Literature Flashcards
involves the reading, interpretation and commentary of a specific text or texts which have been designated as literature
Literary criticism
This theory is premised on the idea that literature is an imitation of life.
Classical Literary Theory
Greek word for imitation.
Mimesis (Plato)
refers to whether a piece of literary work aims to entertain (dulce) or to teach or to instruct (utile)
Function (Horace)
written in a low, middle, or high style
Style (Longinus).
refers to purgation, purification, clarification, or structural kind of emotional cleansing.
Catharsis (Aristotle)
an issue for Plato for literary works that show bad mimesis.
Censorship (Plato)
The book tells the story of a ritual performed by women to call upon the gods to grant fertility
Summer Solstice
- customs and traditions in everyday life
- word of mouth
- communal and functional
- written records were either burned or easily perished
Pre-Hispanic Period
First ancient alphabet in PH
Baybayin
A form of prose which is about the origin of a thing, place, location, or name
Legends
Stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can derive lessons about life
Folk tales
Oldest forms of Philippine Literature that emerged in the Pre-Spanish Period
Folk Songs
Long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length
Epic
It celebrates the epic story of the town of Ibalong with three legendary heroes [Baltog, Handiong, Bantong]
Ibalon [Bicol Epic]
Life of Lam-ang [Ilocano Epic]
Biag ni Lam-ang [Pedro Bucaneg]
It narrates the story of the Muslims defending their Freedom/Liberty, known as Kamaruan, from the colonizers, such as the Spaniards
Parang Sibil [Tausug Epic]
Long narrative that relates the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society
Indarapata and Sulayman
Pre- Hispanic Literature
- Legends
- Folk Tales
- Folk Songs
- Epics
- Religious and Secular
- Liberalism and Internationalism
- Comedia (Moro-moro), Sarsuwela, and Senaculo
Spanish Period
It depicts battles, in rather comedic way, between Christians and (Moros) Muslims
Comedia
A play with music, deriving it’s name from the Palacio de Zarzuela near Madrid
Zarzuela
Who introduced Zarzuela?
Alejandro Cubero, Severino Reyes, and Hermogenes Ilagan
The place where Jesus Christ celebrated the Last Supper with his disciples
Senaculo
- first establishment of English as the medium of instruction in all schools
- free verse [in poetry]
- seditious works in Liwayway and Bisaya
American Period
Golden Age of Filipino Literature and Filipino Language
Japanese Period
- Revolutionary form of literature attacked the ills of the society
- Provided a venue in reviving traditional drama and in creating original plays
New Society
- Prince of Tagalog Poets
- Filipino Counterpart of Chaucer and Shakespeare
Francisco Baltazar/Balagtas
- Mother of Philippine Women’s Literature
- The bridge from oral to literary tradition
Leona Florentino
- Father of Philippine Journalism
- First editor of La Solidaridad
- Father of Philippine Masonry
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Father of Tagalog Short Story
Deogracias Rosario
- Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry
- Father of Modern Tagalog Prose
Alejandro G. Abadilla
- Goddess of Philippine Poetry
- Author of Love Poems
Ophelia Dimalanta
Father of Ilocano Literature
Pedro Bukaneg
Father of MODERN Ilocano Literature
Leon Pichay
Prince of Ilocano Poets
Claro Caluya
Father of Kapampangan Literature
Crisostomo Sotto
- First National Artist of The Philippines for Literature in 1973
- Comma poet, advocate of “art for arts sake” [inverse consonance]
Jose Garcia Villa [Doveglion]
Author of Footnote to Youth and The Fence
Jose Garcia Villa
It is a brief reminder for the Filipinos especially the youth of what a real life could be today
Footnote to Youth
Two nipa huts are only visible houses — unyielding fence between them to stay at arm’s length from each other
The Fence
- National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1986
- Filipino-Spanish fiction writer
Nick Joaquin [Quijano de Manila]
Author of May Day Eve and Summer Solstice
Nick Joaquin
The main characters in the story both believe in superstition — fate. They believed that they saw each other in the mirror that fated night, which they are bound to be with each other.
May Day Eve [Nick Joaquin]
- Foremost Filipino Local Colorist
- Author of How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife
Manuel Arguilla
- National Artist for Literature in 2001
- Novels and Short Stories (class struggles and colonialism in Filipino society)
F. Sionil Jose
Rosales Tetralogy
F. Sionil Jose
National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1997
Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales
Author of Bread and Salt
Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales
The story is about a teenage boy who buys pandesal or “bread salt” because of its wonderful flavor
The Bread of Salt
Fil-Am fiction writer whose writings depict the loneliness and disillusionment of Filipinos in a strange and alien land
Bienvenido Santos
Author of Scent of Apples
Bienvenido Santos
It tells the story of one man and his family’s unique experience as Filipino immigrants to the US
Scent of Apples
- Most respected Filipino woman fictionist in prewar days
- Convicted for pornography in writing “Fairy Tale in the City”
Estrella Alfon
Author of Magnificence
Estrella Alfon
The story mainly talked about the protection given by the mother to her children. She saved her child from the hands of a pervert (Vicente).
Magnificence
She was the editor of the Woman’s Journal, the first feminine literary magazine in English published in the Philippines
Paz Benitez
Recognized as one of the best short stories yet written by a Filipino
Dead Stars
- English Filipino Novelist
- famous for his autobiographical novel America is in the Heart (1946) which he wrote when he went to the US during the Great Depression
Carlos Bulosan
Author of My Father Goes to Court
Carlos Bulosan
The young narrator begins by describing his large family. Then, a rich man brings a charge against the narrator’s family for stealing the spirit of his family’s food
My Father Goes to Court
- Her short stories won two Palanca Awards and two Free Press Awards
- Author of The Visitation of the Gods
Gilda Cordero-Fernando
The story is about the visitation of the superintendent, the district supervisors and the division supervisors for the purposes of inspection and evaluation to the public schools, specifically the Pugad Lawin School
The Visitation of the Gods
- The Virgin won first prizes in the Palanca and the Free Press
- The Hand of the Enemy (1962) won the Stone hill award for Filipino novel in English
Kerima Poloton-Tuvera
Having spent most of her adult life caring for an ailing mother, Miss Mijares is past her youth.
The Virgin [Kerima Poloton-Tuvera]
First novel written by a Filipino in 1885 by Pedro Paterno
Ninay
The life and love story of Ninay, a heartbroken young woman who died of cholera — heartbreak was due to her separation from her lover Carlos Mabagsic
Ninay
First English Novel written by a Filipino in 1921.
By: Zoilo Galang
A Child of Sorrow
An extremely sentimental romance in which the lover, consumed by gnawing sadness, soon followed his beloved to the grave.
A Child of Sorrow
The first novel written by a Filipino after World War 2
Without Seeing the Dawn
Author of the Wedding Dance
Amador Daguio
It is a short story about a husband and wife, Awiyao and Lumnay, who had been married for 7 years. Awiyao feels the need to marry again in order to have a son
The Wedding Dance [Amador Daguio]
It is a story about a young girl who falls in love with her teacher while he teaches her how to be a lady.
Zita [Arturo Rotor]
It deals with the illusions of love — a young woman with so much promise brought low by love
Love in the Cornhusks [Aida Rivera]
- two main characters: SITA and Clara
- SITA: consumed by hunger
- Clara: widow — her husband left this mortal world
The Bolo [Loreto Paras Sulit]
Author of the Small Key
Paz Latorena
It is about Soledad, a woman in her mid-twenties who is married to a man named Pedro Buhay. They lived in a hut within a prosperous farm away from neighbors. — abundant harvest with familiarity and discontent
The Small Key [Paz Latorena]
Epics of the World
- Beowulf
- Song of Roland
- Aeneid
- Iliad and Odyssey
- Nibelungenlied
- Mahabharata
-Shah-namah - El Cid El Compeador
- Epic of Gilgamesh
Epic of England: 3 antagonist — grendel, Grendel’s mother, dragon
Beowulf
Epic of France: Roland led the army of King Charlemagne in fighting the Saracens
Song of Roland
Epic of Italy: narrated the story of Aeneas as was exile and discovered the ‘to be’ city of Rome.
Aeneid
Epic of Greece: Iliad and Odyssey
Homer
- narrated the feud between the Trojans and Achaeans (10 year siege)
- hector killed Patroclus; Achilles killed hector; Paris killed Achilles
- Hector: Tamer of Horses
- Achilles’ heel - weakness
Iliad
Homer’s epic of ‘Odysseus’ 10 year struggle to return home after the Trojan War
Odyssey
Epic of Germany: story of Kriemhild and Siegfried
Nibelungenlied
Epic of India: Longest Epic in the world
Mahabharata
Epic of Persia
Shah-namah
Epic of Spain
El Cid El Compeador
Epic of Babylon: oldest epic in the world
Epic of Gilgamesh
Narrates Dante’s journey through inferno, purgatorio, and Paradiso guided by Virgil (Inferno and Purgatorio) and Beatrice (Paradiso)
Divine Comedy by Dante Alhigieri
Father of Italian literature
Dante Alhigieri
Frame story narrated by Scheherezde to save herself from the wrath of King Sharayar
1001 Arabian Nights
Famous stories of 1001 Arabian Nights:
Aladdin, Sinbad the Sailor, Alibaba and the 40 Thieves
young lovers — families hate each other and forbid them to get married — crack in the wall
Pyramus and Thisbe
Ancient Greek legendary hero endowed with superhuman musical skills.
Orpheus
His music and grief so moved Hades — allowed to take Eurydice with him back to the world of life and light
Orpheus and Eurydice
He is fated to kill his father and marry his mother.
Oedipus Rex
Aphrodite: Goddess of love and beauty
Roman: Venus
Apollo: God of music, poetry, and the sun
Roman: Apollo
Ares: God of War
Roman: Mars
Artemis: Goddess of the moon
Roman: Diana
Asclepius: God of Medicine
Aesculapius
Athena: Goddess of Wisdom
Roman: Minerva
Cronus: God of the Sky and agriculture
Roman: Saturn
Demeter: Goddess of fertility and crops
Roman: Ceres
Dionysus: God of wine; ecstasy
Roman: Bacchus
Eros: God of Love
Roman: Cupid
Gaea: Mother Earth
Roman: Terra
Hades: God of the Underworld
Roman: Dis
Hephaestus: God of fire; craftsman for the Gods
Roman: Vulcan
Hera: Queen of the Gods; Goddess of Marriage
Roman: Juno
Hermes: Messenger of the Gods; travel
Roman: Mercury
Persephone: Queen of the Underworld
Roman: Proserpina
Poseidon: God of the Sea
Roman: Neptune
Zeus: Ruler of the Gods
Roman: Jupiter
Reflected the humans as the center of the universe.
Greek Mythology
It incorporated those of conquered people but was in many respects an adaptation of the Greeks.
Roman Mythology
Indian Literature is called
Verdic after Vedas
A collection of sacred poem in India
Vedas
Central Concepts of Hinduism
Dharma, Karma, Reincarnation
Dominant religion of India
Hinduism
The soul and the original source of the universe in Hindu
Purusha
Virtue, duty, righteousness, moral law
Dharma
Wealth
Artha
Love or pleasure
Kama
renunciation of duty, love, and wealth to seek spiritual perfection — achieved after the release of samsara [the cycle of births and deaths]
Moksha
Caste system in India
- Brahmins
- Ksatriyas
- Vaishyas
- Sudras
- Dalits
Mainly teachers and intellectuals and are believed to have come from Brahma’s head
Brahmins
Warriors and rulers from Brahma’s arms
Ksatriyas
Traders who came from Brahma’s thighs
Vaishyas
All who did menial jobs and came from Brahma’s feet
Sudras
Untiuchables
Dalits
Originated in India — based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) the enlightened one
Buddhism
Human beings are bound to the wheel of life which is a continual cycle of birth, death, and suffering. — effect of Karma in which a person’s present life and experiences are the result of the thoughts and actions
Buddhism
Four Noble Truths
- life is suffering l
- the cause of suffering is desire
- removal of desire is the removal of suffering
- the eightfold path leads to the end of suffering
Eightfold Path
- right understanding, thought, speech, action, means of livelihood, effort, concentration, meditation
Hymns of supreme sacred knowledge — made up of 1,028 hymns
Rig Veda
An anthology of basic Buddhist teaching in a simple aphoristic style — verses are compared with the Letter of St. Paul in the Bible or that of Christ’s Sermon on the mount
Dhammapada (Way of Truth)
Sitting at the feet of the Teacher
Upanishads
Consists of a mass of legendary and didactic material that tells of the struggle for supremacy between two groups of cousins — Kayravas and Pandavas
100, 000 couplet — 18 parvans
Exposition on dharma [codes of conduct]
Mahabharata [Vyasa]
One of the greatest and most beautiful of the Hindu scriptures — somewhat the same as the Gospels of Christians
Bhagavad Gita [The Blessed Lord Songs]
Consists of some 24, 000 couplets divided into 7 books.
It reflects the values of Hindu — the theory of Karma, the feelings of honor and promises
The poem describes the royal birth of Rama — his tutelage under Visvamitra — winning Sita
Ramayana (Valmiki)
Collection of indian beast fables originally written in Sanskrit
Called The Fables of Bidpai in Europe
- a learned Brahman named Vishnusarman used animal fables to instruct the 3 dull-witted sons of the King.
Panchatantra [Frame Story]
A Sanskrit drama by Kalidasa — a love story between Sakuntala and King Dushyanta
Sakuntala
A noble and pious King who upholds his duties above his personal desire
King Dushyanta [Sakuntala]
A young girl who matures beautifully because of her Kindness, and courage, and strength of will
Sakuntala
Is attributed to Shudraka, a king — a Brahman merchant who has lost his money because of liberality
The Little Clay Cart [Mrcchakatika]
- more on short stories
- oral tradition [orature]
- epics and poems and narratives
African Literature
Keepers of Oral Literature in West Africa
Griots
Features of African Oral Literature
- repetition and parallel structure
- repeat and vary technique
- tonal assonance
- call-and-response format
Memory aids — creates rhythm, builds suspense, and adds emphasis
Repetition and parallel structure
Lines are repeated with slight variations
Repeat and vary technique
Determine the meanings of words [repetition of vowel sounds]
Tonal Assonance
- do not tell a story
- speaker’s thoughts or emotional state
Lyric Poems
Offered to the sun god Aten
Hymns of Praise Songs
Essence of people’s values and knowledge
African Proverbs
African moral tale — intended for debate and discussion
Dilemma or Enigma Tale
From Ashanti — about the common occupations of the Ashanti
Ashanti Tale
- religious and social beliefs used to entertain, to teach, and explain
Folk Tales
Creation stories ex. Truth and Falsehood
Origin Stories
Both the hero and the Villain
Ex. Anansi the Spider
Trickster
Attempt to teach a lesson
ex. The Tortoise and the Hare
Moral Stories
Primarily intended to amuse
Humorous Stories
means blackness
- protest against french colonial rule and policy assimilation
Negritude
Egypt is the Gift of Nile
True
Ezeulu compared himself to an arrow in their God’s bow
Arrow of God [Chinua Achebe]
A question of power
Bessie Head
The Rain Cane
Grace Ogot
Maria Makiling is a Legend
True (legend is half truth-half fiction)
God’s Bits of Wood Chronicle by Ousmane Sembene
Railroad strike in colonial senegal
1991 Nobel Laureate
Nadine Gordimer
A key figure in the Negritude movement
Leopold Senghor
It explodes the cultural and emotional impact of the snow on the poet — powerful metaphor for the meeting of different cultures and the sense of displacement
Paris in the Snow by Leopold Senghor
It shows the eternal linkage of the living with the dead.
Totem by Leopold Senghor
A leading figure in the anti-apartheid movement [racial segregation]
Dennis Brutus
The poems are addressed to his wife, Martha, and they reflect the speaks of humiliation, the despondency l, the indignity of prison life
Letters to Martha by Dennis Brutus
The poet’s social commitment, as he reacts to the poverty around him amidst material progress
Train Journey by Dennis Brutus
A satirical poem between a Black man seeking the landlady’s permission to accommodate him in her lodging house — however, the landlady showed deep-rooted prejudice against the colored people
Telephone Conversation by Whole Soyinka
First African Nobel Laureate in 1986
Wole Soyinka
First won the Nobel Price from France in 1901
Sully Prudhomme
Igbo Novelist
Chinua Achebe
Who wrote ‘Things Fall Apart and No Longer at Ease?
Chinua Achebe
Nobel Peace Prize in 1993
Nelson Mandela
Expatriate south African writer — charting complex issues of the non-whites struggle
Peter Abrahams
A poem that achieves it’s impact by a series of climactic sentences and rhetorical questions
Africa by David Diop
What type of literary form is Africa?
Lyric Poem
A poem about the clash between African and Western values — first important poem in English to emerge from Eastern Africa
Song of Lawino
Author of Song of Lawino
Okot P’Bitek
Author of Africa
David Diop
Letters to Martha and Train journey was written by
Dennis Brutus
Paris in the Snow and Totem author
Leopold Senghor
Telephone Conversation by
Wole Soyinka
Other term for Old English
Anglo-Saxon
Old English literature survived in 4 manuscripts:
-Caedmon’s hymn
-Vercelli Book
-Exeter Book
-Nowell’s Codex
Who is The Father of English History
Venerable Bede
Greatest Anglo-Saxon scholar who wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English people
Venerable Bede
- King of the Southern Anglo-Saxon and he wrote in his native tongue and encouraged scholarly translations from Latin into Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
King Alfred the Great
- an unlearned cowherd
- his only surviving work is Caedmon’s Hymn — a praise poem in honor of God
Caedmon
Author of Ecclesiastical History of the English People
Venerable Bede
Caedmon’s Hymn
Caedmon
Pre-eminent figures of Old English Christian Poetry
He used a cypher, or anagram, made up of ancient figures called Runes.
Cynewulf
Fates of the Apostles, Juliana, Elene, and Christ II or The Ascension
Cynewulf
The National Epic of England which blends Christianity and Paganism
Beowulf
The three monsters in Beowulf
Grendel, Mother of Beowulf, and the Fiery Dragon
Beowulf cause of death
The tooth of the dragon has poison
A long narrative poems written about the exploits of a supernatural hero
Epic
Epic heroes have no immortality
True
It uses dream vision to narrate the death and resurrection of Christ — perspective of the Cross Rood itself.
Dream of the Rood
Characteristics of Dream of the Rood
- Christ as a warrior
- crucifixion as a battle
- Tree as a symbol of Excellence
Its characteristics are divine and spiritual
Middle English
Other terms for Middle English
Medieval Period
A heroic old English Poem that records, in nationalistic tone, the triumph of the English against the combined forces of the Scots, Vikings, And Britons
The Battle of Brunanburg
Recounts the fall of the English army led by Birhtnoth in the hands of the Vikings invaders
The Battle of Maldon
The lyric poem composed of 115 lines of alliterative verse that reminisces a wanderer’s past glory in the company of his lord and xomrade
The wanderer
An Old English recorded in the Exeter Book that begins by recounting in elegiac tone the perils of seafaring— ends with a praise in of God
The Seafarer
Most popular literary form of Midieval Age
Metrical Romance
A long narrative poem idealizing knight errantry — chivalrous knights engaged in a number of adventure to protect, visit, and love
Medieval Romance
The best example of a metrical Romance, that is, a long rambling love story presenting Knightly adventures and courtly love
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Middle English literary works are
Divine and spritual
It became popular since they were performed as whole cycles of short plays in religious festivals
Religious Drama
Life, miracles, or martyrdom of SAINTS
Miracle Plays
represent a scene from the Old or New Testament — Corpus Christi plays
Mystery Plays
Personified, abstractions — offered practical instruction in morality
Morality Plays
It is a concept of using abstract characters
Religious Allegory
It is regarded as the best of the morality Plays.
Everyman
Who helped everyman?
Good Deeds helped him when he faced Death.
It comes from the Greek word renaitre and it means rebirth
Renaissance
Who wrote Sir Gawain and the Green Knight?
Pearl Poet
He was one of the world’s greatest storytellers who is best remembered for his frame narrative The Canterbury Tales
Geoffrey Chaucer
He is the Father of English Literature
Geoffrey Chaucer
Morning Star of English Literature
Geoffrey Chaucer
The author of The Canterbury Tales
Geoffrey Chaucer
Who wrote Le Morte d’Arthur
Sir Thomas Mallory
It is a collection of stories about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table culled from the Arthurian legends
Le Morte d’Arthur
What is the symbol of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table
Equality
The Golden Age of English Literature
The Renaissance
14 line poem in iambic pentameter
Sonnet
Man is the measure of all things
Humanism
Father of the English Tragedy
Christopher Marlowe
He sells his soul to the devil in exchange for power and knowledge
Dr. Faustus
Who wrote Dr. Faustus?
Christopher Marlowe
The demon in Dr. Faustus
Mephistopheles
The Poet’s Poet
Edmund Spenser
English poet whose allegorical poem The Faerie Queene
Edmund Spenser
It is a poem honoring Queen Elizabeth I
The Faerie Queene
Spenserian Stanza
Abab-bcbc-cdcd-ee
8 lines of iambic pentameter, 5 feet followed by a single line of iambic hexameter — alexandrine with 6
Spenserian Stanza
He popularized the comedy of humors
- his supporters were called Sons of Ben
Ben Jonson
He wrote Song to Celia
Ben Jonson
He is the Father of English Comedy
Ben Jonson
“Drink to me, only with thine eyes”
Song to Celia
He is the greatest writer in the English language
William Shakespeare
Birthday of William Shakespeare
1564
It is an example of a frame story — a story within a story
The Canterbury Tales
The final destination of the pilgrims
St. Thomas Becket Cathedral
The pilgrims rest to this place
Tabard Inn
How many pilgrims are there?
31
How many stories are there in Canterbury Tales?
29 stories
The Canterbury Tales is for spiritual renewal
True
Iambic
Unstress, stress
Trochaic
Stress, unstressed
Anapestic
unstressed, unstressed, stress
Dactylic
Stress, unstress, unstress
Pyrric
unstress, unstress
Spondaic
Stress, stress
Types of Drama
- Tragedy
- Comedy
- Farce
- Melodrama
The main characters always die in the end
Tragedy
Happy Ending
Comedy
Very funny like Mr. bean
Farce
Good vs. Evil and the good always win
Melodrama
(Shall I) (compare) (thee to) (a su) (mmer’s day)
Sonnet 116 - iambic pentameter
Spenserian Sonnet (eye rhyme)
ABAB-BCBC-CDCD-EE
Last two lines of a Shakespearean sonnet [GG] is called
Heroic Couplet
He is called “The Bard of Avon”
William Shakespeare
What period is William Shakespeare?
Renaissance [Elizabethan]
Total number of plays of William Shakespeare:
38
Total number of sonnets of William Shakespeare:
154
Total Number of Narrative poems:
2
Tragedy of Revenge
Hamlet
Tragedy of young love:
Romeo and Juliet
Tragedy of Jealousy
Othello
The most evil character among Shakespeare’s works?
Iago from Othello
Important concept of Hamlet:
Doppelganger
Important concept of Othello:
Triangular Conflict
Tragedy of Ambition
Macbeth
Important concept of Macbeth:
Ambiguity
Tragedy of Parental Love:
King Lear
The ghost of the King of Denmark tells his son to avenge his murder by killing the new king, his uncle
Hamlet
- star-crossed lovers
- long feud between the Montague and Capulet families
Romeo and Juliet
He killed the king, became the new king, and killed more people out of paranoia.
Macbeth
He divides his Kingdom among the two daughters Goneril and Regan who flatter him and banishes the third one Cordella, who loves him.
King Lear
The most controversial work of Shakespeare?
The Merchant of Venice because of Shylock’s speech
The 17th Century (Age of Reason)
- age of transition
- age of revolution
- age of exploration
- age of prose
Father of Inductive Reasoning and Father of the English Essay
Francis Bacon
Father of Essay
Michel de Montaigne
“Reading maketh a full man”
Francis Bacon
God’s English Poet
John Milton
It is about Adam and Eve. (old testament)
Paradise Lost
Jesus’ temptation in the desert by Satan [New Testament]
Paradise Regained
The greatest metaphysical poet
John Donne
Who wrote Holy Sonnets
John Donne
Conceits (not connected) or farfetched similes and metaphors
Metaphysical Poetry
Equivocation — ambiguity
Macbeth
“No man is an island” means
Brotherhood — by John Donne
It is a concrete poetry
Easter Wings by George Herbert
The author of To His Coy Mistress
Andrew Marvell
Their poetry is often frankly erotic — strength was the short lyric poem, and a favorite theme was carpe diem, “seize the day.”
Cavalier Poems
Who are the erotic writers?
RAR
- Richard Lovelace
- Robert Herrick
- Andrew Marvell
To Lucasta, on Going to Wars is written by
Richard Lovelace
Age of Enlightenment
18th Century
Father of English Satire (attack issues with humor)
Jonathan Swift
A satire on human folly and stupidity — by the tiny Liliputians and huge Brodingnans
Gulliver’s Travel
Precursor to Epistolary Literature
Samuel Richardson
He wrote Pamela and Clarissa
Samuel Richardson
He is known for his Tom Jones — a young foundling who is driven from his adopted home, wanders to London, eventually , for his suffering, he wins his lady
Henry Fielding
The Father of English Novel
Henry Fielding
A novel of formation or development in which the protagonist transforms from ignorance to knowledge, innocence to maturity
Bildungsroman
Father of English Dictionary
Samuel Johnson
Adventure fiction story focusing on a rogue character who travels from place to place
Picaresque
Important tenets of Romanticism
- individual, imagination, intuition, and nature
Horror + Romance
Gothic writers
The Castle of Otranto
Horace Walpole
The Mysteries of Udolpho
Ann Radcliffe
The Monk
Matthew Gregory Lewis
Frankenstein
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
Father of Romantic Poetry
William Wordsworth
Written Works: I wandered lonely as a cloud, She dwelt among the Untrodden Ways, and She was a Phantom of Delight
William Wordsworth
He is the author of Pride and Prejudice
Jane Austen
A novel of manners, deals with the issues of manners, upbringing, morality, education, and marriage
Pride and Prejudice
Established the romantic verse as a poetic trDition
Percy Bsyshe Syllable
A poem allegories — a voice of change and revolution
Ode to the West Wind
Author of Ode to the West Win and ozymandias
Percy Bysshe Shelley
A large fragment of a statue of Rameses IÍ
Ozymandias
Written during Victoria’s Reign
The Victorian Age
Poet Laureate — wrote seriously with a high moral purpose
Alfred Tennyson
A disguised study of ethical and social conditions
Idylls of the King (Lord Alfred Tennyson)
It deals with conflicting scientific and social ideas
Locksley Hall, In Memoriam, and Maud
Wrote the most exquisite love poems for her husband Robert Browning
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
Author of Sonnets from the Portuguese and Sonnet 43
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
“How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.”
Sonnet 43 — Elizabeth Barrett Browning
He is best remembered for his dramatic monologue
Robert Browning
My Last Duchess, Fra Lippo Lippi, and Andrea del Sarto are works of
Robert Browning
A long speech by an imaginary character used to expose pretense and reveal a characters’ inner self
Dramatic Monologue
He is considered as England’s best-loved novelist
Charles Dickens
He pioneered serial literature
Charles Dickens
Great Expectations, Hard Times, Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, A Tale of Two Cities are works of
Charles Dickens
Paris and London during the French Revolution
A Tale of Two Cities
Vanity Fair — heroine: Becky Sharp
William Makepeace Thackeray
Their pseudonyms are called Bell Brothers: Ellis Bell, Currer Bell, Acton Bell
Emily Bronte, Charlotte Bronte, Anne Bronte
Who wrote Jane Eyre?
Charlotte Bronte
Who wrote Wuthering Heights?
Emily Bronte
One of England’s greatest women novelists — her real name is Mary Anne Evans. What is her pen name?
George Eliot
Silas Mariner and Middlemarch are works of
George Eliot — Mary Anne Evans
Who wrote Treasure Island— buccaneers and buried gold for his stepson Lloyd Osbourne
Robert Louis Stevenson
He is the author of The Jungle Book
Rudyard Kipling
Mancub — Mowgli
Bear — Baloo
Bagheera — panther
True
Combines fantasy and satire — Real name: Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
Lewis Caroll
Who wrote Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through a Looking Glass?
Lewis Caroll
Who is the antagonist in the story of Alice?
The Jabberwocky
Used of loud and unpleasant sound
Cacophony
Used of soft and pleasant sound
Euphony
Known for their attacks on Victorian prejudices and attitudes
George Bernard Shaw
He wrote the Importance of Being Earnest — two men: Jack Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff. He is imprisoned for being a homosexual.
Oscar Wilde
Precursor of Detective Fiction:
Edgar Allan Poe
Author of historical novels and plays — famous for his short stories about Sherlock Holmes
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
An Irish expatriate noted for his experimental use of the interior monologue and the stream of consciousness technique
James Joyce
It presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur.
Stream of consciousness
Who pioneered the stream of consciousness?
Dorothy Richardson, Virginia Woolf and James Joyce.
One of the most notable bildungsroman in English literature.
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce
Also believed that reality, or consciousness, is a stream — also wrote Mrs. Dalloway and To The Lighthouse
Virginia Wolf
Is world-renown, for the powerful anti-communist satire Animal Farm and anti-totalitarian novel entitled 1984
George Orwell
It is the inspiration of Big Brother or PBB
1984 by George Orwell
His real name is Eric Arthur Blaire
George Orwell
They begin with orally transmitted myths, legends, tales, and lyrics (always songs) of Indian cultures — no written literature
American Literature
They are called merciless Indian savages
Native Americans
He wrote Epistola printed in 1493 which recounts his voyages.
Christopher Columbus
led the Jamestown colony and wrote the famous story of the Indian maiden, Pocahontas
Captain John Smith
Pocahontas [Amonute] born about 1596 — means playful one
True
First American Poet
Anne Bradstreet
Her book The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650) shows the influence of Edmund Spenser, Philip Sidney, etc.
Anne Bradstreet
- rationality
- scientific inquiry
- government
The American Enlightenment
America’s first great man of letters — professional writer
Benjamin Franklin
He used the pseudonym Poor Richard or Richard Saunders in Poor Richard’s Almanacs — proverbs and aphorisms
Benjamin Franklin
America’s Greatest Pamphleteer (Common Sense)
Thomas Paine
“The Cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind”
Thomas Paine
Poet of the American Revolution, wrote The Wild Honeysuckle — life is short, live meaningfully.
Philip Freneau
First American Man of Letters
Washington Irving
His Pseudonym is Geoffrey Crayon and he wrote Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow — a headless horseman
Washington Irving
He wrote the Leather Stocking Tales — renowned character: Natty Bumppo
James Fenimore Cooper
First famous frontiersman in American literature and the literary forerunner of countless cowboy and backwoods heroes
Natty Bumppo
First African-American author who wrote of religious themes.
Phillis Wheatly
“Early to bed, and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.”
Benjamin Franklin
O Captain! My Captain! (Abraham Lincoln)
Walt Whitman
His greatest novels are The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Use letter A for adultery
The Scarlet Letter
Moby Dick is the masterpiece of
Herman Merville
A noiseless patient spider — truth about humans — people naturally search for their meaning.”
Walt Whitman
A character of the Moby Dick whose obsessive quest for the white whale Moby Dick leads the ship and its men to destruction
Captain Ahab
Father of American Short Horror Stories
Edgar Allan Poe
Gothic style of writing
Edgar Allan Poe
His famous works The Cask of Amontillado, Masque of the Red Death — also wrote poetry like Annabel Lee, The Raven, and The Bell
Edgar Allan Poe
He said short stories can be ready in one-sitting
Edgar Allan Poe
Hero wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin — issue: Negro Slavery — civil war of America
Harriet Beecher Stowe
A leading exponent of the transcendentalist movement — birth of American individualism inspired by nature
Ralph Waldo Emerson
both transcendentalist and realist ideas — wrote Leaves of Grass
Walt Whitman
she wrote 1, 775 poems but only ten were published in her lifetime.
Emily Dickinson
Cause of death of Annabel Lee
Consumption or Tuberculosis
Hypochondriac living in morbid fear
The Fall of the House of Usher
Reply of the Raven to the narrator
Nevermore
Death — Immortality, capitalize because unexplainable concepts
— Emily Dickinson
True
He is responsible for the misty, ahistorical, legendary sense of the past that merged American and European traditions
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
It focuses on the harsh realities of life and gives the reader a true sense of “local color”
The Rise of Realism
Pseudonym of Samuel Clemens
Mark Twain
He wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Samuel Clemens or Mark Twain
He wrote a haunting Civil War novel, The Red Badge of Courage
Stephen Crane
United States traumatic coming of age
Modernism and Experimentation
Termed this age as the “Period of the Lost Generation”
Gertrude Stein
It focuses on the text and text alone
Formalism/New Criticism
Olfactory Sense
Nose
Premier Imagist Poetry
Ezra Pound
Cats musical based on Old Possum’s Book of Cats by T.S Eliot
True
T.S Eliot full name
Thomas Stearne Eliot
His poems are deceptively simple but suggest a deeper meaning
Robert Frost
Robert Frost’s common theme
Decision making and fate
“Acquainted with the night”
Loneliness
His novels are known for protagonists that are disillusioned by the great American dream.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
He wrote The Great Gatsby and The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
F. Scott Fitzgerald
He received the Nobel Prize in 1954 for his The Old Man and the Sea — also won Pulitzer Prize in 1953
Ernest Hemingway
First American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930
Sinclair Lewis
Shortest Poem Ever [6 words]
“For Sale: Baby Shoes, Never Worn.” is written by
Ernest Hemingway
Comma Poet
Jose Garcia Villa
Mark Twain of the Philippines
Manuel Arguilla
Edgar Allan Poe of PH (drunkard) — Icon of Filipino Beer Drinkers
Nick Joaquin
Pen name of Christopher Marlowe
Kit Marlowe
Living
