U11: Personality

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

a person’s enduring general style of dealing with others and with the world around them

Question 2

psychodynamic

Answer 2

a psychological approach based on a marriage of Freudian concepts and modern ideas

Question 3

free association

Answer 3

a therapist actively listens, while the patient relaxes and reports anything that comes to mind (psychoanalytic approach)

Question 4

id

Answer 4

the source of mental energy and drive, encompasses all basic human needs and desires, operates on the pleasure principle

Question 5

superego

Answer 5

the internal representation of all of society’s rules, morals, and obligations

Question 6

ego

Answer 6

the part of the mind that allows a person to function and be logical, operates on the reality principle, an intermediary between id and superego

Question 7

repression

Answer 7

memories or desires that provoke too much anxiety to deal with are pushed into the unconscious

Question 8

displacement

Answer 8

directing anger away from the source of the anger to a less threatening person or object

Question 9

reaction formation

Answer 9

the ego reverses the direction of a disturbing desire to make that desire safer or more socially acceptable

Question 10

compensation

Answer 10

making up for failures in one area by success in others

Question 11

rationalization

Answer 11

creating logical excuses for emotional or irrational behavior

Question 12

regression

Answer 12

reverting to childish behaviors

Question 13

denial

Answer 13

the refusal to acknowledge or accept unwanted beliefs or actions

Question 14

sublimation

Answer 14

the channeling or redirecting of sexual or aggressive feelings into a more socially acceptable outlet

Question 15

Karen Horney’s of basic anxiety

Answer 15

basic anxiety, the feeling of being alone in an unfamiliar or hostile world, is a central theme in childhood
the interactions between the child and the parent, as the child deals with this anxiety, form the basis for adult personality

Question 16

Carl Jung

Answer 16

believed the mind comprises pairs of opposing forces

• persona vs shadow
• anima vs animus
• self
• personal unconsciousness and collective unconscious

Question 17

persona vs shadow

Answer 17

persona: the mask a person presents to the outside world
shadow: the deep, passionate, inner person

Question 18

anima and animus

Answer 18

we each have a female and male side to our personality

Question 19

Jung’s “self”

Answer 19

self is the balancing force between the opposing forces of the mind

Question 20

personal unconsiousness

Answer 20

comprise of repressed memories and clusters of thought

Question 21

collective unconscious

Answer 21

behavior and memory common to all humans and passed down from our ancient and common ancestors

Question 22

archetypes

Answer 22

the behaviors and memories in the collective unconscious

Question 23

Alfred Adler

Answer 23

believed that all children develop feelings of inferiority because of their size and level of competence
failure to overcome this leads to an inferiority complex

Question 24

humanistic theories of personality

Answer 24

emphasize the uniqueness and richness of being human

Question 25

self-actualization

Answer 25

becoming, in a creative way, the person you are capable of being; the ultimate goal

Question 26

self-concept

Answer 26

our mental representation of who we feel we are

Question 27

incongruence

Answer 27

discrepancies between our self-concept and our actual thoughts and behavior (distort self-concept)

Question 28

conditions of worth

Answer 28

other people's evaluations of our worth (distort self-concept)

Question 29

unconditional positive regard

Answer 29

(rogers) people should be loved despite failures

Question 30

social-cognitive theories

Answer 30

based on the assumption that cognitive constructs are the basis for personality

Question 31

Albert Bandura

Answer 31

self-efficacy and explanatory styles

Question 32

self-efficacy

Answer 32

a person's belief about his or her own abilities in a given situation; the belief that you can do a task greatly increases the chances that you actually can do it

Question 33

explanatory styles

Answer 33

ways in which people explain themselves or react in different situations, can be positive or negative

Question 34

Julian Rotter's locus of control theory

Answer 34

the extent to which people believe that their successes or failures are due to their own efforts plays a major role in personality

Question 35

internal locus of control

Answer 35

belief that success and failures are a direct results of their efforts

Question 36

external locus of control

Answer 36

attribute success or failure due to luck and chance

Question 37

trait theories

Answer 37

believe that traits are largely inherited and are mostly stable throughout our lives

Question 38

big five personality traits

Answer 38

``` introversion - extroversion neuroticism - stability agreeableness - antagonism conscientiousness - undirectedness openness - nonopenness ```

Question 39

nomothetic traits

Answer 39

(i.e. big five) thought to be universal

Question 40

idiographic traits

Answer 40

thought to be unique to the individual

Question 41

Gordon Alport

Answer 41

three types of traits: cardinal traits: override a person's whole being central traits: the primary characteristics of the person secondary traits: constitute interests

Question 42

Raymond Cattell

Answer 42

believed that 16 source traits were the basis of personality

Question 43

source traits

Answer 43

a person's underlying characteristics

Question 44

surface traits

Answer 44

those readily seen in an individual

Question 45

self-esteem

Answer 45

how much we value ourselves

Question 46

self-understanding

Answer 46

has two parts: I and me

Question 47

the "me"

Answer 47

the physical self: our body, our name, etc. the active self: how we behave the social self: how we interact with others the psychological self: our feelings and personalities

Question 48

the "I"

Answer 48

responsible for the coordination and interpretation of the four parts of "me", how we perceive ourselves and allows us to reflect

Question 49

halo effect

Answer 49

the error by which we generalize a high self-evaluation from one domain to another

Question 50

social comparison theory

Answer 50

people can inflate their self-esteem by basing in reflective glory, which is when someone takes pride in the accomplishments of an individual or group that the person strongly affiliates within his or her life

Question 51

temperament

Answer 51

the early appearing set of individual differences in reaction and regulation that form the "nucleus" of personality