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AP Psychology > U6: Learning > Flashcards

U6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent or stable change in behavior as a result of experiences

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2
Q

non associative learning

A

occurs when an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus
two types: habituation and sensitization

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3
Q

habituation

A

learning to “tune out” a stimulus

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4
Q

dishabituation

A

after a person has been habituated to a given stimulus, and the stimulus is removed, to the person is no longer accustomed to the stimulus when it returns

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5
Q

sensitization

A

an increase in responsiveness due to either a repeated application of a stimulus or a particularly aversive or noxious stimulus, the stimulus produces a more exaggerated response

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6
Q

desensitization

A

a decreased responsiveness to an aversive stimulus after repeated expose (desensitization therapy)

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7
Q

classical conditioning

A

occurs when a neutral stimulus paired with a previously meaningful stimulus, eventually takes on some meaning itself
neutral stimulus has to come before the unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

initially the neutral stimulus

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9
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

the initially meaningful stimulus

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10
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

the unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus, the naturally occurring response

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11
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

response to CS after conditioning

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12
Q

forward conditioning

A

when the CS is presented before the US

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13
Q

delay conditioning

A

CS is presented until the US begins

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14
Q

trace conditioning

A

CS is removed some time before the US is presented

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15
Q

John Watson’s Little Albert

A

classical conditioning, albert was conditioned to fear a rat

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16
Q

generalization

A

inability to distinguish different stimuli

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17
Q

discrimination

A

ability to distinguish different stimuli

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18
Q

aquisition

A

when the pairing of the natural and neutral stimuli have occurred with enough frequency that the neutral stimulus alone will elicit the conditional response

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19
Q

extinction

A

the elimination of the conditioned response, can be achieved by presenting the CS without the US repeatedly

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20
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

original response disappears on its own, but then is elicited again by the previous CS at later time

21
Q

second-order conditioning

A

a previous CS is used as the US; changing the CS and reconditioning

22
Q

contiguity approach

A

Pavlov and Watson believed that the pairing of the neutral and natural stimuli occurred because they were paired in time

23
Q

contingency approach

A

Robert Rescorla believes that the CS and US get paired because the CS comes to predict the US

24
Q

operant conditioning

A

an organism’s learning to make a response in order to obtain a reward or avoid punishment
pioneered by BF Skinner

25
Q

thorndike’s law of effect

A

states that a behavior is more likely to recur if reinforced

26
Q

shaping

A

conditioning, differential reinforcement of successive approximations

27
Q

primary reinforcement

A

you don’t have to learn to like it, you already now you like it and it reinforces behavior (i.e. food)

28
Q

secondary reinforcement

A

learned reinforcers, you learn its benefits (i.e. money)

29
Q

positive reinforcement

A

reward or event that increases the likelihood that a particular type of response will be repeated (i.e. candy)

30
Q

negative reinforcement

A

the removal of an aversive event to encourage behavior (i.e. seatbelt sign beeper)

31
Q

omission training

A

seeks to decrease the frequency of behavior by withholding the reward until the desired behavior is demonstrated

32
Q

schedule of reinforcement

A

the frequency with which an organism receives reinforcement for a given type of response

33
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

every correct response that is emitted results in a reward, producing rapid learning, but also rapid extinction

34
Q

partial reinforcement schedule

A

schedule of reinforcement where not all responses are reinforced

35
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

the reward always occurs after a fixed number of responses, produce strong learning, but learning extinction happens quickly

36
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

ratio of responses to reinforcement is variable and unpredictable, reinforcement can come at any time (i.e. slot machines)

37
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

reinforcement is presented as a function of fixed periods of time, as long as there is at least one response (i.e. salary)

38
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

reinforcement is presented at differing time intervals, as long as there is at least one response

39
Q

reinforcement vs. punishment

A

reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases it

40
Q

positive punishment

A

involves the application, or pairing of a negative stimulus with the behavior (i.e. do 20 pushups for talking back)

41
Q

negative punishment

A

involves the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after the behavior has occurred (i.e. losing tv privileges)

42
Q

escape

A

type of operant learning, an individual learns how to get away from an aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior (i.e. if a child doesn’t want to do something and has a tantrum, if they get what they want they will still keep using tantrums)

43
Q

avoidance

A

occurs when a person performs a behavior to ensure an aversive stimulus is not presented (i.e. the child doesn’t want to eat what’s for dinner so they pretend they’re sick to get soda and crackers)

44
Q

learned helplessness

A

occurs when consistent efforts fail to bring rewards; if the situation persists, the subject will stop trying

45
Q

social learning/observational learning

A

learning based on observing the behavior of others as well as the consequences of that behavior

46
Q

Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

A

the children followed what they saw, how the adults played with the doll the children did the same
conclusion: four conditions must be met for observational learning to occur: the learner must pay attention to the behavior in question, there must be retention of the observed behavior, there must be a motivation for the learner to produce the behavior at a latter time, and the potential for reproduction of the behavior must exist

47
Q

social and emotional learning

A

programs designed to help develop empathy and conflict resolution in students

48
Q

garcia effect

A

John Garcia demonstrated that animals that eat a food that results in nausea induced by a drug or radiation will not eat that food if they ever encounter it again

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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