Endocrine Flashcards
What are the common causes of hypothyroidism?
- Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune),
- Iodine deficiency,
- Secondary (pituitary insufficiency so low TSH)
What are the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?
- Fatigue,
- Cold intolerance,
- Constipation,
- Weight gain,
- Brittle hair/hair loss.
- Amenorrhoea,
- Frog-like, husky voice
- Neurological manifestations (poor concentration/memory, carpal tunnel)
- Myxedema (non-pitting oedema)
What are the common causes of hyperthyroidism?
- Graves disease (autoimmune)
- Toxic multinodular goitre
- De quervain’s thyroiditis (viral hyperthyroidism)
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
- Anxiety and irritability,
- Sweating and heat intolerance,
- Weight loss
- Tachycardia,
- Fatigue,
- Frequent lose stools,
- Sexual dysfunction
What are symptoms specific to Graves Disease?
- Diffuse goitre,
- Exophthalmos,
- Pretibial myxoedema
What is the management of hyperthyroidism?
- Carbimazole (1st line)
- Propylthiouracil (2nd line)
- Radioactive iodine
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
- Polyuria,
- Polyphagia,
- Polydipsia,
- Fatigue,
- Weight loss,
- Slow wound healing,
- Frequent infections,
- Fatigue
Why can diabetes cause atheroma’s?
When there is high blood glucose, the glucose can bind to proteins and limits which forms glycated inflammatory molecules. This can cause inflammation in the blood vessel which causes diposites of LDL leading to the formation of an atheroma.
Explain a monofilament test
It tests for nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy)
Name and describe some adrenal disorders
Cushing’s Disease - Excess cortisol due to adrenal tumour, ACTH producing pituitary tumour or ectopic ACTH producing tumour. (small cell lung carcinoma)
Addison’s Disease - Deficiency in adrenal hormones such as aldosterone, cortisol and testosterone. Caused by autoimmune, diseases or damage.
What are the symptoms for Cushing’s disease?
- Cushion of fat! So weight gain, buffalo hump, moon face
- Muscle wasting and thin extremities,
- Easy bruising,
- Truncal obesity,
- Hypertension,
- Increased risk of fractures,
- Amenorrhoea
What are the symptoms of Addison’s Disease?
A for Absence of steroids. Two D's for the high double P's - Potassium and pigmentation. - Low BP (hypotension due to hypovolaemia) - Low sodium (hyponatremia), - Low hair (hair loss) - low mood, - Low energy, - Low glucose
What will cause an increase in cortisol?
- Surgery,
- Stress,
- Sepsis,
- Strenuous activity
What are some features of hyperthyroidism?
- Fine tremor,
- Finger clubbing,
- Sweating,
- Pretibial myxoedema,
- Goiter,
- Thyroid bruits,
- Lid retraction,
- Lid lag,
- Exophthalmosis,
- Periorbital bruising,
- Ophthalmoplegia
- Atrial fibrillation,
- High output heart failure,
- Diarrhoea,
- Muscle waisting,
- Proximal weakness
What are some features of hypothyroidism
- Dry, think skin,
- Brittle hair,
- Scanty secondary sexual hair,
- Macroglossia,
- Puffy face,
- Loss of lateral 1/3rd of eyebrows,
- Goitre,
- Bradycardia,
- Cardiomegaly,
- Carpal tunnel syndrome,
- Slow relaxing pulses,
- Cerebellar ataxia,
- Peripheral neuropathy
