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MT6321 HISTOPATH > U3 LEC: NEOPLASIA > Flashcards

U3 LEC: NEOPLASIA Flashcards

1
Q

Process of new growth

A

Neoplasia

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2
Q

A new growth is called a?

A

neoplasm

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3
Q

Neoplasm is commonly known as?

A

tumor

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4
Q

Study of tumors or neoplasms

A

Oncology

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5
Q

common term for all malignant tumors

A

Cancer

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6
Q

This refers to abnormal or uncoordinated growths due to lack of stimulus

A

Neoplasia

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7
Q

In the cell cycle, it would have a problem with?

A

proapoptotic factors > production of aberrant DNA

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8
Q

Tumors remain dependent on host for?

A

nutrition and blood supply

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9
Q

Two basic components of tumors

A
  • Parenchyma
  • Stroma or non-neoplastic stroma
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10
Q

made up of transformed or neoplastic cells

A

Parenchyma

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11
Q

determines the biologic behavior of the neoplasm, and it is the component from which tumor derives its name

A

Parenchyma

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12
Q

made up of connective tissue and blood vessels

A

Stroma

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13
Q

carries the blood supply and provides support for the growth of parenchymal cells

A

Stroma

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14
Q

Nomenclature of benign tumors

A

-oma to cell type from which the tumor arises

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15
Q

Benign tumors are sometimes based on their?

A

microscopic and macroscopic pattern, cells of origin

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16
Q

This is applied to benign epithelial neoplasms which produce gland patterns, but do not exhibit gland patterns

A

Adenoma

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17
Q

Benign epithelial neoplasms growing any surface, producing finger-like fronds

A

Papilloma

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18
Q

Papillomas are mostly induced by?

A

viruses

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19
Q

Papillomas are characterized by?

A

finger-like projections

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20
Q

Mass that projects above a mucosal surface

A

Polyp

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21
Q

These are polypoid masses called as skin tags.

A

Fibroepithelial polyp

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22
Q

Polyp can also be used to term non-neoplastic growths in the?

A

colon

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23
Q

Hollow cystic masses with fluids inside

A

Cystadenomas

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24
Q

Cystadenomas are typically seen in the?

A

ovary

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25
Q

filled with mucoid cystadenoma

A

Mucinous cystadenoma

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26
Q

filled with watery fluids na cystadenoma

A

Serous cystadenoma

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27
Q

Malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissues

A

Sarcomas

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28
Q

Sarcomas are designed by their?

A

histogenesis

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29
Q

Malignant cancer of fibrous tissue origin

A

Fibrosarcoma

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30
Q

Malignant neoplasm composed of chondrocytes

A

Chondrosarcoma

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31
Q

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin derived from three germ layers

A

Carcinomas

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32
Q

Three germ layers

A
  • mesoderm
  • ectoderm
  • endoderm
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33
Q

Examples of mesoderm

A

renal tubular epithelium

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34
Q

Examples of ectoderm

A

skin epidermis

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35
Q

Examples of endoderm

A

lining epithelium of the gut

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36
Q

T/F: Mesoderm may give rise both to carcinomas and sarcomas.

A

True

but rare

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37
Q

Denotes a cancer in which tumor cells resemble stratified squamous epithelium

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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38
Q

Malignant neoplastic epithelial cells grow in glandular patterns

A

Adenocarcinoma

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39
Q

Tumors that grow in a very undifferentiated pattern

A

Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma

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40
Q

Tumors that may arise from stem cells that undergo divergent differentiation

A

Mixed Tumors

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41
Q

Best example of mixed tumor

A

salivary gland origin

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42
Q

Mixed tumors should not be confused with a?

A

teratoma

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43
Q

Originated from totipotential cells

A

Teratoma

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44
Q

Totipotential cells are normally present in the?

A

ovary and testis

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45
Q

Have the capacity to differentiate into any of the cell types found in the adult body

A

Totipotential cells

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46
Q

Teratoma

all components are well differentiated

A

Benign (mature) teratoma

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47
Q

Teratoma

less differentiated

A

Malignant (immature) teratoma

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48
Q

Tumors of mesenchymal origin (CT derivatives)

A

Benign
- Fibrinoma
- Lipoma
- Chondroma
- Osteoma

Malignant
- Fibrosarcoma
- Liposarcoma
- Chondrosarcoma
- Osteogenic sarcoma

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49
Q

Blood vessels

A

Benign
- Hemangioma

Malignant
- Angiosarcoma

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50
Q

Lymph vessels

A

Benign
- Lymphangioma

Malignant
- Lymphangiosarcoma

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51
Q

Synovium

A

Synovial sarcoma

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52
Q

Mesothelium

A

Mesothelioma

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53
Q

Brain coverings

A

Benign
- Meningioma

Malignant
- Invasive meningioma

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54
Q

Hematopoietic cell

A

Leukemias

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55
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Malignant lymphomas

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56
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Benign
- Leiomyoma

Malignant
- Leiomyosarcoma

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57
Q

Striated muscles

A

Benign
- Rhabdomyoma

Malignant
- Rhabdomyosarcoma

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58
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Benign
- Squamous cell papilloma

Malignant
- Squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma
- Basal cell carcinoma

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59
Q

Epithelial linings

A

Benign
- Adenoma

Malignant
- Adenocarcinoma

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60
Q

Glands or ducts

A

Benign
- Papilloma
- Cystadenoma

Malignant
- Papillary carcinomas
- Cystadenocarcinoma

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61
Q

Respiratory passages

A
  • Bronchogenic carcinoma
  • Bronchial “adenoma”
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62
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

Benign
- Nevus

Malignant
- Malignant melanoma

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63
Q

Renal epithelium

A

Benign
- Renal tubular adenoma

Malignant
- Renal cell carcinoma

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64
Q

Liver cells

A

Benign
- Liver cell adenoma

Malignant
- Hepatocellular carcinoma

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65
Q

Urinary tract epithelium

A

Benign
- Transitional C. papilloma

Malignant
- Transitional cell carcinoma

66
Q

Placental epithelium

A

Benign
- Hyatidiform mole

Malignant
- Choriocarcinoma

67
Q

Testicular epithelium

A

Seminoma

68
Q

Salivary glands

A

Benign
- Pleomorphic adenoma

Malignant
- Malignant mixed/phyllodes tumor

69
Q

Breast

A

Fibroadenoma

70
Q

Renal anlage

A

Wilm’s tumor

71
Q

Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms

A
  • differentiation and anaplasia
  • rate of growth
  • local invasion
  • metastasis
72
Q

Differentiation

A

Benign: well differentiated

Malignant: anaplasia, atypical structure

73
Q

Local Invasion

A

Benign: cohesive and expansile, well demarcated, do not invade tissues

Malignant: locally invasive, infiltrating surrounding tissue

74
Q

Metastasis

A

Benign: absent

Malignant: frequently present

75
Q

Extent to which neoplastic cells resemble comparable normal cells

A

Differentiation

76
Q

Lack of differentiation

A

Anaplasia

77
Q

Morphologic changes in Anaplasia

A
  • Pleomorphism
  • Abnormal nuclear morphology
  • Mitoses
  • Loss of polarity
78
Q

Variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei

A

Pleomorphism

79
Q

abundance of DNA, dark staining, increase in N:C ratio, coarsely clumped chromatin, large nucleoli

A

Abnormal nuclear morphology

80
Q

Hallmark of malignancy

A

Anaplasia

81
Q

Reflects high proliferative activity of parenchymal cells

A

Mitoses

82
Q

Disturbed orientation of cells

A

Loss of polarity

83
Q

Lesion marked by dysplastic changes involving the entire thickness of the epithelium

A

Carcinoma in situ

84
Q

Local invasion of benign tumors

A

remain localized, have fibrous capsule

85
Q

Local invasion of malignant tumors

A

progressive infiltration, invasion, destruction of surrounding tissue

86
Q

Malignant neoplasms disseminate through the following pathways:

A
  • seeding within body cavities
  • lymphatic spread
  • hematogenous spread
  • local spread
87
Q

Local spread is also known as?

A

locoregional metastasis

88
Q

Seeding within body cavities is also known as?

A

Transcoelomic spread

89
Q

Occur when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity

A

Seeding

90
Q

Carcinoma of the _____ may penetrate the wall of the gut and reimplant at distant sites in peritoneal cavity

A

colon

91
Q

Typical in carcinomas

A

Lymphatic spread

92
Q

This depends on the site of primary neoplasm and natural lymphatic pathways of drainage of the site

A

pattern of lymph node involvement

93
Q

These are the lymph nodes closest to the tumor

A

Sentinel Lymph Nodes

94
Q

Typical of sarcomas

A

Hematogenous spread

95
Q

Common sites of metastasis and hematogenous spread

A

Liver and lungs

96
Q

Chemical carcinogens

A
  • Benzene
  • Nitrosamine
  • Aflatoxin
97
Q

These induce tumors in initated cells (reversible)

A

Promoters

98
Q

Benzene causes?

A

aplastic anemia

99
Q

Nitrosamine can be seen on?

A

food colorings, fried hotdogs

100
Q

Aflatoxin can be seen in?

A

expired peanuts

101
Q

Aflatoxin induces?

A

hepatic adenomas

102
Q

Carcinogenic UV rays

A

UVA, UVB

103
Q

Cancers under UV rays

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Malignant melanoma
104
Q

Ionizing electromagnetic and particulate radiation

A
  • Xrays
  • gamma rays
  • a particles
  • B particles
  • protons
  • neutrons
105
Q

Oncogenic viruses

A
  • HPV
  • Epstein barr
  • Hepa B
  • H. pylori
106
Q

This causes squamous papillomas (warts), carcinoma of the cervix

A

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

107
Q

This causes Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

Epstein-Barr virus

108
Q

This causes hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Hepatitis B

109
Q

This causes gastric carcinoma, and gastric lymphoma

A

Helicobacter pylori

110
Q

Most common cause of peptic ulcer disease

A

Helicobacter pylori

111
Q

HPV can also cause?

A

adenocarcinomas

112
Q

Expansile growth, endocrine gland neoplasm

A

Local and hormonal effects

113
Q

This is the tumor of adrenal medulla, causes hypertension

A

Pheochromocytoma

114
Q

Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by weakness, anorexia, and anemia

A

Cancer cachexia

115
Q

Symptom complexes that cannot be readily explained

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes

116
Q

Acanthosis Nigricans Maligna

A

Abdominal adenocarcinomas (gastric neoplasia)

117
Q

Acquired Pachydermatoglyphia

A

gastric and pulmonary carcinoma

118
Q

Erythema gyratum repens

A

Pulmonary, esophageal, breast

119
Q

Bazex paraneoplastic acrocheratosis

A

Aerodigestive tract (oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, esophagus and lungs)

120
Q

Acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa

A

Colorectal, pulmonary and breast

121
Q

Necrolytic migratory erythema

A

Glucagonoma

122
Q

Leser-Trelat sign

A

Gastric and colorectal

123
Q

Paraneoplastic pemphigus

A
  • Non-hodgkin lymphoma
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • Castleman’s disease
  • Thymoma
124
Q

Pityriasis rotunda

A
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
  • gastric and esophageal carcinoma
  • prostate cancer
  • chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • multiple myeloma
125
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

Ovarian carcinoma, bronchogenic adenocarcinoma

126
Q

Palmoplantar keratoderma

A

Esophageal carcinoma

127
Q

Pyoderma gangrenosum

A

Myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloma, leukemia

128
Q

Sweet syndrome

A

Acute myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome

129
Q

Based on the degree of differentiation of tumor cells and number of mitoses

A

Grading

130
Q

Based on size of primary lesion, extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, presence or absence of metastases

A

Staging

131
Q

Most common systems for staging

A

TMN classification

132
Q

Based on size and extent of invasion

A

T score (tumor)

133
Q

Indicates extent of lymph node involvement

A

N score (node)

134
Q

Indicates whether distant metastases are present

A

M score (Metastasis)

135
Q

In breast cancer, what is being checked?

A

size of tumor

136
Q

In colon cancer, what is being checked?

A

area/extent of invasion

137
Q

Tis

A

In situ, non-invasive

138
Q

T1

A

Small, minimally invasive within primary organ site

139
Q

T2

A

Larger, more invasive within primary organ site

140
Q

T3

A

Larger, invasive beyond margins of organ site

141
Q

T4

A

Very large/invasive, spread to adjacent organs

142
Q

N0

A

No lymph node involvement

143
Q

N1

A

Regional lymph node involvement

144
Q

N2

A

Extensive regional lymph node involvement

145
Q

N3

A

More distant lymph node involvement

146
Q

M0

A

No distant metastases

147
Q

M1

A

Distant metastases present

148
Q

Resembling normal cells

A

Differentiated cells

149
Q

Younger or immature cells

A

Undifferentiated cells

150
Q

Grade 1

A

DC: 100-75
UC: 0-25

151
Q

Grade 2

A

DC: 75-50
UC: 25-50

152
Q

Grade 3

A

DC: 50-25
UC: 50-75

153
Q

Grade 4

A

DC: 25-0
UC: 75-100

154
Q

Value of Grading

A
  • guide for treatment
  • prognostic guide
155
Q

lower grades

A

Surgery

156
Q

higher grades

A

Radiation

157
Q

higher grades, _____ prognosis

A

poorer

158
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of neoplasia

A
  • Histologic and cytologic
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Molecular diagnosis
  • Flow cytometry
  • Tumor markers
159
Q

Used to determine treatment modality

A

Immunohistochemistry

160
Q

Used for hematologic neoplasms (leukemia)

A

Molecular diagnosis

161
Q

Tumor markers include:

A
  • CA125
  • CA19-9
  • AFP
  • Prostatic specific antigen

MT6321 HISTOPATH (13 decks)

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