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2S PC & TC > U 5.1 : INTRO TO TOXICOLOGY > Flashcards

U 5.1 : INTRO TO TOXICOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Event in History

Rapid development of Industrialization and the use of fossil fuels

A

Great Smog of London

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2
Q

Event in History

A lot of the people developed respiratory illnesses

A

Great Smog of London

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3
Q

Event in History

Mercurial pollution in water sources

A

Minamata Disease

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4
Q

People had neurological
manifestations due to methyl mercury that has been implicated

A

Minamata Disease

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5
Q

Event in History

Nuclear reactor, radiation leak

A

Chernobyl

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6
Q

T/F Exposure to chemicals may be through the environment (air, water, soil, food) and/or occupational.

A

T

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7
Q

T/F Most common chemicals are used in households, personal care and
consumer products; agriculture and industry.

A

T

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8
Q

Toxicology Effects (3)

A
  1. Dose
  2. Duration of Exposure
  3. Vulnerability of Individuals
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9
Q

Toxicology can affect (3)

A
  1. CNS
  2. Liver and kidneys
  3. Reproductive system
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10
Q

T/F Signs and symptoms in toxicology are always specific

A

F; non-specific

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11
Q

T/F Diseases caused by toxicology has no treatment available.

A

F; treatment available

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12
Q

Deals with the effects of chemicals found in the workplace

A

Occupational Toxicology

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13
Q

Things to identify in occupational toxicology

A
  1. Agents of concern
  2. Acute and chronic diseases
  3. Conditions for safe use
  4. Preventive measures
  5. Treatment
  6. Surveillance
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14
Q

provide “safe” chemical exposure limits for workers

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

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15
Q

standards for specific materials of particularly serious toxicity

A

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

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16
Q

Environmental Toxicology is also known as

A

ecotoxicology

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17
Q

Deals with the deleterious impact of chemical pollutants in the environment, on living organisms.

A

Environmental Toxicology

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18
Q

T/F Environmental toxicology deals with toxic effects of chemical and physical agent on populations and communities of non-living organisms within defined ecosystems.

A

F; living organisms

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19
Q

Environmental toxicology deals with

A

Transfer pathways of those agents & interactions with the environment

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20
Q

Concerned with the impact on populations of living organisms or on ecosystems and is affected by Air, Soil or Water pollution

A

Environmental Toxicology`

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21
Q

Ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or setting

A

Hazard

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22
Q

Expected frequency of the of the occurrence of an
undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent

A

Risk

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23
Q

Likelihood that a hazard will cause harm

A

Risk

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24
Q

Routes of Exposure for Industrial

A

Industrial: Inhalational > Transdermal Route > Oral

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25
Q

Water and Soil pollutants are absorbed through

A

inhalational, ingestion or transdermal

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26
Q

Most common in the household setting is the oral route

A

Ingestion

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27
Q

An exposure to a toxic substance that is absorbed by the target human or animal results in a dose.

A

Quantity, Duration & Intensity of Exposure

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28
Q

Single exposure or multiple exposure over a brief period of time

A

Acute Exposure

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29
Q

Single or multiple exposure over a longer period of time

A

Chronic Exposure

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30
Q

Degradability, bioaccumulation, and transport and biomagnification

A

Environmental considerations

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31
Q

Environmental Considerations

Chemicals that exhibit environmental persistence and can accumulate

A

Poorly degraded chemicals

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32
Q

Environmental Considerations

Lipophilic substances: organochlorine pesticides bioaccumulate in body fat ->

A
  1. endocrine disruption
  2. neurological disorders
  3. carcinogenesis/cancer formation
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33
Q

Environmental Considerations

Methyl mercury discharges ->

A

neurotoxic (Ex. Metal, mining)

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34
Q

Environmental Considerations

entails specific or only one organism or
biologic system

A

Bioaccumulation

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35
Q

Environmental Considerations

entails several biological systems or organisms to occur

A

Biomagnification

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36
Q

Environmental Considerations

Concentrates the chemical in organisms higher on the food chain. (magnifies)

A

Biomagnification

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37
Q

T/F The pollutants that have the widest environmental impact are poorly degradable; are relatively mobile in air, water, and soil; exhibit bioaccumulation; and also exhibit biomagnification.

A

T

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38
Q

Air Pollutants

  • Colorless, tasteless, odorless and nonirritating gas
  • Byproduct of incomplete combustion
  • from gas stoves; generators and other gasoline powered equipment; automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke
A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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39
Q

Air Pollutants

  • Easily absorbed through the lungs
  • Exposure may be acute or chronic
  • Has teratogenic potential
A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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40
Q

Air Pollutants

a silent killer

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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41
Q

Air Pollutants

combines tightly but reversibly with the oxygen binding
site of hemoglobin (Hb) producing Carboxyhemoglobin

A

CO

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42
Q

Air Pollutants

produced when CO combines tightly but reversibly with the oxygen binding
site of hemoglobin (Hb

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

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43
Q

Air Pollutants (CO)

Organs with the highest oxygen demand are most seriously affected

A

Brain, Heart and Kidneys

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44
Q

Air Pollutants

Clinical Effects include symptoms of hypoxia, psychomotor impairment, headache and tightness in temporal area

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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45
Q

Air Pollutants

Clinical Effects include confusion and loss of visual acuity, tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma, deep coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory failure

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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46
Q

Air Pollutants

  • Colorless irritant gas
  • Gas at the Great Smog of London
  • Generated primarily by the
    combustion of sulfur containing fossil
    fuel
A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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47
Q

Air Pollutants

High solubility of SO2 in moist membranes forms

A

sulfurous acid

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48
Q

Air Pollutants

Severe irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and skin

A

sulfurous acid

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49
Q

Air Pollutants

T/F 90% of inhaled form of SO2 is absorbed in the Lower Respiratory tract causing Acute Irritant Asthma

A

F; Upper Respiratory Tract

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50
Q

Air Pollutants

Clinical Effects include Eye, nose and throat irritation, reflex bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions

A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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51
Q

Air Pollutants

Treatment is supportive, non-specific

A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

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52
Q

Air Pollutants

  • May initiate or exacerbate Bronchial Asthma
  • Delayed-onset pulmonary edema
A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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53
Q

Air Pollutants

Brownish irritant gas associated with fires

A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

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54
Q

Air Pollutants

Mostly in alveoli which it damages it by causing the surfactant to be decreased

A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

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55
Q

Air Pollutants

T/F Surfactant maintains the patency of our alveoli, if not the alveoli will stick to one another

56
Q

Air Pollutants (MOA)

T/F Inhalation damages the lung infrastructure that produces the surfactant necessary to allow smooth and low-eort lung alveolar expansion

57
Q

Air Pollutants

Clinical Effects include Silo-Filler’s Disease, Non-allergic Asthma, ”Twitchy Airway disease”

A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

58
Q

Air Pollutants

Clinical effects include
Acute: Irritation of eyes and nose, cough, mucoid or frothy sputum production, dyspnea and chest pain; Pulmonary edema, fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles

A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

59
Q

Air Pollutants

Clinical effects include
Chronic: Emphysematous changes

A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

60
Q

Air Pollutants

Bluish irritant gas naturally found in the ear

A

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides

61
Q

Air Pollutants

Burning of fossil fuel

A

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides

62
Q

Air Pollutants

Irritant of mucous membranes

A

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides

63
Q

Air Pollutants

Produces upper respiratory tract irritation to deep lung irritation with pulmonary edema

A

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides

64
Q

Air Pollutants

Formation of reactive free radicals

A

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides

65
Q

Air Pollutants

Clinical effects include shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary compliance

A

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides

66
Q

Air Pollutants

Clinical effects include
Acute: Irritation and dryness to throat, changes to visual acuity, substernal pain and dyspnea, ARDS

A

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides

67
Q

Air Pollutants

Clinical Effects include
Chronic: Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis, Empyshema

A

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides

68
Q

Solvents

Also known as Halohydrocarbons

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

69
Q

Solvents

found in industrial solvents, degreasing agents and
cleaning agents

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

70
Q

Solvents

Carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform,
tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

71
Q

Solvents

Most are classified as known or probable human
carcinogens

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

72
Q

Solvents

a fluorinated aliphatic, causes severe damage in the
ozone

73
Q

Solvents

Human Carcinogens - some are associated with renal, prostate and testicular cancer

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

74
Q

Solvents

Chronic Exposure in the Workplace: Impaired memory, peripheral neuropathy

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

75
Q

Solvents

Treatment: Supportive, non-specific

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

76
Q

Solvents

Has odor, All are components of gasoline

A

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

77
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Component of gasoline

78
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

  • Acute Exposure: CNS Depression, Nausea,
    Euphoria, Locomotor Problems and Coma;
    Vertigo, Drowsiness and Headache
  • Chronic Exposure: Bone Marrow Injury
    (Aplastic Anemia, Leukopenia, Pancytopenia,
    Thrombocytopenia…)
79
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

  • Pluripotent Bone Marrow Stem Cells
  • Potent Clastogen
80
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Treatment: Supportive, non-specific

81
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

paint thinners, nail polish remover, glues, and
correction fluid; explosives

82
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Colorless, sweet-smelling
agent

83
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

No myelotoxic properties

84
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

CNS depressant, skin and eye irritant, fetotoxic

85
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Associated with rapid loss of consciousness, severe fatigue, ataxia

86
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

dimethylbenzene

87
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Substitute for benzene in
solvent degreasing
operations

88
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

No myelotoxic properties

89
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

CNS depressant, skin irritant

90
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Used for cleaning objective
microscope

91
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Safer but can cause skin
irritation

92
Q

4 Types of Pesticides

A
  1. Organochlorine Pesticides
  2. Organophosphorus Pesticides
  3. Carbamate Pesticides
  4. Botanical Pesticides
93
Q

Type of Pesticide

Aryl, carbocyclic or heterocyclic compounds with chlorine substituents

A

Organochlorine Pesticides

94
Q

Four Classes of Organochlorine Pesticides

A
  1. DDT (chlorophenothane) and analogs
  2. Benzene Hexachloride
  3. Cyclodienes
  4. Toxaphene
95
Q

Type of Pesticide

domestic mosquito elimination in malaria-infested regions of Africa

96
Q

Type of Pesticide

MOA (Mode of Action): interfere with
inactivation of the sodium channel in excitable membranes and cause rapid repetitive firing in most neurons; calcium ion transport is inhibited

A

Organochlorine Pesticides

97
Q

Type of Pesticide

DDT: Tremor is the first manifestation

A

Organochlorine Pesticides

98
Q

Type of Pesticide

Carcinogenic potential but more long-term
studies are required

A

Organochlorine Pesticides

99
Q

Type of Pesticide

  • Used against large variety of pests
  • Either via direct contact or via plant systemics
A

Organophosphorus Pesticides

100
Q

Type of Pesticide

  • Based on warfare chemicals like sarin, soman, and
    tabun
  • Absorbed via the skin, respiratory and GI tract
A

Organophosphorus Pesticides

100
Q

Type of Pesticide

T/F Organophosphorus pesticides in the environment, are not considered a persistent
pesticide

101
Q

Type of Pesticide

MOA: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase through
phosphorylation of the esteric state

A

Organophosphorus Pesticides

102
Q

Type of Pesticide

What does MUDDLES stand for

A

miosis, urination, diarrhea, diaphoresis,
lacrimation, excitation of the central nervous system (CNS), and salivation

103
Q

Type of Pesticide

T/F In organophosphorous pesticides, if not reversed, patients will develop neuromuscular
transmission failure – cardiorespiratory failure,
weakness of respiratory muscles and death

103
Q

Type of Pesticide

Specific treatment and useful antagonists are available (i.e., physostigmine, pralidoxime)

A

Organophosphorus Pesticide

104
Q

Environmental Pollutants

Highly halogenated biphenyl compounds

A

Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls

105
Q

Environmental Pollutants

Used for insulation, fire retardancy

A

Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls

106
Q

Environmental Pollutants

  • Mass production resulted in enormous environmental
    problems
  • Very toxic and now banned for use
A

Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls

107
Q

Environmental Pollutants

T/F Food is the major source of PCB Residues in humans

108
Q

Environmental Pollutants

  • Potent endocrine disruptors; associated with
    reproductive and teratogenic effects on animal studies
  • Persists in the environment
A

Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls

109
Q

Environmental Pollutants

Coolant materials in air-conditioning systems

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

110
Q

Environmental Pollutants

  • Used as oxygen-carrying materials in clinical studies
  • Used as heat-, stain-, and stick-resistant coatings for
    cookware, fabrics and other materials (i.e. Teflon)
A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

111
Q

Environmental Pollutants

T/F PFCs had deleterious effect in the ozone layer of the atmosphere and they are persistent environmental chemical

112
Q

Environmental Pollutants

Potent endocrine disruptor

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

113
Q

Environmental Pollutants

Long-term adverse effect on reproductive function, cellular proliferation and other cellular homeostatic mechanisms

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

114
Q

Environmental Pollutants

Associated with proliferation of breast cancer cells; renal, ovarian, prostate and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

115
Q

Environmental Pollutants

Associated with cholesterol and uric acid abnormalities

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

116
Q

Environmental Pollutants

Mimic, enhance or inhibit a hormonal action

A

Endocrine Disruptors

117
Q

Environmental Pollutants

  • Estrogen-like or antiandrogenic effects; some affect thyroid functions
  • Includes plant constituents like phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens
A

Endocrine Disruptors

118
Q

Environmental Pollutants

Synthetic forms are industrial chemicals, persistent organochlorine agents (DDT), PCBs and brominated flame retardants

A

Endocrine Disruptors

119
Q

Environmental Pollutants

Increasing concerns mainly due to bioaccumulation, toxicity and
increasing contamination in the environment

A

Endocrine Disruptors

120
Q

Environmental Pollutants

Causes progressive fibrotic lung diseases
(asbestosis), lung cancer, mesothelioma

121
Q

Environmental Pollutants

  • Synergistic effect with cigarette smoking and
    exposure to radon daughters
  • Mechanism for cancer is not well-defined
122
Q

Metals

Used in ceramics and alloys; computers; dental
equipment; devices that requires hardening like missile ceramic nose cones and heat shield tiles in space vehicles

A

Beryllium (Be)

123
Q

Metals

Known human carcinogen (class 1)

A

Beryllium (Be)

124
Q

Metals

Found in nickel cadmium batteries, pigments, low-melting
point eutectic materials; in solder; in television phosphors;
and in plating operations; semiconductors and plastics

A

Cadmium (Cd)

125
Q

Metals

Chronic exposure may lead to progressive pulmonary
fibrosis, renal failure

A

Cadmium (Cd)

126
Q

Metals

Any material, natural or manufactured, bearing a size of at least one dimension that lies between 1 to 100 nm in size

A

Nanomaterials

127
Q

Metals

The increasing production led to environmental contamination

A

Nanomaterials

128
Q

Metals

Inhalational, oral, dermal, parenteral are the routes
of exposure

A

Nanomaterials

129
Q

Nanomaterials

causes kidney toxicity

130
Q

Nanomaterials

causes hepatocellular damage

A

Zinc oxide

131
Q

Nanomaterials

cytotoxic in humans

A

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

132
Q

Nanomaterials

toxic to lungs and other organs

A

Titanium dioxide

2S PC & TC (17 decks)

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