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AP Psychology > U7: Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Language and Problem Solving > Flashcards

U7: Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Language and Problem Solving Flashcards

1
Q

modal model

A

memory is divided into three separate storage areas: sensory, short term, and long term
each type of memory has four components: storage capacity, duration of code, nature of code, and way by which information is lost

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2
Q

sensory memory

A

gateway between perception and memory, store is limited, sensory memory is either iconic or echoic, certain items enter short term

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3
Q

iconic sensory memory

A

visual sensory memory, store lasts for only a few tenths of a second

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4
Q

echoic sensory memory

A

auditory sensory memory, store lasts three or four seconds

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5
Q

visual persistence

A

sensory information in sensory memory remains in attention briefly; the speed of the rope or fan causes sensory information to run together

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6
Q

George Miller

A

found that information stored in the STM is primarily acoustically coded

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7
Q

short term memory

A

can hold about 7 items (plus or minus 2); items in short term are maintained by rehearsal

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8
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

simple repetition to keep an item in short-term memory until it can be used

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9
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

involves organization and understanding of the information that has been encoded in order to transfer the info to LTM

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10
Q

mnemonic device

A

short words or phrases that represent long strings of info

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11
Q

dual-coding hypothesis

A

states that it is easier to remember words with associated images than either words or images alone

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12
Q

method of loci

A

aid for memory; involves imagining moving through a familiar place, and in each place, leaving a visual representation of a topic to be remembered

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13
Q

self-reference effect

A

it’s easier to recall things that are personally relevant

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14
Q

encoded

A

when items in the short term memory are stored and able to be recalled later in the long term memory

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15
Q

decay

A

a way items in short term are forgotten through the passage of time

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16
Q

interference

A

when short term memory items are forgotten because they are displaced by new info

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17
Q

retroactive interference

A

where new info pushes old info out of short-term memory

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18
Q

proactive interference

A

when old information makes it more difficult to learn new info

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19
Q

serial position effect

A

feature of short term memory where we store information from a list sequentially; it’s easier to remember the first few and last few items in a list better than the ones in the middle

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20
Q

primacy effect

A

remembering the first items of a list

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21
Q

recency effect

A

remembering the last items of a list

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22
Q

chunking

A

grouping items of information into units (defined by George Miller)

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23
Q

long term memory

A

the repository for all our lasting memories and knowledge
information is semantically encoded, visually encoded, and/or acoustically encoded
- information is stored as…. episodic memory, semantic memory, procedural memory

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24
Q

semantically encoded

A

the way in which our LTM is encoded – in the form of word meaning

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25
episodic memory
memory for events that we ourselves experiences
26
semantic memory
declarative, comprises facts, figures, and general world knowledge
27
procedural memory
consisting of skills and habits
28
declarative (explicit) memory
a memory a person can consciously consider and retrieve (episodic and semantic memory)
29
nondeclarative (implicit) memory
memory beyond conscious consideration and would include procedural memory, priming, and classical conditioning
30
context-dependent memory
states that information is more likely to be recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a situation similar to the situation in which it was encoded
31
state-dependent memory
information memorized when under the influence of a drug is easier to access when in a similar state than when not on that drug
32
spreading activation
suggests that when trying to retrieve information, we start the search from one node. Then, that activated node spreads its activation to other nodes around it to an extent related to the strength of association between that node and each other
33
flashbulb memory
occurs in long term; a very deep, vivid memory in the form of a visual image associated with a particular emotionally arousing event
34
memory reconstruction
occurs when we fit together pieces of an event that seem likely
35
source confusion
likely cause of memory reconstruction; we attribute the event to a different source than it actually came from
36
framing
repeated suggestions and misleading questions can create false memories
37
language
the arrangement of sounds, written symbols, or gestures to communicate ideas key features: language is arbitrary, has a structure that is additive, has a multiplicity of structure, is productive, and is dynamic
38
phonemes
the smallest units of speech sounds in a given language that is still distinct in sound from each other
39
morphemes
what phonemes combine into; the smallest semantically meaningful parts of language
40
semantics
words meaning or word choice
41
prosody
rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech
42
holophrases
single terms that are applied by the infant to broad categories of things
43
overextension
an infant calling any passing woman "mama," and it results from the infant not knowing enough words to express something fully
44
underextension
when a child thinks that his or her "mama" is the only "mama"
45
telegraphic speech
two or three-word groups
46
overgeneralization errors
errors in which the rules of language are overextended "I goed to the store"
47
Chompsky's transformational grammar
organization of language; differentiates between the surface structure of language and deep structure of language
48
surface structure of language
the superficial way in which the words are arranged in a text or speech
49
deep structure of language
the underlying meaning of words
50
Chompsky's critical periods and innate language acquisition device
he proposed an innate language acquisition device, which facilitates the acquisition of language in children, and a critical period for learning of language
51
BF Skinner on Language
explored the idea of the "language acquisition support system," which is the language-rich or language-poor environment the child is exposed to while growing up
52
theory of linguistic relativity
Whorf and Sapir; states that speakers of different languages develop different cognitive systems as a result of their differences in language
53
concept
a way of grouping or classifying the world around us
54
typicality
the degree to which an object fits the average
55
prototype
the typical picture that we envision
56
superordinate concept
very broad concept and encompasses a large group of items (i.e. concept of "food")
57
basic concept
smaller and more specific concept (i.e. "bread")
58
subordinate concept
even smaller and more specific than a basic concept (i.e. rye bread)
59
cognition
the mental processes involved in acquiring, organizing, remembering, using, and constructing knowledge
60
reasoning
the drawing of conclusions from evidence, can be further divided into deductive and inductive reasoning
61
deductive reasoning
the process of drawing logical conclusions from general statements
62
syllogisms
deductive conclusions drawn from two premises | can be sound (the conclusions follows from the premises), unsound, valid (the conclusion is true), or invalid
63
inductive reasoning
the process of drawing general inferences from specific observations
64
divergent thinking
process of widening and thinking of many choices, brainstorming
65
convergent thinking
requires narrowing of many choices available
66
heuristics
intuitive rules of thumb that may or may not be useful/correct in a given situation
67
availability heuristics
means that the rule of thumb is judged by what events come readily to mind (i.e. people thinking air travel is more dangerous than care because plane crashes are more frequently reported)
68
representativeness heuristic
we judge objects and events in terms of how closely they match the prototype of that object or event
69
algorithms
systematic, mechanical approaches that guarantee an eventual answer to a problem
70
insight
the sudden understanding of a problem that usually involves conceptualizing the problem in a new way
71
mental set
fixed frame of mind that we use when approaching problems; make using insight harder
72
functional fixedness
example of mental set, the tendency to assume that a given item is useful only for the task for which it was designed
73
confirmation bias
the search for information that supports a particular view, also hinders problem-solving by distorting objectivity
74
hindsight bias
the tendency after the fact to think you knew what the outcome would be, also distorts our ability to be situations objectively
75
belief perseverance
a person sees only the evidence that supports a particular position, despite evidence presented to the contrary
76
framing
the way a question is phrased; can alter the objective outcome of problem-solving or decision-making
77
creativity
the process of producing something novel yet worthwhile

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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