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Animal Physiology > Gas Exchange - Mammals > Flashcards

Gas Exchange - Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of airways in mammalian lungs?

A

Conducting and respiratory

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2
Q

What are conducting airways? What structures are conducting airways?

A

Sections of the respiratory tract where no gas exchange occurs. Include trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

What are respiratory airways? What structures are respiratory airways?

A

Sections of the respiratory tract where gas exchange occurs. Include respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

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4
Q

What muscle controls breathing?

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

What is the structure of the alveoli?

A

Polygonal, flattened walls, wrapped in capillaries and suspended in collagenous matrix

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6
Q

Why is diffusion between the blood and alveoli so efficient?

A

Distance is very short and the walls of both the alveoli and capillaries

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7
Q

Does only diffusion move air around in the lungs?

A

No, bulk flow via convection is used first to move large amounts of air

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8
Q

What is important about the air in the alveoli?

A

There is always air in there and it is motionless, so oxygen needs to diffuse across the final distance

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9
Q

Why is it critical that the alveoli always have air in them?

A

Prevent collapse

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the alveoli?

A

Type 1, type 2 and macrophages

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11
Q

What do type 1 cells do?

A

Gas exchange

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12
Q

What do type 2 cells do?

A

Secrete surfactants

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13
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Destroy pathogens

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14
Q

What does the surfactant do?

A

Maintains surface tension of water droplets in the alveoli and prevents the alveoli from collapsing. Decreases surface tension of a liquid and decreases the recoil tendency

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15
Q

What happens to a smaller alveolus if there’s no surfactant?

A

It collapses into a larger one

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16
Q

Are all alveoli the same size?

A

No, some are larger than others

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17
Q

How much surfactant will be in a small alveolus compared to a larger one?

A

More in the smaller one to prevent collapse into the larger one

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18
Q

What is the surfactant made of?

A

Amphipathic lipoproteins

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19
Q

What is recoil tendency?

A

The elastic recoil of the alveoli that aids in exhalation

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20
Q

What are the two things that help with the recoil tendency of the alveoli?

A

Water drops and surfactant

21
Q

What is the pleural sac?

A

Small fluid filled sac between the lung and chest wall

22
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Collapse of the alveoli

23
Q

What is the pressure inside the pleural sac?

A

756 mmHg

24
Q

Why is it so important that the intrapleural pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure?

A

Prevents alveolar collapse and maintains integrity of the lungs

25
Q

Why does the pleural sac need to be filled with fluid?

A

Allows the walls of the sac to slide past each other during respiration

26
Q

What is one of the major factors that stretches the lungs in the thoracic cavity throughout ventilation to prevent collapse of the lungs?

A

Cohesiveness of water

27
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Collapsed lungs, the physical penetration of the pleural sac from injury

28
Q

What are the two types of pneumothorax?

A

Traumatic and spontaneous

29
Q

What is traumatic pneumothorax?

A

Chest wall is punctured

30
Q

What is spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

Punctured lung

31
Q

What are the two phases of tidal ventilation?

A

Inspiration and expiration

32
Q

What is happening to the diaphragm, the intercostal muscles, and the pleural sac during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and expand the thoracic cavity, and the expansion pulls on the outer layer of the pleural sac and creates the negative pressure

33
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, abdominal muscles contract

34
Q

What is the transmural pressure?

A

The difference between the intrapleural pressure and the intra-alveolar pressure

35
Q

How does the transmural pressure change during inspiration and expiration?

A

Increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration

36
Q

Why is transmural pressure important?

A

Need to stretch the lungs in the thoracic cavity throughout the ventilation cycle to prevent collapsing during expiration

37
Q

How do we measure transmural pressure?

A

A spirometer

38
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The total amount of air moved by one ventilatory cycle (Vt)

39
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The maximum amount of air able to be inhaled

40
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The maximum amount of air able to be expired

41
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air that is always in the lungs

42
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The sum of the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume

43
Q

What respiratory adaptation is seen in animals with long necks?

A

Increase tidal volume to compensate for additional dead space

44
Q

What is the difference between respiratory minute volume and alveolar minute volume?

A

Alveolar minute volume takes the dead space into account

45
Q

What happens to respiratory minute volume and alveolar minute volume during exercise?

A

They both increase

46
Q

How are cardiac output and ventilation related?

A

Both increase proportionally, the ratio stays at about 1

47
Q

What is the prefusion ratio?

A

Cardiac output

48
Q

What are the two forces that keep the thoracic wall and lungs in close application?***

A

Cohesiveness of water

Transmural pressure gradients

Animal Physiology (32 decks)

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