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Animal Physiology > Membrane transport > Flashcards

Membrane transport Flashcards

1
Q

How does compartmentalization affect the cellular environment?

A

Having membranes blocks free diffusion, which creates different properties inside the cell vs the outside

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2
Q

What creates the boundaries between body regions in animals to compartmentalize them?

A

Epithelia

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3
Q

What are the two surfaces on an epithelial cell?

A

Apical, which faces a cavity, and basolateral, which faces another cell

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4
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Permeable extracellular matrix that is between blood vessels and the epithelium

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5
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral and peripheral

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6
Q

What is an integral membrane protein?

A

Membrane protein that goes into the membrane

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7
Q

What is a peripheral membrane protein?

A

Membrane protein that is associated with but not in the membrane

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of junctions?

A

Tight, septate, desmosome, gap

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9
Q

What are the two types of occluding junctions?

A

Tight (vertebrates) and septate (invertebrates)

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10
Q

What is the function of a desmosome?

A

Maintain very tight contact between cells

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11
Q

What is the function of a gap junction?

A

Communication through pores between the cytoplasm of two cells

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12
Q

What are the two paths that a molecule can take to get across the epithelium?

A

Transcellular and paracellular

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13
Q

What is the transcellular path?

A

The molecule goes through the membrane, into the cell, then back out through the membrane. Used by large molecules

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14
Q

What is the paracellular path?

A

The molecule squeezes through the junction. Used for things like water and ions

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15
Q

What is the bulk solution?

A

The portion of the solution not in contact with the membrane

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16
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Solutes move down their concentration gradient, no energy input or carrier required

17
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Simple diffusion of water

18
Q

What does the Fick equation tell us?

A

The rate of diffusion

19
Q

What is the purpose of a boundary layer? What animals have one?

A

Slows the diffusion of solutes from the animals into the environment. Seen in aquatic animals

20
Q

What is the electrical gradient of the cell?

A

The inside of the cell is negative, outside is positive

21
Q

How is diffusion affected when the solute is going down both its concentration and electrical gradient?

A

It goes fast

22
Q

What is the Donnan equilibrium?

A

The balance of both the electrical and concentration gradients on both sides of the cell membrane

23
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The solute goes down its concentration gradient, no energy input, but needs a transport protein to get across the membrane

24
Q

What are the 4 ways ion channels are regulated?

A

Voltage, mechanical, phosphorylation, ligand binding

25
Q

What is a permease?

A

A transport protein that isn’t a channel

26
Q

What is a porin?

A

Large channels that let bigger molecules through

27
Q

What does the Na+/glucose symporter do? Which membrane in an intestinal epithelial cell is it found on?

A

Brings one Na+ (down gradient) and one glucose (against gradient) into the cell. Found on the apical membrane

28
Q

What does the Na+/H+ antiporter do?

A

Moves one Na+ into the cell and one H+ out

29
Q

What causes a voltage gated ion channel to open?

A

A change in voltage, when the membrane potential becomes negative on the outside and positive on the inside (aka action potential)

30
Q

What causes a phosphorylation gated ion channel to open?

A

Phosphorylation

31
Q

What causes a mechanically gated ion channel to open?

A

Physical stretching of the membrane

32
Q

What causes a ligand gated ion channel to open?

A

Ligand binding to a receptor

33
Q

What does the Na+/K+ ATPase do?

A

Maintains the electrochemical gradient of ions by using active transport to pump 3 Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell (both against their concentration gradients)

34
Q

What causes the confromational change in the Na+/K+ ATPase?

A

ATP hydrolysis

35
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

Difference of electrical charges across the cell membrane

36
Q

Which membrane is the Na+/K+ ATPase on in intestinal epithelial cells?

A

Basolateral

37
Q

How is glucose transported across the intestinal epithelium?

A

Enters through the Na+/glucose symport (secondary active transport), moves through the cell and out through a glucose transporter on the basolateral membrane (facilitated diffusion). Uses the gradient built by the Na+/K+ ATPase on the basolateral membrane

Animal Physiology (32 decks)

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