U1 | Contemporary Philosophies Flashcards
What view does contemporary philosophies present?
The Contemporary philosophical perspectives present a wide variety of theories that could be used in understanding the self. Much of these is more relatable and relevant in today’s world.
Philosopohers in the contemporary era
Sigmund Freud
Gilbert Ryle
Paul and Patricia Churchland
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Gilbert Ryle was an Analytic Philosopher who was an important figure in the field of — which focuses on the solving of philosophical puzzles through an analysis of language
Linguistic Analysis
Gilbert Ryle’s quoted principle
“I act, therefore I am”
He was the - Founder of Psychoanalysis, which emphasizes the importance of unconscious forces
Sigmund Freud
Where was Sigmund Freud born?
Freiburg, Moravia (Czechoslovakia)
Freud’s two models in understanding the self
- Topographical model
- Structural model
There are things about the self that one knows and is aware of, and at the same time, there are those that one does not know and is unaware of.
Topographical model
The topographical model explains how the “I“ is both conscious and unconscious. What illustration did Freud use to represent this?
Iceberg Theory
One is aware of thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. These are easily identified and known by the person
Conscious level
Those that one is able to easily remember and bring into awareness, such as usual memories and stored knowledge.
Subconscious level
Houses those that one has either repressed or forgotten. it consists of those which are unacceptable, undesirable, or painful
Unconscious level
3 structures under Freud’s structural model
- Id (pleasure principle)
- Ego (reality principle)
- Supergo (conscience principle)
This is the primitive or instinctive component, which consists of one’s primal urges and wants.
Id
The reality principle, and
balances the other two principles
Ego
This synthesizes the values and morals of society, and includes one’s conscience.
Supergo
Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s quoted principle
“I live in my body”
Ponty was a French philosopher whose thinking was influenced by —
Edmund Husserl
A concept that explains the perception of the self, and this involves three dimensions.
Phenomenological rhythm
3 dimensions of the phenomenological rhythm
- empiricist view
- idealist-intellectual alternative
- synthesis of both views
Who brought neuroscience into the fore of understanding the self?
Paul and Patricia Churchland
Churchlands’ quoted principle
“Brains are not magical; they are causal machines”
This is the view that we new do develop a new, neuroscience-based vocabulary that will enable us to think and communicate clearly about the mind, consciousness, and human experience
Eliminative Materialism
Patricia Churchland was known for her contributions to — and the philosophy of the mind
neurophilosophy
Paul Churchland was a contemporary American philosopher and professor at the —
University of California, San Diego
