How do we form Attachments (Attachments)

Question 1

What’s the 1st stage of attachment?

Answer 1

Pre-attachment stage.

Question 2

What’s the 2nd stage of attachment?

Answer 2

Indiscriminate attachment.

Question 3

What’s the 3rd stage of attachment?

Answer 3

Discriminate attachment.

Question 4

What’s the 4th stage of attachment?

Answer 4

Multiple attachment.

Question 5

Define the pre-attachment stage:

Answer 5

Babies show no attachment to any adult.

Question 6

When does the pre-attachment stage start?

Answer 6

0 - 3 months.

Question 7

Define the indiscriminate attachment stage:

Answer 7

Babies begin to prefer familiar people but don’t yet form strong attachments to one particular person.

Question 8

When does the indiscriminate attachment stage start?

Answer 8

Between 3 - 7 months.

Question 9

Define the discriminate stage:

Answer 9

Babies form a preferable attachment one specific person, usually their main caregiver.

Question 10

When does the discriminate attachment stage start?

Answer 10

7 - 9 months.

Question 11

Define multiple attachment stage:

Answer 11

Babies form attachment with others than their main caregiver.

Question 12

When does the multiple attachment stage start?

Answer 12

9 months onwards.

Question 13

Who studies the formation of attachments?

Answer 13

Schaffer and Emerson.

Question 14

What did Schaffer and Emerson aim to investigate?

Answer 14

How babies develop attachment to their parents over time.

Question 15

What type of study did Schaffer and Emerson conduct?

Answer 15

A longitudinal study.

Question 16

What type of observation did Schaffer and Emerson use?

Answer 16

Naturalistic.

Question 17

What sample did Schaffer and Emerson look into?

Answer 17

Followed 60 babies and their families.

Question 18

How long did Schaffer and Emerson follow their sample size for?

Answer 18

From birth to 18 months.

Question 19

What did Schaffer and Emerson assess?

Answer 19

Babies were observed with their caregivers to assess stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.

Question 20

What additional research method did Schaffer and Emerson use?

Answer 20

They conducted interviews with family members, asking the behaviour of the baby + their relationship.

Question 21

What is a strength to Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

Answer 21

It has high ecological validity due to the naturalistic observation.

Question 22

What are the two limitations of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

Answer 22

Research may have been prone to observer bias as the researchers may already of had a hypothesis that greater sensitivity responsiveness would lead to stronger attachment.
- Expectations were created.

The results may have been prone to social desirability bias as participants may give inaccurate answers that they think are socially desirable to avoid judgment.
- Through interview technique.

Question 23

What are the two behaviours within caregiver-infant interactions?

Answer 23

• Reciprocity
• Interactional synchrony

Question 24

What is reciprocity?

Answer 24

The infant and caregiver take turns in an interaction, so they respond to eachothers actions.
- Increases attachment bond.

Question 25

What is interactional synchrony?

Answer 25

When caregivers and infants perform similar actions in time with eachother.
- Increases attachment bond.

Question 26

Who studied caregiver-infant interactions?

Answer 26

• Condon + Sander
• Isabella et al

Question 27

Outline Condon + Sanders study:

Answer 27

• Analysed frame-by-frame movements made by babies when with their mothers.

Question 28

What were Condon + Sanders findings?

Answer 28

Baby’s timed their actions to occur in time with their mother’s speech.

Question 29

What was Condon + Sander study an example of?

Answer 29

Interactional synchrony.
- Their observational study provided evidence that caregiver and infants display interactional synchrony + reciprocity in interactions.

Question 30

Outline Isabella et al study:

Answer 30

• Used frame-by-frame analysis of caregiver interactions.
• Investigated the strength of the bond between mothers and babies.
• Measured amount of separation + stranger anxiety that babies displayed.
• Observed on a longitudinal basis (to see how their interactions developed over time).

Question 31

What were Isabella’s findings?

Answer 31

Mothers and babies who showed more interactional synchrony + reciprocity had stronger attachment bonds (positive correlation).

• Supporting that interactional synchrony helps strengthen caregiver + infant bond.

Question 32

What were the strengths for Condon and Sander + Isabella’s study?

Answer 32

Using frame-by-frame video analysis = high detailed, reliable observations.

Question 33

What were the weaknesses of Condon and Sander + Isabella’s study?

Answer 33

• Observer bias = gestures + movements over-interpreted by researchers.
• Difficult to establish a causal relationship between interactions + strength of attachment (research was correlational).