Types of Memory

Question 1

What do memory stores vary on?

Answer 1

1) Capacity
2) Duration
3) Coding

Question 2

Define capacity:

Answer 2

How much can be stored.

Question 3

Define duration:

Answer 3

How long things can be stored.

Question 4

Define coding:

Answer 4

What format things are stored in.

Question 5

What are the two types of coding?

Answer 5

• Sensory
• Semantic

Question 6

Define sensory coding:

Answer 6

When we store sensory information.

Question 7

What are the main two types of sensory coding?

Answer 7

• Acoustic
• Visual

Question 8

Define acoustic coding:

Answer 8

Storing information as sounds.

Question 9

Define visual coding:

Answer 9

Storing information as images.

Question 10

Define semantic coding:

Answer 10

Storing information by its meaning.

Question 11

What are the three memory stores?

Answer 11

• Sensory register
• STM
• LTM

Question 12

Define the sensory register:

Answer 12

A temporary that stores sensory information while we process it.

Question 13

How long is the sensory registers duration?

Answer 13

1-2 seconds.

Question 14

What type of capacity does the sensory register have?

Answer 14

Large.

Question 15

What type of code does the sensory register have?

Answer 15

Sensory.

Question 16

Which study supported sensory register?

Answer 16

Sperlings.

Question 17

What did sperling aim to investigate?

Answer 17

The capacity of sensory memory.

Question 18

Outline sperlings method?

Answer 18

• Lab study.
• Showed participants a grid of 12 letters which were flashed on the screen.
• Immediately after participants were asked to recall letters.
• He tested them in two conditions.
• A tone was played to indicate which row had to be recalled.

Question 19

What were the two conditions in Sperlings study?

Answer 19

1) Recall as many letters as possible.

2) Recall one row.

• Participants didn’t know which group they were in beforehand.

Question 20

What was the DV in Sperlings study?

Answer 20

How many letters could be recalled.

Question 21

What did Sperling find?

Answer 21

The sensory register has a short duration and a large capacity.

Question 22

How many letters were recalled on the whole grid? (Sperlings study)

Answer 22

4-5.

Question 23

How many letters were recalled in one row? (Sperlings study)

Answer 23

3 (which is almost the whole row).

• This means that all the rows may have been registered due to participants being unaware of their groups in advance.

Question 24

Why couldn’t participants remember more than 5 letter in the whole grid? (Sperlings study)

Answer 24

Due to the sensory registers short duration.

Question 25

Which two theorists tested the STM using a digit span test?

Answer 25

Jacobs and Miller.

Question 26

What did Jacobs aim to investigate?

Answer 26

The capacity of STM.

Question 27

Outline Jacobs study: (STM)

Answer 27

- Showed participants a sequence of random numbers/digits. - Then asked them to repeat back in order. - He increased the length of the sequence each time.

Question 28

What were Jacobs findings? (STM)

Answer 28

Capacity is set at 7+/-2 digits or letters.

Question 29

What evidence did Jacobs study provide? (STM)

Answer 29

That capacity of STM is limited.

Question 30

What did Miller aim to investigate? (STM)

Answer 30

Chucking letters/digits make it easier to recall.

Question 31

Define chunking: (STM)

Answer 31

Grouping individual letters together into meaningful units.

Question 32

What did Miller argue? (STM)

Answer 32

- Capacity of the STM is determined by the number of chunks not the number of individual items to recall. - Maximum capacity isn’t limited to 7 individual letters/digits but 7+/-2 chunks of info.

Question 33

What were Millers findings? (STM)

Answer 33

- Chunking improves capacity. - A study found people could recall 79 random digits due to chunking.

Question 34

What type of duration does the long-term memory have?

Answer 34

Long.

Question 35

What type of capacity does the long-term memory have?

Answer 35

Large.

Question 36

What type of code is the long-term memory stored in?

Answer 36

Semantic.

Question 37

Define long-term memory:

Answer 37

Permanent store to store information for long periods of time.

Question 38

Who investigated long-term memory m?

Answer 38

Bahrick.

Question 39

What did Bahrick aim to investigate? (LTM)

Answer 39

The duration of long-term memory.

Question 40

Outline Bahricks procedure: (LTM)

Answer 40

- Asked adults to recall names of their ex classmates (after 15 and 48 years). - Asked to recall as many names as they could remember (no extra cues). - Then showed photos of their ex classmates + asking them to name/match the names to a photo (using recognition).

Question 41

What were Bahricks findings? (LTM)

Answer 41

After 15 years: memory was good Recall = 60% Recognition = 90% After 48 years: Recall = 30% (dropped) Recognition = 80%

Question 42

What did Bahrick conclude? (LTM)

Answer 42

LTM has a long duration but retrieving information is better when asked to recognise rather than recall.

Question 43

What was a strength of Babricks study? (LTM)

Answer 43

High ecological validity = more likely to generalise. - Participants asked to retrieve info from their own everyday lives.

Question 44

What is a limitation of Bahricks study? (LTM)

Answer 44

Little control over extraneous variables = affect accuracy - Due to asking to retrieve info from years ago.

Question 45

Who looked into support for coding used in LTM + STM?

Answer 45

Baddeley.

Question 46

Outline Baddeleys study:

Answer 46

- Lab. - Asked participants to memorise a list of words. - Test STM: asked them to recall in order Immediately after the list. - Test LTM: asked them to recall in order 20 mins after. - He didn’t show the participants all the same list (divided them into four groups).

Question 47

What were Baddeleys four groups?

Answer 47

1) Words which sounded similar. 2) Words that sounded different. 3) Words which all had similar meanings. 4) Words which all had different meanings.

Question 48

What were Baddleys findings for STM?

Answer 48

- Recall of similar sounding words = recalled fewest words in correct order. - Recall of different sounding words = most recalled in correct order. (All were recalled immediately)

Question 49

What did Baddeley conclude for STM?

Answer 49

Acoustic code is used in STM.

Question 50

What does Baddeleys study support?

Answer 50

Coding in STM + LTM.

Question 51

What were Baddeleys findings for LTM?

Answer 51

- Words with similar meanings = recalled fewest words in correct order. - Words with different meanings = recalled most words in correct order. (All recalled after 20 mins)

Question 52

What did Baddeley conclude for LTM?

Answer 52

Semantic code is used for LTM.

Question 53

Who proposed the Multi-store Model?

Answer 53

Atkinson + Shiffrin.

Question 54

What did the Multi-store model aim to investigate?

Answer 54

How memories are transferred from one store to the next.

Question 55

Outline the Multi-store model:

Answer 55

- States we have three memory stores (sensory register, STM, LTM). - The flow is unidirectional (one direction).

Question 56

What does info pass between the sensory register to the STM in the Multi-store model?

Answer 56

By paying attention to it.

Question 57

How does Info pass between the STM and LTM in the Multi-store model?

Answer 57

By rehearsing it (repeating the info).