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MT6321 HISTOPATH > U2 LEC: CELL ADAPTATION > Flashcards

U2 LEC: CELL ADAPTATION Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular responses to persistent sublethal injury, physical, biological, radiation, or chemical.

A

Cellular adaptation

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2
Q

Lethal injury refers to?

A

Necrosis

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3
Q

T/F: Tissue injury is reversible.

A

True

after injury dapat bumalik siya

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4
Q

under Cellular Adaptation

A
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
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5
Q

Represents cells to normal stimulation by hormones/endogenous chemical substances.

A

Physiologic

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6
Q

Most common physiologic adaptation

A

endometrium of uterus (estrogenic stimulation)

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7
Q

This refers to the cells having the ability to modulate their environment.

A

Pathologic

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8
Q

T/F: Pathologic adaptation can be from a trigger outside the body (e.g. drug).

A

True

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9
Q

The Cell Cycle has checkpoints to check if DNA is identical, otherwise it will?

A
  • repair or;
  • trigger apoptosis
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10
Q

T/F: Ideally, the number of cells produced = the number of cells that die.

A

True

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11
Q

Total number of cells in the body remain?

A

constant

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12
Q

These are continuously dividing cells.

A

Labile cells

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13
Q

Examples of labile cells

A

Epithelial cells lining the skin and gastrointestinal tract

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14
Q

Has low level of replication, only proliferates if there is stimulus

A

Stable cell / quiescent levels

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15
Q

Examples of Stable cell or quiescent levels

A

Parenchymal cells of the kidney

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16
Q

What occurs in labile and stable cells?

A

Regeneration

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17
Q

These cells are unable to proliferate, left the cell cycle, and repairs cells when damage occurs.

A

Permanent cells

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18
Q

Examples of permanent cells

A

Neurons

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19
Q

Increase in size due to increased number of component cells

A

Hyperplasia

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20
Q

Hyperplasia

hormonal stimulation

A
  • Estrogen
  • TSH
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21
Q

Hyperplasia

increased functional demand

A
  • Chronic blood loss (bone marrow)
  • Secondary polycythemia
  • LN hyperplasia
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22
Q

Hyperplasia

persistent cell injury

A

callouses (increased epithelial cells)

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23
Q

Other term for Graves Disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

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24
Q

What can be observed in Graves Disease?

A

increased thyroid hormone (increased thyrocytes)

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25
Q

Hyperthyroidism

autoimmune disorder characterized by?

A
  • diffuse goiter
  • hyperthyroidism
  • exophthalmos
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26
Q

Hyperthyroidism

immune mechanism

A

IgG antibodies vs. TSH receptor

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27
Q

Hyperthyroidism

Pathology

A
  • dark red
  • meaty
  • tall columnar epithelium with intraluminal papillae
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28
Q

Hyperthyroidism

Term for negative feedback mechanism

A

Hypothalamic Pituitary Organ Axis

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29
Q

Normal thyroid gland tissue

A

monolayer of cuboidal epithelium

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30
Q

This is the raw ingredient to make thyroid hormone.

A

Thyroglobulin

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31
Q

Nodular Hyperplasia occurs in the?

A

prostate gland

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32
Q

Nodular Hyperplasia

proliferation of?

A

prostatic glands and stroma

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33
Q

Nodular Hyperplasia

results in?

A

enlargement of gland with obstruction of urine flow

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34
Q

Nodular Hyperplasia

Pathogenesis

A
  • unknown
  • altered normal ratio of testosterone to estrogen (elderly)
35
Q

Nodular Hyperplasia

Gross

A
  • nodular
  • enlarged
  • rubbery
36
Q

Nodular Hyperplasia

Micro

A
  • fibromuscular
  • glandular hyperplasia
37
Q

This is usually secondary to chronic stimulation by corticotropin.

A

Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia

38
Q

Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia

Primary hypersecretion of corticotropin by?

A

pituitary

39
Q

Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia

Ectopic corticotropic production by?

A

nonpituitary tumor

40
Q

Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia

____ diffuse or nodular hyperplasia of ____ glands

A

bilateral, adrenal

41
Q

Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia

Clinical

A

Cushing syndrome
- Obesity
- moon facies
- osteoporosis
- HPN
- amenorrhea
- virilization

Primary aldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)

42
Q

Increase in aldosterone will occur if this zone is affected

A

zona granulosa

43
Q

This refers to proliferative lesions of the endometrium usually resulting from hyperestrinism.

A

Endometrial Hyperplasia

44
Q

Endometrial Hyperplasia

This refers to high estrogen levels.

A

hyperestrinism

45
Q

under Endometrial Hyperplasia

A
  • Anovulatory cycles
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome
  • Estrogen-producing tumor
  • Obesity
46
Q

Endometrial Hyperplasia

constitutes of morphologic & biologic continuum

A

Endometrial hyperplasia-carcinoma

47
Q

Appearance of Complex Endometrial Hyperplasia

A

back to back pattern, seahorse-like (??)

48
Q

T/F: In-situ adenocarcinomas can be detected in ultrasounds.

A

True

49
Q

Uterine bleeding at irregular intervals

A

metrorrhagia

50
Q

Excessive bleeding with menstrual periods

A

menorrhagia

51
Q

Estrogen is what type of hormone?

A

steroid (cholesterol based)

52
Q

On what day in the ovulatory cycle is LH released?

A

day 14

53
Q

Term for prolonged bleeding (lasts up to 1 month)

A

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

54
Q

Increased size of an organ due to increased size of component cells

A

Hypertrophy

55
Q

Pure hypertrophy without hyperplasia occurs only in the?

A
  • heart
  • skeletal muscle
56
Q

Hypertrophy

Response to increased?

A

functional demand

57
Q

Hypertrophy

What is increased in the nucleus?

A

RNA & DNA

58
Q

Hypertrophy

Increased amount of?

A

cytoplasm

59
Q

T/F: In hypertrophy, the nucleus of a myocyte does not increase.

A

False

lumalaki bc of increased genetic transcription

60
Q

Hypertrophy

This is observed in sports, or endurance activities.

A

Physiological Myocardial Hypertrophy

61
Q

Hypertrophy

This is observed through distorted heart and myocyte shape, and increased fibrosis.

A

Pathological Myocardial Hypertrophy

62
Q

Hypertrophy

Function in Physiological Myocardial Hypertrophy

A

normal or enhanced function

63
Q

Hypertrophy

Pathologic expression patterns of fetal genes such as?

A
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
  • a/B-MHC
  • SERCA
64
Q

Hypertrophy

This gene is produced if the heart stretches.

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

65
Q

Causes of Hypertrophy

under Increased functional demand

A
  • Muscle hypertrophy (body builder)
  • Heart muscle hypertrophy (Chronic hemodynamic overload)
66
Q

Causes of Hypertrophy

under Hormone induced

A

physiological enlargement of uterus during pregnancy

67
Q

Causes of Hypertrophy

under Compensatory organs

A

in paired organs (kidneys)

68
Q

Diminution in size due to decrease in size of cells.

A

Atrophy

69
Q

under Atrophy

A
  • Reduced functional demand (disuse)
  • inadequate supply of oxygen
  • lack of trophic hormones
  • malnutrition
  • denervation of skeletal muscles
70
Q

Atrophy

other term for denervation

A

upper motor neuron injury

71
Q

under Pathologic atrophy

A
  • Starvation
  • Ischaemic
  • Disuse
  • Neuropathic
  • Endocrine
  • Pressure
  • Idiopathic
72
Q

Atrophy

Lack of oxygen or blood supply

A

Ischaemic

73
Q

Atrophy

Other term for denervation atrophy

A

Neuropathic atrophy

74
Q

Atrophy

Unknown cause

A

Idiopathic atrophy

75
Q

This refers to the protein deposits in the brain which causes the brain parenchyma to shrink.

A

Amyloid

76
Q

Conversion of one differentiated (mature) cell type into another

A

Metaplasia

77
Q

under Metaplasia

A
  • Columnar bronchial epithelium into squamous epithelium in smokers
  • Chronic infection in cervix
78
Q

Metaplasia

Chronic infection in cervix

A

Squamous metaplasia of endocervical glandular epithelium

79
Q

Transformation zone of the Uterine cervix

A

Squamo-columnar junction

80
Q

The squamo-columnar junction is the site of infection for?

A

Human Papilloma Virus

81
Q

This refers to abnormal growth and differentiation, variations in size and shape of cells.

A

Dysplasia

82
Q

under Dysplasia

A
  • Enlargement, irregularity, and hyperchromasia of nuclei
  • Disorderly arrangement within epithelium
83
Q

Dysplasia

This is a stage in the cellular evolution to cancer

A

preneoplastic lesion

MT6321 HISTOPATH (15 decks)

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