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Animal Physiology > Types of Circulatory Systems > Flashcards

Types of Circulatory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Why would animals have a circulatory system?

A

Diffusion is efficient over short distances, but larger animals need to move large amounts of fluid by bulk flow to get the oxygen closer to their cells

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2
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

A pressure increase in one area of the system drives the flow of the fluid/gas to an area with lower pressure

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3
Q

What are the 3 features of a circulatory system?

A
  1. Propulsive organ
  2. Circulating fluid
  3. System of tubes or channels
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4
Q

What are the 3 possible forms of a pumping organ?

A
  1. Contractile chambers
  2. External pump from contractions of skeletal muscles
  3. Peristaltic contractions
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5
Q

What are the 4 types of circulatory fluids?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Hemolymph
  3. Lymph
  4. Interstitial fluid
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6
Q

What are the 2 types of circulatory system?

A

Open and closed

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7
Q

What animals have an open circulatory system?

A

Arthropods and some molluscs

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of open circulatory systems?

A

The circulatory fluid is not enclosed in vessels, but is circulated in the spaces between cells and organs. The blood pressure is relatively low

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9
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Small spaces between cells

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10
Q

What are sinuses?

A

Large spaces between organs

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11
Q

What is a hemocoel?

A

Central body cavity

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12
Q

What is the structure of the circulatory system in brachiopod crustaceans?

A

They have a long tubular heart that extends the whole length of their body with lots of ostia. The type and number of vessels vary according to the organism

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13
Q

What is the structure of the heart of decapod crustaceans?

A

Muscular, chambered heart with valves to provide unidirectional blood flow

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14
Q

How does circulation work in decapods?

A

The heart pumps hemolymph through the arteries and smaller tubes until it pool around the head and tissues then back to the heart

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15
Q

What type of pacemaker is seen in decapod hearts?

A

Neurogenic. Contractions are controlled by nerve impulses from the cardiac ganglion

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16
Q

What happens in decapod hearts during systole?

A

The heart contracts, valves open, ostia close, the suspensory ligaments tighten. Hemolymph gets pushed into the arteries (pressure pump)

17
Q

What happens in decapod hearts during diastole?

A

The heart relaxes, valves close, ostia open, suspensory ligaments relax. Hemolymph gets sucked in through the ostia (suction pump)

18
Q

What is the cavity where the heart is located in decapods?

A

Pericardial sinus

19
Q

What is the “vein” that brings hemolymph into the pericardial cavity in decapods?

A

Branchiopericardial vein

20
Q

Is hemolymph coming into the pericardial cavity oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated

21
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Circulatory fluid is enclosed in vessels and always physically separated from the tissues. Pressure is higher

22
Q

What are the 3 blood vessel systems in a closed circulatory system? What is the function of each one?

A

Arterial system: distribute blood and act as pressure reservoir
Capillaries: transfer of materials
Venous system: act as blood reservoir and carries blood back to the heart

23
Q

What are the 4 layers that make up arteries and veins?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima, and endothelium

24
Q

What is the tunica externa made of?

A

Collagen

25
Q

What is the tunica media made of?

A

Smooth muscle

26
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

27
Q

What are continuous capillaries? Where are they found?

A

Endothelial cells are connected with tight junctions, allowing passage of small molecules. Found in skin and muscles

28
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries? Where are they found?

A

The endothelial cells are full of pores that allows easy passage of small molecules. Found in kidneys, intestines and some endocrine organs

29
Q

What are sinusoidal capillaries? Where are they found?

A

The endothelial cells are loosely linked and have passages for large molecules and proteins. Found in bone marrow, liver, and some endocrine organs

30
Q

How do the 3 hearts in cephalopods work?

A

The 2 branchial hearts pump deoxygenated blood across the gills, and the systematic heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body

31
Q

How many circuits are present in water breathing fish? How does it work?

A

Single circuit. Blood is pumped to the gills, becomes oxygenated, then circulates around the body and back to the heart

32
Q

How is the blood pressure different between pulmonary and systemic circuits?

A

Lower in the pulmonary circuit

Animal Physiology (32 decks)

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