U2 | Sociological Perspective Flashcards
It is interested in the patterns of behaviors and attitudes that emerge throughout the life course, from infacy to old age
Sociology
Part of a lifelong process of socialization
Patterns
It is when people learn what is appropriate for members of a particular culture
Socialization
2 Viewpoints
- Microsociological
- Macrosociological
Socialization helps us to discover how to behave properly an what to expect from others if we follow (or challenge) society’s norms and values
Microsociological
Face-to-face social interaction looking at the individual socialization and how it affects the big picture
Microsciology
Big phenoma/ population starting from a big picture, and looking at how it affects an individual
Macrosociology
Differentiate microsociology and macrosociology
Microsociology is a small scale perspective that looks at how individual socializations affects the big picture. Macrosociology is a big scale perspective that looks at a big picture and how it affects an individual
What are the 3 studies conducted on the role of socialization?
1,Impact of Isolation (wild children)
2. Primate studies (Harry Harlow and rhesus monkeys study)
3. Influence of Heredity (tein studies)
When was Harry Harlow’s study on primates conducted?
1971
3 Sociological Perspectives/ Paradigm
- Structural functionalism
- Conflict theory
- Symbolic interactionism
How each part of the society functions together to contribute to the whole
Structural functionalism
How inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power
Conflict theory
One-to-one interactions and communications
Symbolic interactionism
French social scientist who developed a vigorous methodology that combines empirical research with sociological theory
Emile Durkheim
What was Emile Durkheim regarded as?
Founder of the French School of Sociology
What was Durkheim’s concept of sociological perspectives of the self?
Social Integration and Moral Individualism
Durkheim’s quoted principle
“To love society is to love something beyond us and something in ourselves.”
Durkheim’s work on how people get to live together peaceably and in organized manner.
Division of Labor
Durkeim’s work on how culture, roles and norms bind people together in synchronized behaviors, feelings and thoughts
Social Integration
Durkheim’s work on how the rights and dignity of the individual are based on the principles of equality and justice
Moral Individualism
Conditions and circumstances external to the individual that, nevertheless, determine the individual’s course of action
Social Facts
Durkheim proposed that the task of sociology is to —
analyze social facts
Durkheim argued that social facts can be ascertained by using — such as marriage and
divorces rates.
collective data
The degree to which an individual is connected to the
society; results from a collective consciousness or a shared way
of understanding and behaving in the world in terms of norms, beliefs, and values.
Social Integration
Described the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, or religion
Social Solidarity
The doctrine that rationality leaves room for the individualities of personalities of subjects to express themselves in the moral realm in an autonomous choice between idealism and fulfilment-maximization. It involves a morality of cooperation and a profound respect for humanity. It is not the glorification of the self, “but of the individual in general”
Moral Individualism
Durkheim is optimistic that moral individualism will become the “—” and the source of a new morality
moral catechism
Durkheim claims that the “—” has become one of the most distinctive characteristic of modernity, and that it is replacing all other religions.
cult of the individual
2 Theories (and pioneers) that defined the self along the symbolic interactionism paradigm.
- Charles Horton Cooley: The Looking Glass Self
- George Herbert Mead: Stages of the Self
View of the self comes not only from direct contemplation of our personal qualities but also from our impressions of how others perceive us.
The Looking Glass Self
Self-concept is formed through our impressions on how other people see us.
The Looking Glass Self
Cooley proposed that one’s self grows out of one’s — with others.
social interactions
What is the self according to Cooley?
The “Self” is how we believe others see us.
3 Processes of the self according to Cooley
- We imagine how we present ourselves to others
- We imagine how others evaluate us
- Finally develop some sort of feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions
This occurs when we are labeled, and others’ views and expectations of us are affected by that labeling
The Labeling Bias
This occurs when we are repeatedly labeled and evaluated by others, and we adopt other’s labels explicitly into our self-concept
Self Labeling
2 Outcomes that may occur from self labeling
- Internalized Prejudice
- Positive Reclaiming
This is when individuals turn prejudice directed toward them by others onto themselves. They may tend to view themselves more negatively, thus, also affecting their self-esteem
Internalized Prejudice
Those who are negatively labeled may claim these labels more positively to feel better about themselves. To illustrate: After labeling, minority group members evaluated the labels (e.g. “queer”, “torpe”, “lost”) less negatively, and reported feeling more powerful.
Positive Reclaiming
The conception one holds about
the self in one’s mind emerges from social interaction with others. The self is neither present at birth nor at the beginning of social interaction. It is constructed and reconstructed in the process of social experience
George Herbert Mead: Stages of the Self
Two components of the Self according to Mead
- “Me” (objective element; known)
- “I” (subjective element; knower)
Represents the expectations and attitudes of others (the “generalized other”) organized into the social self; the internalized generalized other becomes the instrument upon which society has control over the actions of its individual members
“Me”
The response to the “me”or the person’s individuality, e.g., The “I” can decide to cross the street on a red light as he sees that there is no approaching car or a traffic police
“I”
The stream of thought between the knower (“I”) and the known (“Me”) is the — as influenced by the social context.
essence of the development of identity
3 Stages by which the Self emerges (Mead)
- Preparatory Stage (1-3yrs)
- Play Stage (4-7yrs)
- Game Stage (8-9yrs)
- Children merely imitate
- Understanding of symbols
- Awareness of individual roles
Preparatory Stage (1-3yrs)
This form the basis for children’s capacity to communicate with people around them
Symbols (gestures, language, and objects)
- Role playing
- Role taking
Play Stage (4-7yrs)
- Consideration of tasks and relationsihps
- Social positions
-Becomes less egocentric as understanding and acceptance of different perspectives of others develop
Game Stage (8-9yrs)
What was Clemen Aquino’s article title?
“Mula sa Kinaroroonan: Kapwa, Kapatiran and Bayan in Philippine Social Science”,
Where was Clemen Aquino from?
Department of Social Sciences in the University of the Philippines
Clemen Aquino’s article articulates on what 3 relevant concepts on ugnayan (relations) in Philippine society?
- “Kapwa”
- “Mag-anak”
- “Kapatiran”
Santiago’s early srudies show these as the broad basis of social interaction among Filipinos.
Kapwa and pakikipagkapwa
This does not discriminate between the “ibang tao” and “di ibang tao.” In here, self-identity is part of one’s perception of others, so there is a unity or integral relation of the sarili (self) to ibang tao (others).
The kapwa
The concept of — is embedded in Filipino relationships. It does not only refer to the nuclear family (father, mother, children) but encompasses the extended family, hence, an older woman in the community is called “Aunty” even if not a kin by consanguinity.
mag-anak
This is reflected in religious and other organizations. The strong bond of ingroup relations determines ugnayan and pakikipag-ugnayan within the group as compared to how they interact with those who are not part.
Kapatiran
