U+Es and LFTs Nearpod Flashcards
How can nephrotic syndrome present in a child?
Peri-orbital swelling (more likely to get peripheral oedema in adults), frothy urine and fatigue.
First thing to do is urine dip stick!
If someone has ZERO urine output then what are you thinking?
There is a post-renal obstruction.
What are a couple causes of euvolemic hyponatraemia?
Adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism
What can cause a hypovolaemic hyponatraemia?
Diuretics
Name some causes of Syndrome of inappropriate ADH release
- Hypothyroidism,
- Drugs (SSRIs and Carbamazepine),
- Infections,
- Primary brain injury
What are sine causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia
- CKD,
- Heart failure,
- Nephrotic syndrome
What is the treatment of hyperkalaemia?
Calcium chloride or calcium gluconate. This temporarily protects against cardiac excitability
What are the hyperkalaemia ECG changes?
Peaked T waves, P wave flattening and wide QRS
What are some causes of hyperkalaemia?
CARED
- Cellular movement of K+ (acidosis),
- Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s)
- Renal failure,
- Excessive K+ intake,
- Drugs (spironolactone, ACE inhibitors and ARBs)
What does a eGFR between 60-90 suggest?
Early stage kidney disease
What are the best ways of measuring acute liver function and chronic liver function.
Acute - Prothrombin time or INR.
Chronic - Albumin
What is indicated if GGT is risen?
Suggests biliary epithelium damage and cholestasis.
If ALT is greater than AST what does it suggest?
Chronic liver disease
If AST is greater than ALT, what does it suggest?
Cirrhosis or acute alcoholic hepatitis
What are Key features about ALP and ALT
ALP indicates cholestasis.
ALT indicates hepatocellular injury
