Roman: Diana
Asclepius: God of Medicine
Aesculapius
Athena: Goddess of Wisdom
Roman: Minerva
Cronus: God of the Sky and agriculture
Roman: Saturn
Demeter: Goddess of fertility and crops
Roman: Ceres
Dionysus: God of wine; ecstasy
Roman: Bacchus
Eros: God of Love
Roman: Cupid
Gaea: Mother Earth
Roman: Terra
Hades: God of the Underworld
Roman: Dis
Hephaestus: God of fire; craftsman for the Gods
Roman: Vulcan
Hera: Queen of the Gods; Goddess of Marriage
Roman: Juno
Hermes: Messenger of the Gods; travel
Roman: Mercury
Persephone: Queen of the Underworld
Roman: Proserpina
Poseidon: God of the Sea
Roman: Neptune
Zeus: Ruler of the Gods
Roman: Jupiter
Reflected the humans as the center of the universe.
Greek Mythology
It incorporated those of conquered people but was in many respects an adaptation of the Greeks.
Roman Mythology
Indian Literature is called
Verdic after Vedas
A collection of sacred poem in India
Vedas
Central Concepts of Hinduism
Dharma, Karma, Reincarnation
Dominant religion of India
Hinduism
The soul and the original source of the universe in Hindu
Purusha
Virtue, duty, righteousness, moral law
Dharma
Wealth
Artha
Love or pleasure
Kama
renunciation of duty, love, and wealth to seek spiritual perfection — achieved after the release of samsara [the cycle of births and deaths]
Moksha
Caste system in India
- Brahmins
- Ksatriyas
- Vaishyas
- Sudras
- Dalits
Mainly teachers and intellectuals and are believed to have come from Brahma’s head
Brahmins
Warriors and rulers from Brahma’s arms
Ksatriyas
Traders who came from Brahma’s thighs
Vaishyas
All who did menial jobs and came from Brahma’s feet
Sudras
Untiuchables
Dalits
Originated in India — based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) the enlightened one
Buddhism
Human beings are bound to the wheel of life which is a continual cycle of birth, death, and suffering. — effect of Karma in which a person’s present life and experiences are the result of the thoughts and actions
Buddhism
Four Noble Truths
- life is suffering l
- the cause of suffering is desire
- removal of desire is the removal of suffering
- the eightfold path leads to the end of suffering
Eightfold Path
- right understanding, thought, speech, action, means of livelihood, effort, concentration, meditation
Hymns of supreme sacred knowledge — made up of 1,028 hymns
Rig Veda
An anthology of basic Buddhist teaching in a simple aphoristic style — verses are compared with the Letter of St. Paul in the Bible or that of Christ’s Sermon on the mount
Dhammapada (Way of Truth)
Sitting at the feet of the Teacher
Upanishads
Consists of a mass of legendary and didactic material that tells of the struggle for supremacy between two groups of cousins — Kayravas and Pandavas
100, 000 couplet — 18 parvans
Exposition on dharma [codes of conduct]
Mahabharata [Vyasa]
One of the greatest and most beautiful of the Hindu scriptures — somewhat the same as the Gospels of Christians
Bhagavad Gita [The Blessed Lord Songs]
Consists of some 24, 000 couplets divided into 7 books.
It reflects the values of Hindu — the theory of Karma, the feelings of honor and promises
The poem describes the royal birth of Rama — his tutelage under Visvamitra — winning Sita
Ramayana (Valmiki)
Collection of indian beast fables originally written in Sanskrit
Called The Fables of Bidpai in Europe
- a learned Brahman named Vishnusarman used animal fables to instruct the 3 dull-witted sons of the King.
Panchatantra [Frame Story]
A Sanskrit drama by Kalidasa — a love story between Sakuntala and King Dushyanta
Sakuntala
A noble and pious King who upholds his duties above his personal desire
King Dushyanta [Sakuntala]
A young girl who matures beautifully because of her Kindness, and courage, and strength of will
Sakuntala
Is attributed to Shudraka, a king — a Brahman merchant who has lost his money because of liberality
The Little Clay Cart [Mrcchakatika]
- more on short stories
- oral tradition [orature]
- epics and poems and narratives
African Literature
Keepers of Oral Literature in West Africa
Griots
Features of African Oral Literature
- repetition and parallel structure
- repeat and vary technique
- tonal assonance
- call-and-response format
Memory aids — creates rhythm, builds suspense, and adds emphasis
Repetition and parallel structure
Lines are repeated with slight variations
Repeat and vary technique
Determine the meanings of words [repetition of vowel sounds]
Tonal Assonance
- do not tell a story
- speaker’s thoughts or emotional state
Lyric Poems
Offered to the sun god Aten
Hymns of Praise Songs
Essence of people’s values and knowledge
African Proverbs
African moral tale — intended for debate and discussion
Dilemma or Enigma Tale
From Ashanti — about the common occupations of the Ashanti
Ashanti Tale
- religious and social beliefs used to entertain, to teach, and explain
Folk Tales
Creation stories ex. Truth and Falsehood
Origin Stories
Both the hero and the Villain
Ex. Anansi the Spider
Trickster
Attempt to teach a lesson
ex. The Tortoise and the Hare
Moral Stories
Primarily intended to amuse
Humorous Stories
means blackness
- protest against french colonial rule and policy assimilation
Negritude
Egypt is the Gift of Nile
True
Ezeulu compared himself to an arrow in their God’s bow
Arrow of God [Chinua Achebe]
A question of power
Bessie Head
The Rain Cane
Grace Ogot
Maria Makiling is a Legend
True (legend is half truth-half fiction)
God’s Bits of Wood Chronicle by Ousmane Sembene
Railroad strike in colonial senegal
1991 Nobel Laureate
Nadine Gordimer
A key figure in the Negritude movement
Leopold Senghor
It explodes the cultural and emotional impact of the snow on the poet — powerful metaphor for the meeting of different cultures and the sense of displacement
Paris in the Snow by Leopold Senghor
It shows the eternal linkage of the living with the dead.
Totem by Leopold Senghor