U2.3 DRG CONCENTRATION & RESPONSE : QDRC + DRG METABOLISM

Question 1

Graph of the fraction of a population that shows a specified response to increasing doses of a drug.

Answer 1

Quantal Dose Response Curve

Question 2

Minimum dose required to produce a specific response is determined by each member of the population.

Answer 2

Quantal Dose Response Curve

Question 3

Curve seen in a Quantal-Dose Response Curve

Answer 3

Sigmoid Curve

Question 4

50% of the individuals/population manifested the
desired therapeutic effect.

Answer 4

ED50

Question 5

Median effective dose

Answer 5

ED50

Question 6

Median toxic dose

Answer 6

TD50

Question 7

50% of the individuals manifested the toxic effects.

Answer 7

TD50

Question 8

Median lethal dose

Answer 8

LD50

Question 9

Ratio of the TD50 (or LD50) to the ED50 determined from the quantal dose-response curves.

Answer 9

Therapeutic Index

Question 10

Represents an estimate of the drug safety.

Answer 10

Therapeutic Index

Question 11

↑ Therapeutic Index = ___ Safety

Answer 11

↑ Safety

Question 12

↑ Safety = ____ toxic dose, ______ effective dose

Answer 12

↑ toxic dose, ↓ effective dose

Question 13

Dosage range between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration or dose (MEC) and the minimum toxic concentration or dose (MTC)

Answer 13

Therapeutic Window

Question 14

More clinically relevant index of safety

Answer 14

Therapeutic Window

Question 15

Maximal effect (Emax) an agonist can produce if the dose is taken to very high levels.

Answer 15

Maximal Efficacy

Question 16

Determined mainly by the nature of receptors and their associated effectors.

Answer 16

Maximal Efficacy

Question 17

Measured with a graded dose-response curve but not with the quantal dose-response curve.

Answer 17

Maximal Efficacy

Question 18

Amount of drug needed to produce a given effect.

Answer 18

Potency

Question 19

Curve used when the effect chosen is 50% of the maximal effect and the dose is (EC50)

Answer 19

Graded dose-response curve

Question 20

Curve used when ED50, TD50, and LD50 are variables in 50% of the population.

Answer 20

Quantal dose-response curve

Question 21

Variation of Drug Response

caused by differences in metabolism and immunologic mechanisms

Answer 21

Idiosyncratic Response

Question 22

Variation of Drug Response

Response to the drug is unknown or unusual, and needs to be reported

Answer 22

Idiosyncratic Response

Question 23

Variation of Drug Response

Intensity of the drug is decreased compared with the effect seen in normal reactions

Answer 23

Hyporeactive Response

Question 24

Variation of Drug Response

Large dose of the drug is needed to have an effect

Answer 24

Hyporeactive Response

Question 25

Variation of Drug Response Intensity of the drug is increased or exaggerated compared with the effect seen in normal reactions

Answer 25

Hyperreactive Response

Question 26

Variation of Drug Response Tolerance develops after a few doses

Answer 26

Tacyplaxis

Question 27

Variation of Drug Response Decreased sensitivity acquired as a result of frequent exposure (several doses) to the drug

Answer 27

Tolerance

Question 28

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness Decreases drug absorption, inhibits drug distribution, increases elimination of drug

Answer 28

Alteration in concentration of the drug

Question 29

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness variation occurs when foreign/exogenous ligands are introduced

Answer 29

Variation in the concentration of the endogenous ligands in antagonistic ptterns

Question 30

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness Down Regulation and Up Regulation

Answer 30

Alteration in number/function of receptors

Question 31

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness decrease in the number of receptors

Answer 31

Down Regulation

Question 32

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness increase in the number of receptors

Answer 32

Up Regulation

Question 33

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness When drug has been taken for a long time, then abruptly discontinued

Answer 33

Overshoot phenomenon/Rebound hypertension

Question 34

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness Propranolol

Answer 34

Overshoot phenomenon/Rebound hypertension

Question 35

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness cAMP, cGMP may lead to varied drug response

Answer 35

Changes in 2nd messengers

Question 36

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness Give the drug that really acts on the disease of the patient

Answer 36

Clinical Sensitivity

Question 37

T/F Drug causes a single effect only

Answer 37

False

Question 38

T/F Drugs are selective but never specific

Answer 38

T

Question 39

2 factors under Clinical Sensitivity in relation to their Beneficial and Toxic Effects

Answer 39

1. Beneficial and Toxic Effects Mediated by the Same receptor-effector mechanism 2. Beneficial and Toxic Effects mediated by Identical receptors in Different Tissue / Pathways

Question 40

MORSE T/F Beneficial effects occur when the drug binds to the correct receptor on the intended tissue. Toxic effects occur when the drug binds to the same receptor on the wrong tissue.

Answer 40

Both T

Question 41

How to avoid toxic effects

Answer 41

- Give low doses - Carefully monitor the patient - Employ ancillary procedures - Use a safer drug

Question 42

Low doses for prevention of blood clots, very high doses cause internal bleeding

Answer 42

Heparin

Question 43

Give lowest dose possible, has anatomic selectivity

Answer 43

Steroids

Question 44

Beneficial and toxic effects mediated by different types of receptors : H1R - H1 blocker H2R - H2 blocker

Answer 44

Antihistamine

Question 45

Types of Drug Interactions 1+1 = 2

Answer 45

Additive

Question 46

Types of Drug Interactions Response elicited by combined drugs is equal to the combined response of individual drugs.

Answer 46

Additive

Question 47

Types of Drug Interactions Sedative (used for sleeping due to its effect by relaxing the brain) + ethanol (depressant)

Answer 47

Additive

Question 48

Types of Drug Interactions 1+1=3

Answer 48

Synergistic

Question 49

Types of Drug Interactions Response elicited by combined drugs is greater than the combined responses of each individual.

Answer 49

Synergistic

Question 50

Types of Drug Interactions Penicillin G & Gentamicin

Answer 50

Synergistic

Question 51

Types of Drug Interactions 0+1=2

Answer 51

Potentiation

Question 52

Types of Drug Interactions Drug which has no effect enhances the effect of the second drug.

Answer 52

Potentiation

Question 53

Types of Drug Interactions Cimetidine + anticoagulant

Answer 53

Potentiation

Question 54

Types of Drug Interactions 1+1=0

Answer 54

Antagonism

Question 55

Types of Drug Interactions Drug inhibits the effect of another drug.

Answer 55

Antagonism

Question 56

Types of Drug Interactions Heparin (anticoagulant) + protamine (procoagulant)

Answer 56

Antagonism