U2.3 DRG CONCENTRATION & RESPONSE : QDRC + DRG METABOLISM Flashcards

1
Q

Graph of the fraction of a population that shows a specified response to increasing doses of a drug.

A

Quantal Dose Response Curve

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2
Q

Minimum dose required to produce a specific response is determined by each member of the population.

A

Quantal Dose Response Curve

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3
Q

Curve seen in a Quantal-Dose Response Curve

A

Sigmoid Curve

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4
Q

50% of the individuals/population manifested the
desired therapeutic effect.

A

ED50

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5
Q

Median effective dose

A

ED50

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6
Q

Median toxic dose

A

TD50

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7
Q

50% of the individuals manifested the toxic effects.

A

TD50

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8
Q

Median lethal dose

A

LD50

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9
Q

Ratio of the TD50 (or LD50) to the ED50 determined from the quantal dose-response curves.

A

Therapeutic Index

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10
Q

Represents an estimate of the drug safety.

A

Therapeutic Index

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11
Q

↑ Therapeutic Index = ___ Safety

A

↑ Safety

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12
Q

↑ Safety = ____ toxic dose, ______ effective dose

A

↑ toxic dose, ↓ effective dose

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13
Q

Dosage range between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration or dose (MEC) and the minimum toxic concentration or dose (MTC)

A

Therapeutic Window

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14
Q

More clinically relevant index of safety

A

Therapeutic Window

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15
Q

Maximal effect (Emax) an agonist can produce if the dose is taken to very high levels.

A

Maximal Efficacy

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16
Q

Determined mainly by the nature of receptors and their associated effectors.

A

Maximal Efficacy

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17
Q

Measured with a graded dose-response curve but not with the quantal dose-response curve.

A

Maximal Efficacy

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18
Q

Amount of drug needed to produce a given effect.

A

Potency

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19
Q

Curve used when the effect chosen is 50% of the maximal effect and the dose is (EC50)

A

Graded dose-response curve

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20
Q

Curve used when ED50, TD50, and LD50 are variables in 50% of the population.

A

Quantal dose-response curve

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21
Q

Variation of Drug Response

caused by differences in metabolism and immunologic mechanisms

A

Idiosyncratic Response

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22
Q

Variation of Drug Response

Response to the drug is unknown or unusual, and needs to be reported

A

Idiosyncratic Response

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23
Q

Variation of Drug Response

Intensity of the drug is decreased compared with the effect seen in normal reactions

A

Hyporeactive Response

24
Q

Variation of Drug Response

Large dose of the drug is needed to have an effect

A

Hyporeactive Response

25
Q

Variation of Drug Response

Intensity of the drug is increased or exaggerated compared
with the effect seen in normal reactions

A

Hyperreactive Response

26
Q

Variation of Drug Response

Tolerance develops after a few doses

A

Tacyplaxis

27
Q

Variation of Drug Response

Decreased sensitivity acquired as a result of frequent exposure (several doses) to the drug

28
Q

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness

Decreases drug absorption, inhibits drug distribution, increases elimination of drug

A

Alteration in concentration of the drug

29
Q

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness

variation occurs when foreign/exogenous ligands are introduced

A

Variation in the concentration of the endogenous ligands in antagonistic ptterns

30
Q

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness

Down Regulation and Up Regulation

A

Alteration in number/function of receptors

31
Q

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness

decrease in the number of receptors

A

Down Regulation

32
Q

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness

increase in the number of receptors

A

Up Regulation

33
Q

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness

When drug has been taken for a long time, then abruptly discontinued

A

Overshoot phenomenon/Rebound hypertension

34
Q

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness

Propranolol

A

Overshoot phenomenon/Rebound hypertension

35
Q

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness

cAMP, cGMP may lead to varied drug response

A

Changes in 2nd messengers

36
Q

Reason of Varied Drug Responsiveness

Give the drug that really acts on the disease of the
patient

A

Clinical Sensitivity

37
Q

T/F Drug causes a single effect only

38
Q

T/F Drugs are selective but never specific

39
Q

2 factors under Clinical Sensitivity in relation to their Beneficial and Toxic Effects

A
  1. Beneficial and Toxic Effects Mediated by the Same receptor-effector mechanism
  2. Beneficial and Toxic Effects mediated by Identical receptors in Different Tissue / Pathways
40
Q

MORSE T/F Beneficial effects occur when the drug binds to the correct receptor on the intended tissue. Toxic effects occur when the drug binds to the same receptor on the wrong tissue.

41
Q

How to avoid toxic effects

A
  • Give low doses
  • Carefully monitor the patient
  • Employ ancillary procedures
  • Use a safer drug
42
Q

Low doses for prevention of blood clots, very high doses cause internal bleeding

43
Q

Give lowest dose possible, has anatomic selectivity

44
Q

Beneficial and toxic effects mediated by different types of receptors :

H1R - H1 blocker
H2R - H2 blocker

A

Antihistamine

45
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

1+1 = 2

46
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

Response elicited by combined drugs is equal to the combined response of individual drugs.

47
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

Sedative (used for sleeping due to its effect by relaxing the brain) + ethanol (depressant)

48
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

1+1=3

A

Synergistic

49
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

Response elicited by combined drugs is greater than the combined responses of each individual.

A

Synergistic

50
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

Penicillin G & Gentamicin

A

Synergistic

51
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

0+1=2

A

Potentiation

52
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

Drug which has no effect enhances the effect of the
second drug.

A

Potentiation

53
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

Cimetidine + anticoagulant

A

Potentiation

54
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

1+1=0

A

Antagonism

55
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

Drug inhibits the effect of another drug.

A

Antagonism

56
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

Heparin (anticoagulant) + protamine
(procoagulant)

A

Antagonism