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MT6321 HISTOPATH > U1 LAB: INSTRUMENTATION > Flashcards

U1 LAB: INSTRUMENTATION Flashcards

1
Q

Histopathologic Techniques

A
  1. Numbering
  2. Fixation
  3. Decalcification
  4. Dehydration
  5. Clearing
  6. Impregnation
  7. Embedding
  8. Blocking
  9. Trimming
  10. Sectioning
  11. Staining
  12. Mounting
  13. Labelling
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2
Q

Numbering is also known as?

A

Accessioning

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3
Q

This consists of the process: Recording, Logging and Encoding

A

Numbering

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4
Q

This must be immediately done unless stated by physician.

A

Fixation

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5
Q

Mineralized specimens include?

A

bones, deposits in brain (plaques)

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6
Q

This is only done in mineralized specimens.

A

Decalcification

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7
Q

This step is the removal of water, and uses 70 to 100% absolute ethanol.

A

Dehydration

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8
Q

This step makes the specimen more clear and transparent, with the use of clearing agents.

A

Clearing

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9
Q

This makes the specimen miscible to next media.

A

Clearing agents

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10
Q

Example of Clearing agents

A

Xylene / Xylol

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11
Q

Impregnation is also known as?

A

Wax Infiltration

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12
Q

This step refers to the formation of tissue blocks with embedding media.

A

Embedding

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13
Q

Most common embedding media

A

Paraffin

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14
Q

Blocking is only done with?

A

multiple / compound block

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15
Q

This step helps with the tissue block to be more fitted.

A

Trimming

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16
Q

This step requires the use of microtomy to produce tissue ribbons.

A

Sectioning

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17
Q

Most common stain in histopath

A

Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E)

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18
Q

This step uses a mounting media and coverslip to prevent contamination.

A

Mounting

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19
Q

This step is a reminder to check if it is properly labelled and stored.

A

Labelling

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20
Q

Automated Tissue Processors include the following processes:

A
  • fixation
  • dehydration
  • clearing
  • wax impregnation
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21
Q

This tissue processor is characterized by the transfer of tissues, contained within a basket, through a series of stationary reagents arranged in-line or in a circular carousel plan.

A

carousel-type

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22
Q

Carousel-type processors

What is stationary?

A

reagents

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23
Q

Carousel-type processors

How many reagent positions can be programmed?

A

9-10

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24
Q

Carousel-type processors

How many wax positions can be programmed?

A

2-3

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25
Q

Carousel-type processors

Capacity

A

30-110 cassettes

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26
Q

T/F: In carousel-type processors, you may reuse the reagents.

A

True

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27
Q

This is characterized by processing fluids pumped to and from a retort in which the tissues remain stationary.

A

fluid-type

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28
Q

T/F: Fluid-type processors give out better results.

A

True

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29
Q

Fluid-type processors

What remains stationary?

A

tissues

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30
Q

Fluid-type processors

Reagent stations and temperatures

A

10-12, 30-45C

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31
Q

Fluid-type processors

Wax stations and temperatures

A

3-4, 48-68C

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32
Q

Fluid-type processors

Capacity

A

100-300 cassettes

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33
Q

Tissue Embedding Center

This is programmed 2 to 3 degrees higher than melting point of paraffin.

A

Paraffin Melting Chamber

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34
Q

Tissue Embedding Center

This is pressed to dispense melted paraffin (liquid).

A

Microswitch

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35
Q

Tissue Embedding Center

This is used for better orientation.

A

Pre-warming area

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36
Q

Tissue Embedding Center

This is used for the solidifcation of tissue blocks.

A

Cold orientation platform

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37
Q

This is a basic instrument used to cut sections at a predetermined thickness by sliding the block into a cutting tool which is fixed and attached to medicine.

A

Microtome

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38
Q

Microtomy is used for what step?

A

sectioning

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39
Q

Principle of Microtomy

A
  • Spring balance teeth/pawl is brought in contact with ratchet feed wheel
  • Ratchet feed wheel is connected to a micrometer screw which rotates
  • Moves the tissue block at a predetermined distance towards knife for cutting at uniform thickness
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40
Q

Microtomy

Predetermined distance is dependent on?

A

thickness

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41
Q

Microtomy

Uniform thickness

A

5-10um

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42
Q

Microtomy

Specimen holder is also known as?

A

Chuck

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43
Q

Kinds of Microtome

A
  • Rocking
  • Rotary
  • Sliding
  • Freezing
  • Ultrathin
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44
Q

This is the simplest among different types of microtome.

A

Rocking Microtome

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45
Q

Rocking Microtome

Other name

A

Cambridge rocking microtome

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46
Q

Rocking Microtome

Invented by?

A

Paldwell Trefall (1881)

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47
Q

Rocking Microtome

Consists of?

A
  • heavy base
  • two arms
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48
Q

Rocking Microtome

Used to cut?

A

small and large blocks

49
Q

Rocking Microtome

Not recommended for?

A

serial sections (tissues are cut in slightly curved planes)

50
Q

Rocking Microtome

Disadvantages

A
  • Restrictions in size of tissue block that can be cut
  • Difficulty of reorienting the block
51
Q

This is the most common type used for both routine and research laboratories.

A

Rotary Microtome

52
Q

Rotary Microtome

Other term

A

Minot microtome

53
Q

Rotary Microtome

Invented by?

A

Minot (1885-1886)

54
Q

Rotary Microtome

Operated by?

A

rotation of fly wheel

55
Q

Rotary Microtome

Rotation of fly wheel causes what motion?

A

reciprocal motion (knife over block)

56
Q

Rotary Microtome

Thickness is automatically regulated by?

A

ratchet feed wheel

57
Q

Rotary Microtome

Knife and block are brought together by?

A

upward and vertical motions

58
Q

Rotary Microtome

Cuts sections in?

A

perfectly flat plane

59
Q

Rotary Microtome

Blade is placed in what position?

A

blade-up

60
Q

This is the most dangerous type of microtome and is recommended for cutting extremely hard, rough, and large tissues.

A

Sliding Microtome

61
Q

Sliding Microtome

Developed by?

A

Adams (1789)

62
Q

Kinds of Sliding Microtome

A
  1. Base-sledge
  2. Standard sliding
63
Q

Sliding Microtome

This kind consists of two movable pillars, and is more stable.

A

Base-sledge

64
Q

T/F: Both kinds of sliding microtome is used for cutting celloidin sections.

A

True

65
Q

This is an embedding media with a rubbery consistency.

A

Celloidin

66
Q

Sliding Microtome

This type is where the knife moves backward and forward, while block remains stationary.

A

Standard sliding

67
Q

This microtome is used to cut undehydrated tissues in a frozen state.

A

Freezing Microtome

68
Q

Freezing Microtome

Invented by?

A

Queckett (1848)

69
Q

Freezing Microtome

Carbon dioxide is reinforced through a?

A

flexible lead pipe

70
Q

Freezing Microtome

This is used for freezing the specimen.

A

Carbon Dioxide

71
Q

Freezing Microtome

This allows release of rapid intermittent burst of carbon dioxide.

A

simple lever operated valve

72
Q

Freezing Microtome

This is used for lowering temperature of knife to facilitate sectioning.

A

Second cooling device

73
Q

Freezing Microtome

Indications

A
  • histo demo of fat
  • certain neurological studies are to be studied
  • sensitive tissue constituents are damaged or destroyed by heat
74
Q

Freezing Microtome

This consists of a microtome kept inside a cold chamber.

A

Cryostat

75
Q

Cryostat

Temperature

A

-5 to -30C (-20C) by an adjustable thermostat

76
Q

Cryostat

Capable of freezing tissues within?

A

2-3 minutes

77
Q

Cryostat

Can cut sections of ____ with ease

A

4u

78
Q

Cryostat

Provides thin sections for?

A
  • fluorescent antibody staining
  • histochemical enzyme studies
79
Q

Cryostat

Most commonly used for?

A

rapid preparation of urgent tissue biopsies for intraoperative diagnosis

80
Q

These are used to mount tissues in the Cryotome.

A

Optimal Cutting Temperature Compound (OCTs)

81
Q

This is primarily used for cutting tissue sections for electron microscopy.

A

Ultrathin Microtome

82
Q

Ultrathin Microtome

Size of tissue sections

A

0.5 micra

83
Q

Ultrathin Microtome

Components of knife used

A

selected fragments of broken plate glass

84
Q

Ultrathin Microtome

The specimen is small, embedded in plastic, and fixed with?

A

Osmium tetroxide

85
Q

Other Kinds of Microtome

This is used for botanical specimens

A

Vibrating

86
Q

Other Kinds of Microtome

This is used for efficiency

A

Laser

87
Q

Other Kinds of Microtome

This has dual purpose; for routine histopathology and rush frozen sections.

A

Computerized

88
Q

Other Kinds of Microtome

A
  • Vibrating
  • Hand
  • Saw
  • Laser
  • Computerized
89
Q

Care of the Microtome

All accumulated paraffin must be brushed away with?

A

soft brush

90
Q

Care of the Microtome

After drying the parts, it should be wiped with?

A

Xylene / Xylol

91
Q

Care of the Microtome

Movable portions should be?

A

oiled thoroughly

92
Q

Trimming and section-cutting are done with a?

A

microtome knife

93
Q

This is known as the actual sharp area.

A

cutting edge

94
Q

Types of Microtome Knife

One side of the knife is flat, while the other is concave

A

Plane-concave knife

95
Q

Plane-concave knife

Length

A

25mm

96
Q

Plane-concave knife

Used for?

A

routine histopath

97
Q

Types of Microtome Knife

Both sides are concave

A

Biconcave knife

98
Q

Biconcave knife

Length

A

120mm

99
Q

Biconcave knife

Recommended for?

A

rotary microtome

100
Q

Biconcave knife

Used for?

A

routine histopath

101
Q

Types of Microtome Knife

Both sides are straight

A

Plane-wedge knife

102
Q

Plane-wedge knife

Recommended for?

A
  • frozen sections
  • cutting extremely hard and rough specimens
103
Q

Plane-wedge knife

Used in?

A

base-sledge or sliding microtome

104
Q

This is the angle relative to tissue.

A

Bevel angle

105
Q

Bevel angle

A

27-32 degrees

106
Q

This is the angle that ensures you will be able to cut the block, relative to surface of block.

A

Clearance angle

107
Q

Clearance angle

A

5-10 degrees

108
Q

This angle refers to the 90 degree angle of the tissue block.

A

Rake angle

109
Q

Microtome Knives

These have a sharp cutting edge that can cut thick sections with ease.

A

Disposable Blades

110
Q

Disposable Blades

Can cut?

A

2-4u thick sections

111
Q

Microtome Knives

This is used for trimming and semi-thin sectioning of tissue blocks for electron microscopy.

A

Glass knives

112
Q

Microtome Knives

These are used to cut any type of resin block for electron microscopy, are brittle and expensive.

A

Diamond knives

113
Q

Other Equipment for Tissue Sectioning

This allows section to flatten out ribbons

A

Flotation Water Bath

114
Q

Flotation Water Bath

Temperature

A

10C below melting point of paraffin

115
Q

Flotation Water Bath

What is added to water to reduce surface tension?

A

small amount of detergent

116
Q

Other Equipment for Tissue Sectioning

Temperature is set at melting point of wax, 2 to 5 degrees above

A

Drying oven or hot plate

117
Q

Other Equipment for Tissue Sectioning

This is also needed in immunohistochemistry

A

Microwave

118
Q

Other Equipment for Tissue Sectioning

Needed to handle sections during cutting and removing folds and creases during floating out in water bath.

A

Forceps, squirrel/camel hairbrush

MT6321 HISTOPATH (15 decks)

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