U6: Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

relatively permanent or stable change in behavior as a result of experiences

Question 2

non associative learning

Answer 2

occurs when an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus
two types: habituation and sensitization

Question 3

habituation

Answer 3

learning to “tune out” a stimulus

Question 4

dishabituation

Answer 4

after a person has been habituated to a given stimulus, and the stimulus is removed, to the person is no longer accustomed to the stimulus when it returns

Question 5

sensitization

Answer 5

an increase in responsiveness due to either a repeated application of a stimulus or a particularly aversive or noxious stimulus, the stimulus produces a more exaggerated response

Question 6

desensitization

Answer 6

a decreased responsiveness to an aversive stimulus after repeated expose (desensitization therapy)

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

occurs when a neutral stimulus paired with a previously meaningful stimulus, eventually takes on some meaning itself
neutral stimulus has to come before the unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 8

initially the neutral stimulus

Question 9

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 9

the initially meaningful stimulus

Question 10

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 10

the unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus, the naturally occurring response

Question 11

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 11

response to CS after conditioning

Question 12

forward conditioning

Answer 12

when the CS is presented before the US

Question 13

delay conditioning

Answer 13

CS is presented until the US begins

Question 14

trace conditioning

Answer 14

CS is removed some time before the US is presented

Question 15

John Watson’s Little Albert

Answer 15

classical conditioning, albert was conditioned to fear a rat

Question 16

generalization

Answer 16

inability to distinguish different stimuli

Question 17

discrimination

Answer 17

ability to distinguish different stimuli

Question 18

aquisition

Answer 18

when the pairing of the natural and neutral stimuli have occurred with enough frequency that the neutral stimulus alone will elicit the conditional response

Question 19

extinction

Answer 19

the elimination of the conditioned response, can be achieved by presenting the CS without the US repeatedly

Question 20

spontaneous recovery

Answer 20

original response disappears on its own, but then is elicited again by the previous CS at later time

Question 21

second-order conditioning

Answer 21

a previous CS is used as the US; changing the CS and reconditioning

Question 22

contiguity approach

Answer 22

Pavlov and Watson believed that the pairing of the neutral and natural stimuli occurred because they were paired in time

Question 23

contingency approach

Answer 23

Robert Rescorla believes that the CS and US get paired because the CS comes to predict the US

Question 24

operant conditioning

Answer 24

an organism’s learning to make a response in order to obtain a reward or avoid punishment
pioneered by BF Skinner

Question 25

thorndike's law of effect

Answer 25

states that a behavior is more likely to recur if reinforced

Question 26

shaping

Answer 26

conditioning, differential reinforcement of successive approximations

Question 27

primary reinforcement

Answer 27

you don't have to learn to like it, you already now you like it and it reinforces behavior (i.e. food)

Question 28

secondary reinforcement

Answer 28

learned reinforcers, you learn its benefits (i.e. money)

Question 29

positive reinforcement

Answer 29

reward or event that increases the likelihood that a particular type of response will be repeated (i.e. candy)

Question 30

negative reinforcement

Answer 30

the removal of an aversive event to encourage behavior (i.e. seatbelt sign beeper)

Question 31

omission training

Answer 31

seeks to decrease the frequency of behavior by withholding the reward until the desired behavior is demonstrated

Question 32

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 32

the frequency with which an organism receives reinforcement for a given type of response

Question 33

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 33

every correct response that is emitted results in a reward, producing rapid learning, but also rapid extinction

Question 34

partial reinforcement schedule

Answer 34

schedule of reinforcement where not all responses are reinforced

Question 35

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 35

the reward always occurs after a fixed number of responses, produce strong learning, but learning extinction happens quickly

Question 36

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 36

ratio of responses to reinforcement is variable and unpredictable, reinforcement can come at any time (i.e. slot machines)

Question 37

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 37

reinforcement is presented as a function of fixed periods of time, as long as there is at least one response (i.e. salary)

Question 38

variable-interval schedule

Answer 38

reinforcement is presented at differing time intervals, as long as there is at least one response

Question 39

reinforcement vs. punishment

Answer 39

reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases it

Question 40

positive punishment

Answer 40

involves the application, or pairing of a negative stimulus with the behavior (i.e. do 20 pushups for talking back)

Question 41

negative punishment

Answer 41

involves the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after the behavior has occurred (i.e. losing tv privileges)

Question 42

escape

Answer 42

type of operant learning, an individual learns how to get away from an aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior (i.e. if a child doesn't want to do something and has a tantrum, if they get what they want they will still keep using tantrums)

Question 43

avoidance

Answer 43

occurs when a person performs a behavior to ensure an aversive stimulus is not presented (i.e. the child doesn't want to eat what's for dinner so they pretend they're sick to get soda and crackers)

Question 44

learned helplessness

Answer 44

occurs when consistent efforts fail to bring rewards; if the situation persists, the subject will stop trying

Question 45

social learning/observational learning

Answer 45

learning based on observing the behavior of others as well as the consequences of that behavior

Question 46

Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment

Answer 46

the children followed what they saw, how the adults played with the doll the children did the same conclusion: four conditions must be met for observational learning to occur: the learner must pay attention to the behavior in question, there must be retention of the observed behavior, there must be a motivation for the learner to produce the behavior at a latter time, and the potential for reproduction of the behavior must exist

Question 47

social and emotional learning

Answer 47

programs designed to help develop empathy and conflict resolution in students

Question 48

garcia effect

Answer 48

John Garcia demonstrated that animals that eat a food that results in nausea induced by a drug or radiation will not eat that food if they ever encounter it again