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Nat 5 Biology > U2 Key Area 6- Transport Systems In Animals > Flashcards

U2 Key Area 6- Transport Systems In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

How is carbon dioxide and oxygen transports

A

In mammals, nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood

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2
Q

How is blood carried

A

By blood vessels

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3
Q

Where does the blood flow from

A

Blood flows from the heart to the lungs then from the heart to the whole body

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4
Q

What do valves do

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

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5
Q

Explain Why the walls of the left ventricle are much thicker than the walls of the right ventricle

A

The left ventricle has to pump blood all around the body whereas the right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs then from

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6
Q

Where do arteries carry the blood

A

Away from the heart

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7
Q

What type of blood to arteries contain

A

Mostly they contain oxygenated blood

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8
Q

Why do arteries have thick muscular walls

A

They have thick muscular walls which pulse to push the blood along

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9
Q

What size is an arteries channel (lumen in the middle)

A

Narrow

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10
Q

What pressure does the blood travel in the arteries

A

Blood in arteries travels at high pressure

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11
Q

Why is the blood pressure high in the arteries

A

The blood is under high pressure so that there is no risk of backflow as they do not have valves

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12
Q

Where do veins carry the blood

A

Into the heart

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13
Q

What type of blood do veins carry

A

They mostly carry deoxygenated blood

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14
Q

What type of walls do veins have

A

They have thin muscular walls and a wide lumen (or centre channel)

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15
Q

What pressure do blood travel at in veins

A

This means blood in veins travels at at a low pressure

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16
Q

What’s the problem of veins having low blood pressure

A

Due to the low blood pressure there is a risk of backflow of blood, so they have valves to prevent this from happening

17
Q

What size are capillaries

A

Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels

18
Q

What do the capillaries connect

A

They connect to arteries to the veins

19
Q

What are capillaries and what does it allow

A

They are branched networks which cover a large surface area of tissues and organs. This allows for rapid diffusion of materials to and from blood.

20
Q

What size are capillaries walls and why

A

Their walls are one cell thick to allow materials to diffuse quickly from and to blood

21
Q

Why are red blood cells specialised in their structure

A

Red blood cells are specialised in their structure so that they can carry oxygen efficiently in the form of oxyhaemoglobin

22
Q

What do red blood cells have and why (3)

A
  • A bioncave shape to increase the surface area over which oxygen can bind
  • no nucleus so that they can contain more haemoglobin
  • haemoglobin which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
23
Q

What are white blood cells

A

White blood cells are part of the immune system and are involved in destroying pathogens

24
Q

Pathogens

A

Pathogens are biological agents that cause disease or illness to their host

25
Q

There are two main types of white blood cells involved

A

Phagocytes
Lymphocytes

26
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

Phagocytes carry out phagocytosis by engulfing bacteria

27
Q

How do phagocytes carry out phagocytosis in detail

A
  1. Phagocytes recognise molecules on the bacteria’s surface.
  2. They bind with the bacterium and engulf it
  3. Once the bacterium is inside the phagocyte, lysosomes help to digest the bacterium
28
Q

What do some lymphocytes produce

A

Proteins called antibodies

29
Q

What are antibodies

A

Antibodies are proteins that destroy pathogens

30
Q

Each antibody is….

A

Specific to a particular antigen

31
Q

What happens when the antibody binds to its specific antigen

A

This inactivates the pathogen and makes it more susceptible to phagocytosis

Nat 5 Biology (17 decks)

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