U10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

A need or desire that serves to energize or direct behavior

Question 2

Primary drives

Answer 2

Hunger, thirst, sleep and reproduction

Question 3

Secondary drive

Answer 3

The desire to obtain learned reinforcers (money or social acceptance)

Question 4

Olds and Milner

Answer 4

Noticed the interaction of brain and motivation by discovering that rats would press a bar in order to send a small electrical signal pulse into certain areas of their brains=intracranial self-stimulation

Question 5

Instinct theory

Answer 5

supported by evolutionary psychology
states that the learning of species specific behavior motivates organisms to do what is necessary to ensure their survival
example: cats have instinctive motivation to react to movement in their environment to protect themselves and their offspring)

Question 6

Arousal theory

Answer 6

the main reason people are motivated to preform any action is to maintain an ideal level of physiological arousal

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 7

tasks of moderate difficulty (not too hard or too easy) elicit the highest level of performance
also states that high levels of arousal for difficult tasks and low level of arousal for easy tasks are detrimental and the vis versa is preferred

Question 8

opponent process theory

Answer 8

states that we start off at a motivational baseline at which we are not motivated to act then we encounter a stimulus that feels good (drug), the pleasure we experience is the result of neuronal activity in the pleasure center of brain (nucleus accumbens)
we now have acquired a motivation to seek out the stimulus that made us feel good
our brains however revert back to a state of emotional neutrality over time
this reversion is a result of an opponent process which works in opposition to the initial motivation toward seeking the stimulus (we are motivated to seek stimuli that make us feel emotion after which an opposing motivational force brings us back to the baseline)
after repeated exposure to a stimulus, the emotional effects wear off, the opponent process overcompensates producing withdrawal

Question 9

drive reduction theory

Answer 9

states that psychological needs put stress on the body and that we are motivated to reduce this negative experience

Question 10

homeostasis

Answer 10

state of regulatory equilibrium

Question 11

set point

Answer 11

the preferred level of functioning (temp)

Question 12

ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 12

sends messages to the brain to eat less and to exercise more

Question 13

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 13

sends message to the brain to eat more and exercise less

Question 14

hypothalamus

Answer 14

controls feeding

Question 15

leptin

Answer 15

plays a role in the feedback loop between signals from hypothalamus and those from stomach
released in response to a buildup of fat cells when enough energy has been consumed, this signal is interpreted by satiety center in the hypothalamus to decrease feelings of hunger

Question 16

glucostatic hypothesis

Answer 16

the theory that short-term regulation of food intake is governed by the rate of glucose metabolism rather than by overall blood levels of glucose

Question 17

insulin

Answer 17

a hormone produced by pancreas to regulate glucose

Question 18

lipostatic hypothesis

Answer 18

states that fat is measured and controlled substance in the body that regulates hunger

Question 19

anorexia

Answer 19

an eating disorder causing people to obsess about weight and what they eat

Question 20

body dysmorphia

Answer 20

distorted body image

Question 21

bulimia

Answer 21

alternating periods of binging and purging

Question 22

pituitary gland

Answer 22

important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands

Question 23

androgens and estrogens

Answer 23

primary sexual hormones in males and females

Question 24

biological theory

Answer 24

suggests that motivation levels are regulated by neural pattern recognition events. Subconscious drives impel people to achieve excellence, or to spend exceptional energies on services to humanity

Question 25

instinct

Answer 25

programmed patterns of behavior

Question 26

humanistic theory

Answer 26

based on the idea that people also have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions. Once the lower level needs have been met, the primary motivator becomes the need for self-actualization, or the desire to fulfill one’s individual potential.

Question 27

Maslow heichary of needs

Answer 27

A theory that classifies needs into five categories, ranked by priority from lowest to highest: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 28

self actualization

Answer 28

when people creatively and meaningfully fulfill their own potential = the ultimate goal

Question 29

intrinsic factor/motive

Answer 29

associated with creativity and enjoyment

Question 30

extrinsic factor/motive

Answer 30

associated with pressures from society, getting an education, having a job and being sociable

Question 31

over justification

Answer 31

our intrinsic motivation may decrease if we receive extrinsic rewards for the same behavior (your hobby turning into your job and you like it less)

Question 32

self determination

Answer 32

the need to feel competent and in control

Question 33

self efficacy

Answer 33

the belief that we can or cannot attain a particular goal

Question 34

Henry Murray

Answer 34

believed that although motivation is rooted in biology, individual differences and varying environments can cause motivations and needs to be expressed in many different ways

Question 35

need for affiliation

Answer 35

describes a person’s need to feel a sense of involvement and “belonging” within a social group

Question 36

cognitive dissonance

Answer 36

people are motivated to reduce tension produced by conflicting thoughts and patterns, generally they will change their attitude to fit their behavioral pattern, as long as they believe they are in control of their choices and actions

Question 37

Kurt Lewin

Answer 37

classified 4 types: approach approach, avoidance avoidance, approach avoidance and multiple approach avoidance

Question 38

approach approach

Answer 38

one has to decide between two desirable options

Question 39

avoidance avoidance

Answer 39

one has to choose between two unpleasant alternatives

Question 40

approach avoidance

Answer 40

only one choice is presented and it has both pluses and minuses

Question 41

multiple approach avoidance

Answer 41

many options are present with both pros and cons