U8: Cognitive Psychology: Intelligence and Testing

Question 1

standardization sample

Answer 1

a group of people who represent the entire population

Question 2

norms

Answer 2

stands of performance against which anyone who takes a given test can be compared

Question 3

flynn effect

Answer 3

the population has become smarter over the past 50 years, so there’s a need to re-standardize

Question 4

reliability

Answer 4

the measure of how consistent a test is; refers to the likelihood that the same individual would get a similar score

Question 5

test-retest method

Answer 5

retesting the participants and then comparing the two scores and computing a correlation coefficient between them

Question 6

validity

Answer 6

the extent that a test measures what it intends to measure

Question 7

internal validity

Answer 7

the degree to which the subject’s results are due to the questions being asked and not another variable

Question 8

external validity

Answer 8

the degree to which results from a test can be generalized to the “real world”

Question 9

projective tests

Answer 9

where ambiguous stimuli that are open to interpretation are presented; are too subjective (i.e. Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test)

Question 10

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 10

a sequence of 10 inkblots, each of which the participant is asked to observe and then characterize

Question 11

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 11

a series of pictures of people in ambiguous relationships with other people; the participant’s task is to generate a store to accompany the picture

Question 12

power tests

Answer 12

gauge ability in certain areas; difficult tests where it is unlikely someone will get all the answers correct

Question 13

speed tests

Answer 13

very easy items but timed, making it difficult to complete

Question 14

achievement tests

Answer 14

asses knowledge gained (i.e. AP test)

Question 15

aptitude tests

Answer 15

evaluate a person’s abilities

Question 16

intelligence

Answer 16

defined as a goal-directed adaptive thinking

Question 17

Alfred Binet

Answer 17

first began to study children’s intelligence, measuring “mental age”

Question 18

Lewis Terman

Answer 18

modified Binet’s test and made Stanford-Binet Test

Question 19

IQ

Answer 19

IQ = (mental age/real age) x 100
100 is the average
standard deviation of 15-16 points

Question 20

Wechsler Intelligence Scale

Answer 20

6 types of questions: information, comprehension, arithmetic, similarities, vocabulary, digit span questions (short term memory work)

Question 21

Charles Spearman

Answer 21

proposed that there was a general intelligence (g factor) and specific intelligence (s factor)

Question 22

Robert Sternberg

Answer 22

proposed that intelligence could be defined by three categories: creative, practical, and analytic intelligence

Question 23

Howard Gardner

Answer 23

identified the following types of intelligence: verbal, mathematical, musical, spatial, kinesthetic, environmental, interpersonal (people perceptive), and intrapersonal (self-awareness)

Question 24

heritability coefficient

Answer 24

ranges from 0 to 1, and is a rough measure of the proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genetic effects; many believe that the true heritability quotient for IQ is 0.5, thus, half of the variation among people is due to heredity and the other half to environment

Question 25

psychometrics

Answer 25

psychological testing, must follow certain ethical guidelines