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PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 1 > Types of Memory > Flashcards

Types of Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What do memory stores vary on?

A

1) Capacity
2) Duration
3) Coding

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2
Q

Define capacity:

A

How much can be stored.

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3
Q

Define duration:

A

How long things can be stored.

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4
Q

Define coding:

A

What format things are stored in.

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5
Q

What are the two types of coding?

A
  • Sensory
  • Semantic
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6
Q

Define sensory coding:

A

When we store sensory information.

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7
Q

What are the main two types of sensory coding?

A
  • Acoustic
  • Visual
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8
Q

Define acoustic coding:

A

Storing information as sounds.

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9
Q

Define visual coding:

A

Storing information as images.

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10
Q

Define semantic coding:

A

Storing information by its meaning.

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11
Q

What are the three memory stores?

A
  • Sensory register
  • STM
  • LTM
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12
Q

Define the sensory register:

A

A temporary that stores sensory information while we process it.

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13
Q

How long is the sensory registers duration?

A

1-2 seconds.

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14
Q

What type of capacity does the sensory register have?

A

Large.

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15
Q

What type of code does the sensory register have?

A

Sensory.

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16
Q

Which study supported sensory register?

A

Sperlings.

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17
Q

What did sperling aim to investigate?

A

The capacity of sensory memory.

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18
Q

Outline sperlings method?

A
  • Lab study.
  • Showed participants a grid of 12 letters which were flashed on the screen.
  • Immediately after participants were asked to recall letters.
  • He tested them in two conditions.
  • A tone was played to indicate which row had to be recalled.
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19
Q

What were the two conditions in Sperlings study?

A

1) Recall as many letters as possible.

2) Recall one row.

  • Participants didn’t know which group they were in beforehand.
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20
Q

What was the DV in Sperlings study?

A

How many letters could be recalled.

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21
Q

What did Sperling find?

A

The sensory register has a short duration and a large capacity.

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22
Q

How many letters were recalled on the whole grid? (Sperlings study)

A

4-5.

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23
Q

How many letters were recalled in one row? (Sperlings study)

A

3 (which is almost the whole row).

  • This means that all the rows may have been registered due to participants being unaware of their groups in advance.
24
Q

Why couldn’t participants remember more than 5 letter in the whole grid? (Sperlings study)

A

Due to the sensory registers short duration.

25
Q

Which two theorists tested the STM using a digit span test?

A

Jacobs and Miller.

26
Q

What did Jacobs aim to investigate?

A

The capacity of STM.

27
Q

Outline Jacobs study: (STM)

A
  • Showed participants a sequence of random numbers/digits.
  • Then asked them to repeat back in order.
  • He increased the length of the sequence each time.
28
Q

What were Jacobs findings? (STM)

A

Capacity is set at 7+/-2 digits or letters.

29
Q

What evidence did Jacobs study provide? (STM)

A

That capacity of STM is limited.

30
Q

What did Miller aim to investigate? (STM)

A

Chucking letters/digits make it easier to recall.

31
Q

Define chunking: (STM)

A

Grouping individual letters together into meaningful units.

32
Q

What did Miller argue? (STM)

A
  • Capacity of the STM is determined by the number of chunks not the number of individual items to recall.
  • Maximum capacity isn’t limited to 7 individual letters/digits but 7+/-2 chunks of info.
33
Q

What were Millers findings? (STM)

A
  • Chunking improves capacity.
  • A study found people could recall 79 random digits due to chunking.
34
Q

What type of duration does the long-term memory have?

A

Long.

35
Q

What type of capacity does the long-term memory have?

A

Large.

36
Q

What type of code is the long-term memory stored in?

A

Semantic.

37
Q

Define long-term memory:

A

Permanent store to store information for long periods of time.

38
Q

Who investigated long-term memory m?

A

Bahrick.

39
Q

What did Bahrick aim to investigate? (LTM)

A

The duration of long-term memory.

40
Q

Outline Bahricks procedure: (LTM)

A
  • Asked adults to recall names of their ex classmates (after 15 and 48 years).
  • Asked to recall as many names as they could remember (no extra cues).
  • Then showed photos of their ex classmates + asking them to name/match the names to a photo (using recognition).
41
Q

What were Bahricks findings? (LTM)

A

After 15 years: memory was good
Recall = 60% Recognition = 90%

After 48 years:
Recall = 30% (dropped)
Recognition = 80%

42
Q

What did Bahrick conclude? (LTM)

A

LTM has a long duration but retrieving information is better when asked to recognise rather than recall.

43
Q

What was a strength of Babricks study? (LTM)

A

High ecological validity = more likely to generalise.
- Participants asked to retrieve info from their own everyday lives.

44
Q

What is a limitation of Bahricks study? (LTM)

A

Little control over extraneous variables = affect accuracy
- Due to asking to retrieve info from years ago.

45
Q

Who looked into support for coding used in LTM + STM?

A

Baddeley.

46
Q

Outline Baddeleys study:

A
  • Lab.
  • Asked participants to memorise a list of words.
  • Test STM: asked them to recall in order Immediately after the list.
  • Test LTM: asked them to recall in order 20 mins after.
  • He didn’t show the participants all the same list (divided them into four groups).
47
Q

What were Baddeleys four groups?

A

1) Words which sounded similar.

2) Words that sounded different.

3) Words which all had similar meanings.

4) Words which all had different meanings.

48
Q

What were Baddleys findings for STM?

A
  • Recall of similar sounding words = recalled fewest words in correct order.
  • Recall of different sounding words = most recalled in correct order.

(All were recalled immediately)

49
Q

What did Baddeley conclude for STM?

A

Acoustic code is used in STM.

50
Q

What does Baddeleys study support?

A

Coding in STM + LTM.

51
Q

What were Baddeleys findings for LTM?

A
  • Words with similar meanings = recalled fewest words in correct order.
  • Words with different meanings = recalled most words in correct order.

(All recalled after 20 mins)

52
Q

What did Baddeley conclude for LTM?

A

Semantic code is used for LTM.

53
Q

Who proposed the Multi-store Model?

A

Atkinson + Shiffrin.

54
Q

What did the Multi-store model aim to investigate?

A

How memories are transferred from one store to the next.

55
Q

Outline the Multi-store model:

A
  • States we have three memory stores (sensory register, STM, LTM).
  • The flow is unidirectional (one direction).
56
Q

What does info pass between the sensory register to the STM in the Multi-store model?

A

By paying attention to it.

57
Q

How does Info pass between the STM and LTM in the Multi-store model?

A

By rehearsing it (repeating the info).

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 1 (15 decks)

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