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AP Psychology > U4: Biological Bases: Consciousness > Flashcards

U4: Biological Bases: Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

the awareness of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment

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2
Q

alertness

A

state of consciousness, involve remaining attentive to surroundings

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3
Q

reticular formation

A

controls alertness and arousal, as well as the sleep cycle

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4
Q

unconscious level

A

level that refers to automatic processes, like breathing or beating of the heart

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5
Q

preconscious level

A

contains information that is available to consciousness but is not always in consciousness, can be retrieved when needed (i.e. directions to a frequently visited place or automatic behaviors)

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6
Q

controlled processing

A

awareness of what you’re doing

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7
Q

automatic processing

A

performing tasks mechanically

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8
Q

sleep

A

altered state of consciousness, believed to be necessary for restoration

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9
Q

circadian rhythm

A

24 hour pattern of the body; body temp rises in the morning and cools at night; flow of alertness throughout the day

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10
Q

pineal gland

A

region responsible for production of melatonin

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11
Q

free-running rhythm

A

the 25 hour pattern our bodies would follow if all time cues were removed

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12
Q

EEG

A

used to measure brain waves, provides a picture of the electrical activity of the brain

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13
Q

beta waves

A

when we are awake and focused

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14
Q

alpha waves

A

when we are still awake but more relaxed

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15
Q

theta waves

A

when we drift to sleep

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16
Q

sleep spindles

A

a pattern of waves that appear in stage 2 of sleep; sometimes are broken up by K complexes, which are large slow waves; skeletal muscles relax

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17
Q

delta waves

A

in sleep stages three and four

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18
Q

REM

A

eyes move rigorously, dreaming, theta and beta waves, suppressed skeletal muscles tone (aka paradoxical sleep)

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19
Q

sleep cycle

A
  • approx 90 min
  • stage 1 –> stage 2 —> stage 3/4 —> REM
  • as sleep progresses, stages 3 and 4 diminish and eventually disappear, and REM sleep gets longer
20
Q

William Dement

A
  • studied the effects of deprivation of REM sleep
  • REM rebound: when REM sleep is limited, the period of sleep following the lack of REM sleep will be characterized with increased REM periods
21
Q

manifest content

A
  • psychoanalytical theory

- the storyline or imagery of the dream offers insight into the unconscious process

22
Q

latent content

A
  • psychoanalytical theory

- the emotional significance and underlying meaning of the dream

23
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming

A

dreams are the product of our awareness of neural activity due to sensory input while we are sleep (i.e. if it’s raining you may dream of a waterfall)

24
Q

problem-solving theory of dreaming

A

dreams provide a change for the mind to work out issues that occupy its attention during waking hours

25
Q

nightmare

A

an elaborate dream sequence that produces a high level of anxiety or fear; generally occur during REM sleep

26
Q

dyssomnias

A

abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

includes insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea

27
Q

insomnia

A

inability to fall asleep or to maintain sleep

can be caused by chronic stress, use of alcohol or stimulants

28
Q

narcolepsy

A

inability to stay awake

29
Q

sleep apnea

A

repeated stopping of breathing, resulting in awakening after a minute or so without air

30
Q

parasomnias

A

abnormalities of movement during deep sleep

include sleep walking/somnambulism and night terrors

31
Q

sleepwalking

A

occurs when an individual walks around and sometimes talks while sleeping in stage 3 or 4

32
Q

night terrors

A

screaming, crying, jerking/lunging movements while asleep

33
Q

hypnosis

A

altered state of consciousness where the person is very relaxed and open to suggestion

34
Q

dependence

A

(addiction) occurs when an individual continues using a drug despite overarching negative consequences in order to avoid unpleasant physical and/or psychological feelings associated with not taking it

35
Q

tolerance

A

when increasingly larger doses are needed in order for the same effect to occur; it’s possible to develop a tolerance without being dependent

36
Q

withdrawal

A

the process of weaning off a drug one is dependent on; involves physical and psychological symptoms that are unpleasant

37
Q

alcohol

A
  • depressant
  • decreases dopamine levels
  • effects: dizziness, slurred speech, impaired judgment
38
Q

barbiturates

A
  • depressant
  • inhibit neural arousal centers
  • effects: decrease anxiety
  • very addictive when mixed with other drugs
39
Q

tranquilizers

A
  • depressant
  • inhibit neural arousal centers
  • effects: reduce anxiety without inducing sleep
40
Q

caffeine

A
  • stimulant
  • accelerates heart rate, constricts blood vessels, reduces levels of adenosine (regulator of norepinephrine)
  • effect: can lead to irritability, anxiety, insomnia
41
Q

amphetamines

A
  • stimulant
  • increase temperature and heart rate, and increase production of dopamine and norepinephrine
  • addictive, produces feelings of euphoria, high dose can lead to motor disfunction
42
Q

cocaine

A
  • stimulant
  • stimulates heart rate and blood pressure; increases dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
  • effect: feeling of increased mental and social ability, addictive
43
Q

nicotine

A
  • stimulant
  • stimulates acetylcholine transmission
  • effects: depressant behavioral effects like decreased appetite and increased heart rate, sometimes can cause euphoria and dizziness
44
Q

narcotics

A
  • depressant
  • activate receptors for endogenous endorphins
  • effect: relaxation and euphoria; may cause impaired cognitive ability, sweating, nausea, and respiratory depression
    addictive
45
Q

hallucinogens

A
  • LCD and marijuana
  • distort sensory perceptions
  • may increase serotonin levels
  • hallucinations, paranoia, etc.

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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